Akwamu

Akwamu

Akan face
Total population
Unknown
Regions with significant populations
Accra, Brong Ahafo Region, Eastern Region, Ashanti Region, Volta Region of Ghana, Togo, Benin
Languages
Twi
Religion
Christianity, African Traditional Religion
Related ethnic groups
Akan

The Akwamu(also called Akuambo) was a state set up by the Akan people in Ghana which existed in the 17th century and 18th century.^[1] Originally immigrating from Bono state, the founders settled in Twifo-Heman.^[2] The Akwamu led an expansionist empire in the 16th and 17th century. At the peak of their empire, the Akan created an influential state and culture that has contributed to at least three countries in West Africa.

History

Like most Akans, the Akwamus migrated from Bono Manso to settle at the Twifo-Heman forest at the later part of the 16th century. This group of Akans belonged to the Aduana family; they were blood brothers of Asumennya, Dormaa and Kumawu. According to oral tradition, it was as a result of succession dispute that Otomfuo (brass-smith) Asare deserted the family to form a new state or city called Asaremankesee- Asares big state. The modern city of Asaamankese was originally founded and occupied by the Akwamus.

Akwamus expansion started between 1629–1710. They migrated into the Akuapem area, including Kyerepon and Larteh, Denkyera, Ga-Adangbe, the Ladoku states of Agona, Winneba, Afram plains, Southern Togoland and finally Ouidah in present-day Benin. The powerful king Nana Ansa Sasraku l annexed the Guans and took over the traditional areas of the Kyerepons. He ruled over them until Asonaba Nana Ofori Kuma and his followers, after a succession dispute in their effort to form their own State, engaged them in a fierce war. The Akwamus were driven away from the mountains.

These Asona family members and their followers were given a piece of land by the original settlers the Guans, Kyerepons, to form the Akuapem state. However, most of the present Akuapems still have their roots at Akwamufie, especially those bearing the names Addo and Akoto or from the Aduana family.

Nana Ansa Sasraku also played an important role in the life of the King Osei Tutu of Asante. He protected him from the Denkyiras. When he was called to take over the Kwaaman stool, Nana Ansa Sasraku provided him with 300 Asafomen from Akwamu to guide him to Kwaaman. When Nana Osei Tutu arrived, he gave all the men to Kwaaman Asafohene. They became citizens of Asafo, gaining the title of Akwamuhene of Kumase for Kumase Asafohene . According to oral tradition, the structure of the Asante army, which was started by Nana Osei Kofi Tutu l and helped the Asantes through many wars, was a replica of the well-organised Akwamu army.

Nana Osei Tutu was assisted by the Anumfuo (later Adumfuo) who accompanied him from Akwamu, in execution cases. A large number of the Asantes of today originated from Akwamu especially; these included people from Asafo and Adum as well as sections of people from Bantama and Barekese.

After the death of Nana Ansa Sasraku, he was succeeded by two kings collectively, Nana Addo Panin and Nana Basua. It was during this time that the Akwamus took over the possession of the Danish Castle at Christianborg or Osu.

Because of the cordial relationship between Akwamu and Asante, during the 19th-century expansion of Asante, the Akwamu, unlike most states after war, was never annexed by Asantes. The Akwamu Stool became the husband of the Asante Stool during the reign of Nana Odeneho Kwafo Akoto l. Dring the Golden Anniversary of Nana Kwafo Akoto ll, Nana Opoku Ware ll crossed the Pra River to spend two days at Akwamufie.

At the peak of their power, the Akwamu state encompassed much of the eastern part of the present-day Gold Coast. It is traditionally thought that between 1677 and 1681, the Akwamu state conquered the states of Ladoku, Agona and Whydah, as well as the Ewe people of the Ho region.^[3] The Akwamu also conquered the Ga people and occupied the old Ga Kingdom.^[3]

In 1693, the Asimani of Akwamu led a raid and seized Osu Castle (currently the seat of the Ghanaian government), from the Danish colonists.^[4] The Akwamu thus controlled many of the trade routes from the interior to the coast in the eastern half of what is now Ghana and created a capital at Nyanoase.^[5] In the 1720s a civil war in the Akwamu state caused the state's disintegration. Most of the King's allies were sold away as slaves and transported to the Caribbean island of St. John. In 1733 they fomented a slave revolt there.^[6]

In 1734 the Akwamu were defeated by the Akyem and their empire came to an end. The Akwamu were pushed to Akwamufie, the location of their current capital.

List of Rulers of the state of Akwamu (formerly Twifo-Heman)

Territory comprised part of present-day southern Ghana

References

B.Osei-Akoto from Ghanaweb

1. ^ "Akwamu". Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005314/Akwamu. Retrieved 28 March 2007. 
2. ^ "The Akwamu". Ghana.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061213184334/http://www.ghana.co.uk/history/history/tribes2.htm. Retrieved 28 March 2007. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, Almanac of African Peoples & Nations, p.161
4. ^ "Ghana Castle". ghanacastle.gov.gh. Government of Ghana. http://www.ghanacastle.gov.gh/. Retrieved 28 March 2007. 
5. ^ A historical geography of Ghana By Kwamina B. Dickson, p.23
6. ^ Hartman, Saidiya. Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007) p. 91-93

Further reading

• Dantzig, Albert van; Barbara Priddy (1971). A short history of the forts and castles of Ghana. Accra: Liberty Press. 
• Wilks, Ivor (2001). Akwamu 1640–1750. A Study of the Rise and Fall of a West African Empire. Trondheim.