Alan Shepard
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
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Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr.
(born Nov. 18, 1923, East Derry, N.H., U.S.died July 21, 1998, Monterey, Calif.) U.S. astronaut. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy and served in the Pacific during World War II. In 1959 he became one of the original seven Mercury program astronauts. In May 1961, 23 days after Yury A. Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth, Shepard made a 15-minute suborbital flight that reached an altitude of 115 mi (185 km). He later commanded the Apollo 14 flight (1971), the first to land in the lunar highlands. Retiring from NASA and the navy in 1974, he entered private business.
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Gale Encyclopedia of Biography:
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Alan Shepard
The first American in space, Alan Shepard's (born 1923) 1961 flight was immortalized in the book and movie, "The Right Stuff".
Alan Shepard was born on November 18, 1923, in East Derry, New Hampshire, a small village a few miles south of Manchester. He was the son of an army colonel. As a small child, Shepard attended school in a one-room schoolhouse, where he was a good student, particularly in mathematics. He graduated from the Pinkerton Academy in Derry, New Hampshire, and entered the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1941.
During World War II, Shepard served as an ensign aboard the destroyer Cogswell in the Pacific. Following the war, he began flight training and qualified as a pilot in 1947. As a Naval pilot, Shepard served in Norfolk, Virginia, Jacksonville, Florida, and aboard several aircraft carriers in the Mediterranean. In 1950, he became a test pilot, and over the next eight years he tested a variety of aircraft and worked as a flight instructor. He was also assigned to duty aboard a carrier in the Pacific and eventually earned an appointment to the staff of the Atlantic fleet's commander in chief.
One of the First Astronauts
In 1958, Shepard was one of 110 test pilots chosen by NASA as prospective astronauts. NASA planned to judge the applicants based on physical and mental criteria, looking, as NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan stated, for "men of vision … with a practical, hardheaded approach to the difficult job ahead." After a battery of physical and psychological tests, seven men were selected as the nation's first astronauts: John Glenn, M. Scott Carpenter, Virgil Grissom, Donald Slayton, Leroy Cooper, Walter Schirra, and Alan Shepard. Following the announcement Shepard said, "My feelings about being in this program are really quite simple….I'm here because it's a chance to serve the country. I'm here, too, because it's a great personal challenge: I know [space travel] can be done, that it's important for it to be done, and I want to do it."
Shepard began intensive training for space flight. Courses in biology, geography, astrophysics, astronomy, and meteorology supplemented his physical training, which included exposure to conditions much more severe than were anticipated during space travel. Shepard also spent long hours performing weightlessness tests, preparing for the weaker gravitational pull outside the earth's atmosphere.
First American in Space
Early in 1961, NASA chose Shepard over Glenn and Grissom, the two other finalists, to be the first American in space. The astronauts themselves had attempted to downplay the importance of the selection of the first astronaut. John Glenn said, "We have tried to do away with a lot of this talk about who is going to be first on this, because we feel very strongly that this is so much bigger than whose name happens to be on the first ticket." Preparations for America's first manned space flight therefore commenced in a spirit of cooperation. Glenn acted as Shepard's backup, ready if Shepard became unable to fly, and Slayton served as Shepard's radio contact at the Mercury Control Center. The other astronauts also had responsibilities during Shepard's flight.
On May 5, 1961, Freedom 7 lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Shepard piloted the Mercury capsule 115 miles above the earth's surface and 302 miles across the Atlantic Ocean. After landing safely in the Atlantic, Shepard was picked up from the water by helicopter pilot; his first words were, "Man, what a ride!" Although the trip lasted for only about fifteen minutes, Shepard's journey was almost technically perfect, and it paved the way for many more flights by U.S. astronauts. Shepard returned to ticker-tape parades, and he received a medal from President John F. Kennedy.
