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Ahmet Ertegun

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Ahmet Ertegun

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Record company executive, producer, songwriter

Dubbed "The Greatest Rock and Roll Mogul in the World," Atlantic Records founder Ahmet Ertegun is clearly a fan at heart. Though exotic and debonair, with the elegance of royalty, this Renaissance man and member of New York City’s high society is happiest in the company of Mississippi Delta bluesmen or partying with pals like Rolling Stone Mick Jagger or former Led Zeppelin frontman Robert Plant. Indeed, Ertegun can shake, rattle, and roll with the best of them.

Ahmet Munir Ertegun was born in Istanbul in 1923. He shared that birthday with the new Republic of Turkey, which had just emerged from 600 years as part of the Ottoman Empire. The Erteguns were linked to this historical shift through Ahmet’s father, Mehmet Munir Ertegun, who had been legal advisor to the opposition during the Turkish Revolution. When rebel leader Ataturk became Turkey’s first president, the elder Ertegun was assigned ambassadorships to Switzerland, France, England, and finally the United States. As a diplomat’s son, Ahmet spent his childhood in the culturally rich capitals of Europe.

Ertegun has credited his early love of music to his older brother, Nesuhi, and to their gregarious mother, who kept their home filled with the popular hits of the day and with her own many musical talents. Nesuhi helped shape Ahmet’s tastes by introducing him to his own passion: jazz. "I saw Duke Ellington at the London Palladium in 1933," Ertegun told New York magazine. "I was ten years old. It changed my life. I had never heard an American band in the flesh before. I had never seen any black people."

In 1934 the family relocated to Washington, D.C., where 11-year-old Ahmet began to lead a double life; while attending prep school in Maryland, Ertegun pursued a different kind of education on the streets of Washington. He took boxing lessons from the embassy’s black janitor, befriended a black street peddler, and wiled away many an hour in a burlesque theater. Ertegun told Interview magazine, "When I came home from school, if I said I was going to a movie … I went and looked for records in black music shops." Ertegun was rapidly adopting African-American culture, with music as a primary catalyst.

In 1947 Ertegun and his partner Herb Abramson launched Atlantic Records. At the time, Ertegun was a student at Georgetown University and had very little money. To Abramson’s investment and a $10,000 loan from his Turkish dentist, he added proceeds from sales of 25,000 mostly blues records that he and Nesuhi had collected. The partners embarked on their labor of love from one-room headquarters in New York City. Ertegun told Schwann Spectrum, "We wanted to make the kind

of records we wanted to buy … we were having great fun. It is out of this kind of atmosphere that traditions are challenged, rules are broken, and new music is generated."

Atlantic’s first releases were jazz and rough rhythm and blues, the latter then encompassing everything from black boogie-woogie to blues shouters. But the company’s real market was in the South, where authentic blues ruled. Legwork in Chicago and the Deep South brought artists like Professor Longhair into the Atlantic fold, but such scouting was demanding and there were very few bluesmen in New York. Atlantic tried using its own musicians—mostly players from swing orchestras and big bands—to recreate the real thing. "It didn’t work," Ertegun admitted in Schwann Spectrum.

"The result, however, was quite intriguing," he revealed. "What emerged was music with a blues feel but with a particularly northern, urban influence." This hybrid would eventually become the more sophisticated sound of the Coasters, the Drifters, and of pianist and vocalist extraordinaire Ray Charles. "Much to our amazement," Ertegun continued, "the records were bought by both black and white kids, the first true crossover music." This genre-spanning hybrid not only spawned such stars as Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis, but it also served as a challenge to racism.

In the impossibly small operation that was Atlantic Records in the 1950s, serving as producer was never contribution enough; when singer Big Joe Turner needed backup, Ertegun rolled up his sleeves and became the chorus on "Shake, Rattle, and Roll," And when sources for material dried up, he created the alter ego "A. Nugetre"—the surname simply Ertegun spelled backwards—turning himself into a songwriter. Mr. Nugetre’s work included Ray Charles’s "Mess Around," the Drifters’ "Whatcha Gonna Do?," and several songs for Ruth Brown and the Clovers, two of Atlantic’s earliest acts.

