Akira Kurosawa (Kyūjitai: 黒澤 明, Shinjitai: 黒沢 明, Kurosawa Akira?, 23 March, 1910 – 6 September,
1998) was a prominent Japanese film director, film producer, and screenwriter. His first credited film (Sanshiro Sugata) was
released in 1943; his last (Madadayo) in 1993. His many awards include the
Légion d'Honneur and an Oscar for Lifetime
Achievement.
Early life
Akira Kurosawa was born to Isamu and Shima Kurosawa on March 23, 1910. He was the youngest of eight children born to the
Kurosawas in a suburb of Tokyo. Shima Kurosawa was forty years old at the time of Akira's birth
and his father Isamu was forty-five. Akira Kurosawa grew up in a household with three older brothers and four older sisters. Of
his three older brothers, one died before Akira was born and one was already grown and out of the household. One of his four
older sisters had also left the home to begin her own family before Kurosawa was born.
Kurosawa's father worked as the director of a junior high school operated by the Japanese military and the Kurosawas descended
from a line of former samurai. Financially, the family was above average. Isamu Kurosawa embraced western culture both in the
athletic programs that he directed and by taking the family to see films, which were then just beginning to appear in Japanese
theaters. Later when Japanese culture turned away from western films, Isamu Kurosawa continued to believe that films were a
positive educational experience.
In primary school Akira Kurosawa was encouraged to draw by a teacher who took an interest in mentoring his talents. His older
brother, Heigo, had a profound impact on him. Heigo was very intelligent and won several academic competitions, but also had what
was later called a cynical or dark side. In 1923, the Great Kantō earthquake
destroyed Tokyo and left 100,000 people dead. In the wake of this event, Heigo, 17, and Akira, 13, made a walking tour of the
devastation. Corpses of humans and animals were piled everywhere. When Akira would attempt to turn his head away, Heigo urged him
not to. According to Akira, this experience would later instruct him that to look at a frightening thing head-on is to defeat its
ability to cause fear.
Heigo eventually began a career as a benshi in Tokyo film theaters. Benshi narrated silent
films for the audience and were a uniquely Japanese addition to the theater experience. However with the impact of talking
pictures on the rise, benshi were losing work all over Japan. Heigo organized a benshi strike that failed. Akira was likewise
involved in labor-management struggles, writing several articles for a radical newspaper while improving and expanding his skills
as a painter and reading literature. Akira never considered himself a Communist despite his
activities that he later would describe as reckless.
When Akira Kurosawa was in his early 20s, his older brother Heigo committed suicide. Four months later, the oldest of
Kurosawa's brothers also died, leaving Akira as the only surviving son of an original four at age 23. Kurosawa's next-oldest
sibling, a sister he called "Little Big Sister," had also died suddenly after a short illness when he was ten.
Early career
In 1936, Kurosawa learned of an apprenticeship program for directors through a major film studio, PCL (which later became
Toho).He was hired and worked as an assistant director to Kajiro Yamamoto . After his directorial
debut with Sanshiro Sugata, his next few films were made under the watchful eye of the wartime Japanese government and
sometimes contained nationalistic themes. For instance, The Most Beautiful is
a propaganda film about Japanese women working in a military optics factory. Judo
Saga 2 has been held to be explicitly anti-American in the way that it portrays Japanese judo as superior to western (American) boxing.
His first post-war film No Regrets for Our Youth, by contrast, is
critical of the old Japanese regime and is about the wife of a left-wing dissident arrested for his political leanings. Kurosawa
made several more films dealing with contemporary Japan, most notably Drunken Angel
and Stray Dog. However, it was his period film Rashomon that made him internationally famous and won the Golden
Lion at the Venice Film Festival.
Directorial approach
Kurosawa had a distinctive cinematic technique, which he had developed by the 1950s, and which gave his films a unique look.
He liked using telephoto lenses for the way they flattened the frame and also because he believed that placing cameras farther
away from his actors produced better performances. He also liked using multiple cameras, which allowed him to shoot an action
from different angles. Another Kurosawa trademark was the use of weather elements to heighten mood: for example the heavy rain in
the opening scene of Rashomon, and the final battle in Seven Samurai, the
intense heat in Stray Dog, the cold wind in Yojimbo, the snow in
Ikiru, and the fog in Throne of Blood.
Kurosawa also liked using frame wipes, sometimes cleverly hidden by motion within the
frame, as a transition device.