After his historic flight Shepard looked forward to future missions. In 1963, however, he was diagnosed as having Meniere's syndrome, a disease of the inner ear that produces nausea, vertigo, and hearing impairment. NASA removed Shepard from active flight duty and reassigned him to NASA's Houston, Texas, facility, where he became chief of the Astronaut Office. Although he became quite wealthy as a result of real estate and banking investments during the next few years, he yearned for space flight. In 1968, he underwent a successful operation in which a small drain tube was implanted in his inner ear. Shepard applied for readmission to active duty, and in 1969 his patience and determination were rewarded when NASA chose him to command the Apollo 14 flight to the moon. "I think if a person wants something badly enough," Shepard once said, "he's just got to hang in there and keep at it."
Went to the Moon
Apollo 14 became an important mission for the U.S. space program. Apollo 13 had been a disappointment; technical difficulties had prevented it from landing on the moon as planned and placed the astronauts in danger, and the space program was losing public support. The Apollo 14 astronauts were scheduled to test new equipment on the moon's surface and to spend longer periods outside the space capsule. Shepard and Edwin Mitchell were assigned to land on the moon while Stuart Roosa orbited the moon in the command module, the Kitty Hawk.
On January 31, 1971, Apollo 14 blasted off from Cape Kennedy, nearly ten years after Shepard's first space flight. Five days later Shepard and Mitchell landed on the moon's surface, the third group of astronauts to do so. From their lunar module, the two astronauts stepped out into the Fra Mauro Highlands, as the world watched on television. Shepard said, "Wow, it's really wild up here…. It certainly is a stark place." The astronauts had brought a lunar cart with them, and during two trips outside the lunar module, each lasting more than four and a half hours, they conducted experiments and gathered rock specimens. On one excursion Shepard hit a golf ball across the moon's surface. In addition, the astronauts left behind a multi-million dollar mini-scientific station that would continue to send messages to scientists on earth. Thirty-three and a half hours after they landed, the two astronauts completed a successful docking with Kitty Hawk. The 240,000-mile journey back to earth ended with a splash-down near Samoa in the South Pacific on February 9. By all accounts, the voyage was a big success.
Immortalized in The Right Stuff
The story of the 1961 flight was immortalized in a book by Tom Wolfe and 1983 movie, both titled The Right Stuff. Both the movie and the book found a sizable audience, but Shepard wasn't that impressed, as he told Publisher's Weekly. "Wolfe never talked to any of us original seven guys. His book was based on hearsay, on what he got from second generation astronauts. The story line was good, but the characterizations left a little to be desired."
Shepard and Deke Slayton, another former astronaut, sought to set the story straight when they contracted to write their own account of the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs, tentatively titled Giant Steps: The Inside Story of the American Space Program. "The other books written about the space program have been may be more like stories by engineers than by reporters," Shepard told Publisher's Weekly. "Ours has a little more drama." Asked why he had waited until the mid-1990s to tell his story, he told Publisher's Weekly,"It's been in the back of my mind, but I've been busy with other things until now, until these guys came to me."
Shepard retired from NASA in 1974. Always a successful entrepreneur, he developed a wholesale beer distributorship and a real estate firm in the Houston area. Shrewd investments in horses, banks, oil, and real estate have made him a multimillionaire. He has been married for over 40 years and has two daughters, lives in Houston and chairs the board of the Mercury 7 Foundation, the original astronauts' educational organization. Although no longer active in the space program, Alan Shepard will be remembered both as the first American in space and as one of a handful of men to walk on the moon.
Further Reading
Caiden, Martin, The Astronauts: The Story of Project Mercury, Dutton, 1961.
Carpenter, M.C., and others, We Seven, By the Astronauts Themselves, Simon & Schuster, 1962.
MacMillan, Norman, Great Flights and Air Adventures, St. Martin's, 1965, pp. 202-203.
Silverberg, Robert, First American Into Space, Monarch Books, 1961.
AdAstra, July/August 1991.
Life, May 12, 1961, pp. 18-27.
Publisher's Weekly, March 15, 1993.
Time, February 1, 1971, p. 46; October 3, 1980, pp. 40, 58.