In the 1950s, Atlantic’s focus on R&B shot it into prominence. But, by the end of the decade, rock and roll fever was spreading. Ertegun nonetheless kept his company true to its rhythm and blues heart, but he also recognized the ongoing revolution in music and, over the years, helped Atlantic build up a legendary roster of rock artists. The signing of Buffalo Springfield, Yes, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Bette Midler, Phil Collins, Led Zeppelin, and Eric Clapton, among many other critically and popularly acclaimed artists, is proof of Ertegun’s remarkable ear and gift for recognizing trends.

Ertegun has also displayed a talent for choosing exceptional colleagues. With the inspired production of Jerry Wexler, who came on board from Billboard magazine in 1953, Aretha Franklin took court as the "Queen of Soul." In 1956, Nesuhi Ertegun brought his expertise to the company, adding jazz greats John Coltrane and the Modern Jazz Quartet to the label’s roster. But it was the record czar himself who made Atlantic perhaps its sweetest deal. By 1971, Atlantic was in its fourth year under the ownership of Warner Communications, to which the Ertegun brothers and Wexler had sold it in exchange for $17 million in stock. Warner got its money’s worth: In 1971 the Rolling Stones joined Atlantic Records. The Greatest Rock and Roll Mogul in the World had brought home The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World.

In 1985, Ertegun realized a long-held dream with the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He told The New York Times, "I think those of us who know where this music comes from have an obligation to recognize and honor the little-known contributors, as well as the big names, who built this business." They, in turn, universally honor Ahmet Ertegun’s ability to recognize and herald magic.

Sources
Books
Wade, Dorothy, and Picardie, Justine, Music Man, Norton, 1990.

Periodicals
Esquire, September 1987.
Interview, April 1986; December 1991.
Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1986.
New York, June 20, 1988.
New Yorker, May 24, 1978; June 5, 1978.
New York Times, August 5, 1985.
Schwann Spectrum, Winter 1991/1992.
Washington Post, December 22, 1985.
AMG AllMusic Guide: Pop Artists:

Ahmet Ertegun

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  • Genres: Jazz

Biography

One of the greatest record men of his generation and a powerfully important figure in the development of R&B, soul, and rock & roll, Ahmet Ertegun was one of the founders of Atlantic Records, arguably America's most important post-war record label. Atlantic was a champion of rhythm & blues as it evolved from what was called "race music" and began taking its place in the mainstream, and when R&B spun off rock & roll, Atlantic was one of the few labels to remain on the cutting edge of both sounds through the '50s into the '90s. While popular music changed dramatically over the course of his lifetime, Ertegun remained a major player in the music business and a trusted ally to his artists up until his death in 2006.

Ertegun was born in Istanbul, Turkey on July 31, 1923. His father, Mehmet Munir, was a highly influential political figure in his native land, and in the '30s he served as Turkey's ambassador to the Court of Saint James in England. Ahmet's older brother Nesuhi had already fallen in love with American music when he learned that Cab Calloway and Duke Ellington would be playing a concert at the London Palladium; nine-year-old Ahmet tagged along and was quickly mesmerized by the sounds of authentic jazz. In 1934, Ertegun's family relocated to Washington, D.C. when Munir was named the Turkish ambassador to the United States. Ahmet and Nesuhi became regular patrons at Washington D.C.'s Howard Theater, where the leading jazz and blues stars of the day performed, and they began amassing a large collection of 78s. In 1940, Ahmet became a student at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, and with Nesuhi's help he began staging jazz concerts on campus; they insisted that the performances be racially integrated, and they were held at the campus' Jewish Community Center, the only venue willing to host both black and white patrons. After Munir died in 1944, Ahmet and Nesuhi opted to stay in the United States, and while Ahmet pursued a graduate course in medieval philosophy at Georgetown University, his principle interest remained in music. In 1946, Ahmet and some friends launched two independent record labels, Quality and Jubilee, which failed to get off the ground. After one of his partners walked away from the enterprise, Ahmet persuaded a family friend, dentist Dr. Vahdi Sabit, to put up the $10,000 he and Herb Abramson needed to start a new label, and in 1947, Atlantic Records was born.