He was known as "Tenno", literally "Emperor", for his dictatorial directing style. He was a perfectionist who spent enormous
amounts of time and effort to achieve the desired visual effects. In Rashomon, he dyed the rain water black with
calligraphy ink in order to achieve the effect of heavy rain, and ended up using up the entire local water supply of the location
area in creating the rainstorm. In Throne of Blood, in the final scene in which Mifune is shot by arrows, Kurosawa used
real arrows shot by expert archers from a short range, landing within centimetres of Mifune's body. In Ran, an entire castle set was constructed on the slopes of Mt. Fuji
only to be burned to the ground in a climactic scene.
Other stories include demanding a stream be made to run in the opposite direction in order to get a better visual effect, and
having the roof of a house removed, later to be replaced, because he felt the roof's presence to be unattractive in a short
sequence filmed from a train.
His perfectionism also showed in his approach to costumes: he felt that giving an actor a brand new costume made the character
look less than authentic. To resolve this, he often gave his cast their costumes weeks before shooting was to begin and required
them to wear them on a daily basis and “bond with them.” In some cases, such as with Seven Samurai, where most of the cast
portrayed poor farmers, the actors were told to make sure the costumes were worn down and tattered by the time shooting
started.
Kurosawa did not believe that “finished” music went well with film. When choosing a musical piece to accompany his scenes, he
usually had it stripped down to one element (e.g., trumpets only). Only towards the end of his films do we hear more finished
pieces.
Influences
A notable feature of Kurosawa's films is the breadth of his artistic influences. Some of his plots are adaptations of
William Shakespeare's works: Ran is based on King Lear and Throne of Blood is based on Macbeth, while
The Bad Sleep Well parallels Hamlet,
but is not affirmed to be based on it. Kurosawa also directed film adaptations of Russian literary works, including
The Idiot by Dostoevsky and
The Lower Depths, a play by Maxim
Gorky. Ikiru was based on Leo Tolstoy's
The Death of Ivan Ilyich. High and
Low was based on King's Ransom by American crime writer Ed McBain,
Yojimbo may have been based on Dashiell Hammett's Red Harvest and also borrows from American Westerns, and
Stray Dog was inspired by the detective novels of Georges Simenon. Story lines in
Red Beard can be found in The Insulted and Humiliated by Dostoevsky.
The American film director John Ford also had a large influence on his work.
Despite criticism by some Japanese critics that Kurosawa was "too Western", he was deeply influenced by Japanese culture as
well, including the Kabuki and Noh theaters and the Jidaigeki (period drama) genre of Japanese cinema.
When Kurosawa got to meet John Ford, a director commonly said to be the most influential to
Kurosawa, Ford simply said, "You really like rain." Kurosawa responded, "You've really been paying attention to my
films."[1]
His influence
Kurosawa's films have had a major influence on world cinema and continue to inspire
filmmakers, and others, around the globe.
Seven Samurai
Western Film
Seven Samurai has been remade several times in assorted cinema genres, including Westerns, Science Fiction, and Chinese
Martial Arts. The main versions, all of which directly use the same plot structure, comprise:
- Beach of the War Gods (1973, Prod. Run Run Shaw)
- World Gone Wild (1988, Dir. Lee Katzin)
There are several other versions which are more loosely based on the motif, including: Three Amigos and A Bug's Life[2].
Indian movies
The film has inspired Indian films which feature similar plots:
Novels
The story was also used as inspiration in numerous novels, among them Stephen King's 5th Dark Tower novel,
Wolves of the Calla.
Rashomon
Rashomon was also remade by Martin Ritt in 1964's The Outrage. The Tamil films Andha Naal (1954) and Virumaandi (2004), starring
Kamal Hassan, employ a storytelling method similar to that Kurosawa uses in
Rashomon. In a more recent incarnation, the film "Hero" starring Jet Li, Ziyi Zhang, Tony Leung, and Maggie Cheung also
features a 'Rashomon' style story.
Rashomon not only helped open Japanese cinema to the world but entered the English language as a term for fractured,
inconsistent narratives (see rashomon effect).
Yojimbo
Yojimbo was the basis for the Sergio Leone western A Fistful of Dollars and two Bruce Willis films,
prohibition-era Last Man Standing, and modern day Lucky Number Slevin.
The Hidden Fortress
The Hidden Fortress is an acknowledged influence on George Lucas's Star Wars films, in particular Episodes
IV and VI and most notably in the characters of R2-D2
and C-3PO. Lucas also used a modified version of Kurosawa's wipe transition effect throughout the Star Wars saga.