In 1949, after a shaky start, Atlantic scored its first hit with "Drinkin' Wine Spo-De-O-Dee" by Sticks McGhee, and they signed their first consistent hitmaker that same year, Ruth Brown. Atlantic soon added Big Joe Turner and the Clovers to their roster, and in 1952, they signed Ray Charles; Ertegun, who wrote songs under the pseudonym A. Nugetre, penned one of Charles' first hits for Atlantic, "Mess Around," as well as several top sellers for Brown and Turner. In 1953, Herb Abramson joined the Army, and Jerry Wexler, a producer and A&R man who had joined the term "rhythm & blues" during a stint working at Billboard Magazine, came aboard in his absence. Together, Ertegun and Wexler turned a successful independent label into one of music's biggest success stories, thanks to Wexler's keen studio skills, Ertegun's business acumen, and the near infallible ear for talent that they shared.

In 1955, Abramson returned to Atlantic after completing his hitch in the Army, and he was put in charge of Atco Records, a new subsidiary that would focus on the sounds Ertegun called "cat music," uptempo music that appealed to young (and increasingly white) listeners. With a year or two, no one was calling it "cat music" as rock & roll became the accepted description. Atco began enjoying a long strong of hits with the Coasters, and the label expanded its base further when Nesuhi came to Atlantic to head up their jazz division, where his signings included John Coltrane, the Modern Jazz Quartet, and Charles Mingus. Atlantic also demonstrated they could market more pop-oriented music with Bobby Darin's "Splish Splash," but R&B continued to be the label's calling card. In 1958, Abramson left the label, and Ertegun and Wexler bought out Dr. Sabit (his $10,000 investment returned him over $2.5 million), making the two men the sole owners of the label.

As the '50s gave way to the '60s and R&B matured into soul music, Atlantic entered its golden age; while the departure of Ray Charles in 1959 was seen as an insurmountable obstacle by some, within a few years the label was scoring substantial hits with Solomon Burke, Wilson Pickett, Joe Tex, and Percy Sledge, and tapped into a rich vein of Southern soul when they partnered with Stax/Volt Records, bringing Otis Redding, Booker T. & the MG's, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, and the Mar-Keys into the Atlantic fold. Ertegun and Wexler's masterstroke came in 1967, when they signed Aretha Franklin to Atlantic after an unsuccessful run at Columbia. Franklin's first single for Atlantic, "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)," was a smash and not only jumpstarted her career, but proved Atlantic could succeed where one of America's biggest labels had fumbled.

As they became one of America's strongest labels for soul, R&B, and jazz, Ertegun began expanding the label's roster of white rock acts and hit paydirt with Sonny & Cher, the Rascals, Cream, and Buffalo Springfield. Ertegun's two greatest coups in rock came first in 1969, when on the advice of Dusty Springfield he signed a new hard rock act called Led Zeppelin, and in 1971, when after ending a long and contentious relationship with the British Decca label, the Rolling Stones chose to start their own label and Ertegun signed them to a manufacturing and distribution deal with Atlantic.

In 1967, Wexler and Nesuhi began to question Atlantic's long-term stability after several large independent R&B labels began having serious financial troubles, and at their urging, Ahmet agreed to sell Atlantic Records. Warner Bros.-Seven Arts paid $17.5 million for the company, with the money divided among the three principles; Ahmet then shrewdly announced they intended to leave their management positions when their contracts ran out, and the label's new owners opted to hire them back, allowing them to continue to profit from the label after earning a healthy windfall. Ahmet, well known for his luxurious lifestyle and large circle of celebrity friends, continued to guide the label through the decade, assuming primary control after Wexler left the company in 1975. In the '80s and '90s, Ertegun pushed the label's focus toward rock and pop acts, including AC/DC, Phil Collins, Debbie Gibson, Tori Amos, and Stone Temple Pilots, but the label remained profitable, and Ahmet kept an eye on the label's historic legacy as one of the founders of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and a major contributor to the Rhythm & Blues Foundation, a group that sought to help musicians recover unpaid royalties (though Ertegun's participation came after a public war of words with Ruth Brown, who claimed Atlantic had underpaid her for years). In 1996, Ertegun began scaling back his day-to-day responsibilities at the label due to health issues, and while attending a Rolling Stones concert at New York's Beacon Theater in 2006, he slipped and fell, striking his head on the floor. He was taken to the hospital and soon fell into a coma. With his family in attendance, Ahmet Ertegun passed on December 14, 2006. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Ahmet Ertegun

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Ahmet Ertegün
Background information
Also known as A. Nugetre
Born July 31, 1923(1923-07-31)
Istanbul, Turkey
Died December 14, 2006(2006-12-14) (aged 83)
New York City, New York United States
Genres Blues
Occupations Record producer
Record label executive
Composer
Labels Atlantic

Ahmet Ertegün (ˈɑːmɛt ˈɛɾtɘgɘn, Turkish pronunciation: [ahˈmet eɾteˈɟyn]; July 31 [O.S. July 18] 1923 – December 14, 2006) was a Turkish American musician and businessman, best known as the founder and president of Atlantic Records, and for discovering or championing artists like Eric Clapton, Phil Collins, Genesis, the Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young, Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, and more. He also wrote classic blues and pop songs and served as Chairman of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and museum. Ertegun has been described as "one of the most significant figures in the modern recording industry."[1] He also co-founded the New York Cosmos soccer team of the North American Soccer League.

Contents

Background

The Ertegun family in 1942.

Born in Istanbul to a Turkish family, Ahmet and his family, including elder brother Nesuhi, moved to Washington, D.C. in 1935, with their father, Münir Ertegün, who served as the first Ambassador of the then-young Republic of Turkey to the United States of America.

Ahmet's older brother Nesuhi introduced him to jazz music, taking him to see the Duke Ellington and Cab Calloway orchestras in London at the age of nine.[2] At the age of fourteen his mother bought him a record-cutting machine which he used to compose and add lyrics to instrumental records. The brothers also frequented Milt Gabler’s Commodore Record Store, assembled a large collection of over 15,000 jazz and blues 78s, and became acquainted with musicians such as Ellington, Lena Horne and Jelly Roll Morton. Ahmet and Nesuhi staged concerts by Lester Young, Sidney Bechet and other jazz giants, often at the Jewish Community Center, which was the only place that would allow a mixed audience and mixed band. They also traveled to New Orleans and to Harlem to listen to music and develop a keen awareness of developing musical tastes.

In 1944 Munir Ertegün died, and in 1946 President Truman ordered the battleship USS Missouri to return the deceased to Turkey as a demonstration of friendship between US and Turkey. This act also served as a show of support to counter the Soviet Union's potential political demands on Turkey.

Ahmet graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis in 1944. At the time of his father’s death he was taking graduate courses in Medieval philosophy at Georgetown University. Soon after, the family returned to Turkey. Ahmet and Nesuhi stayed in the United States. While Nesuhi moved to Los Angeles, Ahmet stayed in Washington and decided to get into the record business as a temporary measure to help him through college.

Early career

See also: Atlantic Records
Ahmet Ertegun (left) with his brother Nesuhi Ertegun (right).

In 1946, Ahmet Ertegun became friends with Herb Abramson, a dental student and A&R man for National Records, and they decided to start a new independent record label for gospel, jazz and R&B music. Financed by family dentist Dr. Vahdi Sabit, they formed Atlantic Records in September 1947 in New York City, and the first recording sessions took place that November.

In 1949, after 22 unsuccessful record releases including the first recordings by Professor Longhair, Atlantic had its first major hit with Stick McGhee's "Drinkin' Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee". The company expanded through the 1950s, with Jerry Wexler and, later, Nesuhi Ertegun on board as partners, and with hit artists including Ruth Brown, Joe Turner, The Clovers, The Drifters, The Coasters, and Ray Charles.

Many independent record executives, like the Erteguns, were from immigrant backgrounds, including the Bihari brothers and the Chess brothers. The Ertegun brothers brought a jazz sensibility (and many jazz artists) into R&B, successfully combining blues and jazz styles from around the country. Atlantic helped challenge the primacy of the major labels of the time by discovering, developing and nurturing new talent. It became the premier rhythm and blues label in a few short years, and set new standards in producing high quality recordings. In 1957, Atlantic was among the first labels to record in stereo.

Ahmet himself wrote a number of classic blues songs, including "Chains of Love" and "Sweet Sixteen", under the pseudonym A. Nugetre (Ertegun backwards). The songs were given expression first by Big Joe Turner and continued in B.B. King's repertoire. He also wrote the Ray Charles hit "Mess Around", with lyrics that drew heavily on Pinetop Smith. Ahmet was part of the shouting choral group on Turner's "Shake, Rattle and Roll", along with Wexler and songwriter Jesse Stone.

Marriage

In 1961, he married émigrée Romanian Ioana Maria Banu, known as Mica Ertegun, who became a prominent interior designer.