Collaboration
During his most productive period, from the late 40s to the mid-60s, Kurosawa often worked with the same group of
collaborators. Fumio Hayasaka composed music for seven of his films — notably
Rashomon, Ikiru and Seven Samurai. Many of Kurosawa's scripts, including Throne of Blood, Seven
Samurai and Ran were co-written with Hideo Oguni. Yoshiro
Muraki was Kurosawa's production designer or art director for most of his films after Stray Dog in 1949, and Asakazu
Nakai was his cinematographer on 11 films including Ikiru, Seven
Samurai and Ran. Kurosawa also liked working with the same group of actors, especially Takashi Shimura, Tatsuya Nakadai, and Toshiro Mifune. His collaboration with the latter, which began with 1948's Drunken Angel and ended
with 1965's Red Beard, is one of the most famous director-actor combinations in cinema history.
Later films
Akira Kurosawa (center) gives stage directions to
Tatsuya Nakadai (left) and
Jinpachi Nezu (right) during the filming of the 1985
Ran.
Red Beard marked a turning point in Kurosawa's career in more ways than one. In addition to being his last film with
Mifune, it was his last in black-and-white. It was also his last as a major director within the Japanese studio system making
roughly a film a year. Kurosawa was signed to direct a Hollywood project, Tora! Tora!
Tora!; but 20th Century Fox replaced him with Toshio Masuda and Kinji Fukasaku before it was completed. His next
few films were a lot harder to finance and were made at intervals of five years. The first, Dodesukaden, about a group of poor people living around a rubbish dump, was not a success.
After an attempted suicide, Kurosawa went on to make several more films although he had great difficulty in obtaining domestic
financing despite his international reputation. Dersu Uzala, made in the
Soviet Union and set in Siberia in the early 20th century, was the only Kurosawa film made
outside Japan and not in Japanese. It is about the friendship of a Russian explorer and a nomadic hunter, and won the
Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. Kagemusha, financed with the help of the director's most famous admirers, George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola, is the story of a man
who is the body double of a medieval Japanese lord and takes over his identity after the lord's death. Ran was the director's version of Shakespeare's King Lear, set in medieval Japan. It was by far the largest project of Kurosawa's late career, and he spent a
decade planning it and trying to obtain funding, which he was finally able to do with the help of the French producer
Serge Silberman. The film was an international success and is generally considered
Kurosawa's last masterpiece. In an interview Kurosawa said that he considered it to be the best film he ever made.[3]
Kurosawa made three more films during the 1990s which were more personal than his earlier works. Dreams is a series of vignettes based on his own dreams. Rhapsody in August is about memories of the Nagasaki atom bomb
and his final film, Madadayo, is about a retired teacher and his former students.
Kurosawa died of stroke in Setagaya, Tokyo, at age
88.
After the Rain (雨あがる, Ame Agaru) is a 1998 posthumous film
directed by Kurosawa's closest collaborator, Takashi Koizumi, co-produced by Kurosawa
Production (Hisao Kurosawa) and starring Tatsuda Nakadai and Shiro Mifune, son of
Toshiro Mifune. Screenplay, script and dialogues were both written by Kurosawa himself.
The story is based on a short novel by Shugoro Yamamoto, Ame Agaru.
Personal life
Kurosawa's wife was Yoko Yaguchi. He had two children with her: a son named Hisao and a daughter named Kazuko.
Kurosawa was a notoriously lavish gourmet, and spent huge quantities of money on film sets providing an uneatably large
quantity of fine delicacies, especially meat, for the cast and crew[citation needed], although the meat was sometimes left over from recording sound effects of the sound of blades cutting flesh in the many swordfight scenes.[4]
He was a close friend of director Ishiro Honda, who directed the Kaiju masterpiece
"Gojira."
Awards
- 1951 – Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for Rashomon
- 1951 – Honorary Academy Award: Best Foreign Language Film for Rashomon
- 1955 – Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival for Seven Samurai
- 1975 – Academy Award: Best Foreign Language Film for Dersu Uzala
- 1980 – Golden Palm at the Cannes Film Festival for Kagemusha
- 1982 – Career Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival
- 1984 – Legion d'Honneur
- 1990 - Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize
- 1990 – Honorary Academy Award
- 2006 – 10th Iran Cinema Celebration, Special honor
Filmography
Footnotes
- ^ A.K., Chris Marker, 1985
See also
Further reading
- Mitsuhiro Yoshimoto Kurosawa: Film Studies and Japanese Cinema ISBN 0-8223-2519-5
- Akira Kurosawa. Something Like An Autobiography. Vintage Books USA, 1983. ISBN 0-394-71439-3
- Stephen Prince. The Warrior's Camera. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-691-01046-3
- Donald Richie, Joan Mellen. The Films of Akira Kurosawa. University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-22037-4
- Stuart Galbraith IV. The Emperor and the Wolf: The Lives and Films of Akira Kurosawa and Toshiro Mifune. Faber &
Faber, 2002. ISBN 0-571-19982-8
External links
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