Later career

In the 1960s, Atlantic, often in partnerships with local labels like Stax Records in Memphis, helped to develop the growth of soul music, with artists such as Ben E. King, Solomon Burke, Otis Redding, Percy Sledge, Aretha Franklin and Wilson Pickett. Ahmet heard Led Zeppelin's demo and knew they would be a smash hit after hearing the first few songs, and quickly signed them. After signing Crosby, Stills and Nash Ertegun convinced the trio to allow Neil Young to join them on one of their tours, thereby founding Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young. Ahmet helped introduce America to blue-eyed soul when he discovered The Rascals at a Westhampton nightclub in 1965 and signed them to Atlantic. They went on to chart 13 Top 40 singles in four years and were elected to the Rock-n-Roll Hall of Fame in 1997.

Ahmet initially had no desire to sell Atlantic, but his partner Jerry Wexler was nervous about the label's future and after convincing Nesuhi of his position, Ahmet eventually conceded and they sold Atlantic to Warner Bros.-Seven Arts in 1967 for $17 million in stock, although Wexler later admitted that the deal paid them less than half of what the label was actually worth.[3] Four years later, the brothers took some of the money and co-founded the New York Cosmos soccer team of the North American Soccer League. They were instrumental in bringing in soccer legends like Pelé, Carlos Alberto and Franz Beckenbauer to the club. They transformed the Cosmos into a "dream team". Their love for soccer was the reason that the Cosmos were born.

When Atlantic became part of the Kinney conglomerate in 1969, and later part of Time Warner, Atlantic Records continued with Ahmet Ertegun at the helm, and although he was less directly involved as a producer, he wielded considerable influence in the new conglomerate. He continued to produce some rock acts, such as Dr. John and The Honeydrippers. He also used his considerable personal skills in negotiations with major stars, such as when The Rolling Stones were shopping for a record company to distribute their independent Rolling Stones Records label. Ahmet personally conducted the negotiations with Mick Jagger, successfully completing the deal between The Stones and Atlantic, when other labels had actually offered the band more money.

In 1987, Ahmet was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, of which he himself was a founder. In the late 1980s with the support of Bonnie Raitt and others, he provided $1.5 million to help establish The Rhythm and Blues Foundation to award money to underpaid blues artists. The Foundation's establishment arose from a lengthy battle by Ruth Brown and other Atlantic artists to obtain unpaid past royalties from the company; other record companies later also contributed. Among early recipients of payments were John Lee Hooker, Bo Diddley, Johnny "Guitar" Watson, Ruth Brown and the Staple Singers.

Ahmet Ertegun received an honorary doctorate in music from the Berklee College of Music in Boston in 1991, and was awarded the Grammy Trustees Award for his lifetime achievements in 1993. At the tenth annual Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Dinner in 1995, it was announced that the museum's main exhibition hall would be named after Ertegun.

The United States Library of Congress honored Ahmet as a Living Legend in 2000. With brother Nesuhi, he was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2005, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presented Ahmet with the first "President's Merit Award Salute To Industry Icons". He was also a recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.

Ahmet approved the recording and release of "Music of the Whirling Dervishes" featuring ayin singer Kâni Karaca and ney player Akagündüz Kutbay on his Atlantic label.

2006 injury and death

At the age of 83 on October 29, 2006, Ahmet Ertegun attended a Rolling Stones benefit concert at the Beacon Theatre for the Clinton Foundation, which was attended by former US President, Bill Clinton. Prior to the show Ahmet was backstage in a VIP social area that was known on the Rolling Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour as the "Rattlesnake Inn" when he tripped and fell, striking his head on the concrete floor. He was immediately rushed to the hospital after the fall[4] (the Rolling Stones' performance that evening was captured by Martin Scorsese in the documentary film entitled Shine a Light). Although Ahmet was initially in stable condition, he soon took a turn for the worse. This announcement was made by Led Zeppelin's guitarist Jimmy Page, during the band’s induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame.[5] Ahmet slipped into a coma and died weeks later on December 14, 2006, with his family by his side, at New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center.[6][7]

Ahmet Ertegun was buried December 18 in the Garden of Sufi Tekke, Özbekler Tekkesi in Sultantepe, Istanbul, in Üsküdar, İstanbul, next to his brother, his father, and his Sheikh great-grandfather Şeyh İbrahim Edhem Efendi, who was once the head of the tekke in his native Turkey. At the garden were hundreds of mourners, including his wife Mica, members of the Ertegün family, Turkish dignitaries and various entertainers.

Memorial events

A memorial service for Ahmet Ertegun was held in New York on April 17, 2007. A large part of the evening was given over to musical performances. Wynton Marsalis opened the tribute with the jazz standard "Didn’t He Ramble", Eric Clapton and Dr. John performed "Drinkin' Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee", and other performers included Solomon Burke, Ben E. King, Sam Moore, Stevie Nicks, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, and Phil Collins.[8]

Another informal salute to him took place in Los Angeles on July 31, 2007, the anniversary of his birth. The tribute took place at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. Several of his friends shared anecdotes about their experiences with Ahmet and the assembled gathering then saw a special screening of the American Masters documentary Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built.[9] Among those who paid tribute to Ertegun in person were: Solomon Burke, Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller, Keith Emerson, Peter Asher, Spencer Davis, the film's producer (and longtime friend) Phil Carson, Taylor Hackford and event producer Martin Lewis.[10] Yusuf Islam, formerly known as Cat Stevens, came to America after a 20 year hiatus to attend the ceremonies.[citation needed]

The Martin Scorsese film "Shine a Light" about The Rolling Stones concert held at the Beacon Theatre in New York contains a dedication to Ahmet Ertegun and Andrea Corr's solo album Ten Feet High is dedicated "To the memory of Ahmet Ertegun".

In honor of the barriers the Ertegun brothers broke during their time in segregated Washington, the current Turkish Ambassador to the U.S., Namik Tan, hosts a series of jazz concerts at the historical residence on Sheridan Circle in Washington, D.C. The “Ertegun Jazz Series,” in collaboration with Jazz at Lincoln Center, revives the brothers’ legacy of bridging cultures and bringing people together with one common objective: celebrating music. In that same spirit, Ambassador Tan is opening the doors of his home to residents of D.C. from various backgrounds – Members of Congress, Administration officials, academia, the media, business leaders and others.

Ahmet Ertegun tribute concert

Main article: Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert

Led Zeppelin reunited for a one-off show in a tribute to Ahmet Ertegun at the O2 Arena in London on December 10, 2007.

The band headlined a bill that also included Paolo Nutini, Mick Jones of Foreigner, and Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings who supported their acts, and additionally shared the stage with them. The show was held to raise money for the Ahmet Ertegun Education Fund, which pays for university scholarships in the UK, US and Turkey. The show had been scheduled to take place in November but had been postponed by two weeks because of Jimmy Page fracturing a finger.

Popular culture

Ahmet Ertegun has been represented several times in popular culture. In Ray, the biopic of Ray Charles, Ahmet Ertegun is portrayed by Curtis Armstrong. In Beyond the Sea, the biopic about Bobby Darin, Ahmet is played by Tayfun Bademsoy. Ahmet Zappa was named after Ertegun, who played an important role in Frank Zappa's early career.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ahmet Ertegun." Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum inductees listing. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  2. ^ Tim Weiner. "Ahmet Ertegün, Music Executive, Dies at 83." New York Times. 15 December 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  3. ^ Dorothy Wade and Justine Pickardine, Music Man: Ahmet Ertegun, Atlantic Records and the Triumph of Rock'n'Roll (W.H. Norton & Co. New York, 1990, ISBN 0-393-02635-3), pp.144-147
  4. ^ http://www.market-day.net/article_37282/20061105/Ahmet-Ertegun-has-serious-head-injury.php[dead link]
  5. ^ Jazz | Jazz Times Magazine > Columns and Features > News[dead link]
  6. ^ "Music world legend Ahmet Ertegun on life-support in NYC." Hürriyet, English edition. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  7. ^ Nekesa Mumbi Moody (14 December 2006). "Music pioneer Ahmet Ertegun dies". Associated Press. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061214/ap_on_en_mu/obit_ahmet_ertegun_4. Retrieved 15 December 2006. [dead link]
  8. ^ "Wynton played at Ahmet Ertegun memorial tribute" at Wynton Marsalis official website. 22 April 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  9. ^ "Ahmet Ertegun: Atlantic Records", May 2nd, 2007, American Masters website,
  10. ^ Mods & Rockers at a Glance Archived July 13, 2007 at the Wayback Machine

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