U. S. News and World Report, May 15, 1961, pp. 53-59; May 10, 1976, p. 49; February 15, 1971, pp. 29-31.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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Alan Shepard
Shepard, Alan Bartlett, Jr., 1923-98, American astronaut, b. East Derry, N.H., grad. Annapolis, 1944. He served on a destroyer during World War II and later had extensive experience as a test pilot. On May 5, 1961, under the U.S. space program Project Mercury, he became the first American to be launched into space. His flight was a suborbital trip of 302 mi (486 km) down the Atlantic missile range. He reached a height of 115 mi (185 km) and performed several maneuvers of his capsule, Freedom 7, during the 15-min flight. In 1971, he commanded the Apollo 14 lunar landing, becoming the fifth person to walk on the moon. In 1974, Shepard retired from both NASA and the U.S. navy (as a rear admiral) to enter private industry. With Deke Slayton, another original Mercury astronaut, he wrote Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon (1994).
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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Alan Shepard
For other people named Alan Shepard, see Alan Shepard (disambiguation).
| Alan B. Shepard, Jr. | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| NASA astronaut | |
| Nationality | American |
| Status | Deceased |
| Born | November 18, 1923 Derry, New Hampshire |
| Died | July 21, 1998 (aged 74) Pebble Beach, California |
| Other occupation | Test pilot |
| Rank | Rear admiral, USN |
| Time in space | 216 hours and 57 min[1] |
| Selection | NASA Group One (1959) |
| Missions | MR-3, Apollo 14 |
| Mission insignia |   |
| Awards | Navy Distinguished Service Medal Distinguished Flying Cross Congressional Space Medal of Honor |
Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. (November 18, 1923 – July 21, 1998) was an American naval aviator, test pilot, flag officer, and NASA astronaut who in 1961 became the second person, and the first American, in space. This Mercury flight was designed to enter space, but not to achieve orbit. Ten years later, at age 47 the oldest astronaut in the program, Shepard commanded the Apollo 14 mission, piloting the lander to the most accurate landing of the Apollo missions. He became the fifth person to walk on the Moon, and the only Mercury astronaut to walk on the moon. During the mission he hit two golf balls on the lunar surface.
These were his only two space flights, as his flight status was interrupted for five years (1964–69) during the Mercury and Gemini programs by Ménière's disease, an inner-ear disease that was surgically corrected before his moon flight. Shepard served as chief of the Astronaut Office from November 1963 – July 1969 (approximately the period of his grounding), and from June 1971 – August 1, 1974 (from his last flight, to his retirement). He was promoted from captain to rear admiral on August 25, 1971.[2] He retired from the US Navy and NASA in 1974.
During retirement he became a successful businessman. He died of leukemia in 1998, five weeks before the death of his wife of 53 years. They were survived by their three daughters.
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Biography
Shepard was born in Derry, New Hampshire to Lt. Col. Alan B. Shepard, Sr. and Renza (née Emerson) Shepard. He attended primary and secondary schools in East Derry and Derry including Pinkerton Academy from which he graduated with the class of 1940. He was one of many famous descendants of Mayflower passenger Richard Warren.[3]
Shepard began his naval career after graduation from the United States Naval Academy in 1944, and served on the destroyer USS Cogswell while it was deployed in the Pacific Ocean during World War II. He subsequently entered flight training at Corpus Christi, Texas and Pensacola, Florida, and received his naval aviator wings in 1947. He was assigned to Fighter Squadron 42 based at Norfolk, Virginia and Jacksonville, Florida, and served several tours aboard aircraft carriers in the Mediterranean Sea with the squadron.
In 1950, he attended the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at Patuxent River, Maryland. After graduation, he participated in flight test work which included high-altitude tests to obtain data on light at different altitudes and on a variety of air masses over the American continent; test and development experiments of the Navy's in-flight refueling system; carrier suitability trials of the F2H-3 Banshee; and Navy trials of the first angled carrier deck. He was subsequently assigned to Fighter Squadron 193 based at Moffett Field, California, a night fighter unit flying Banshee jets. As operations officer of this squadron, he made two tours to the western Pacific on board the carrier USS Oriskany.
Shepard returned to Patuxent for a second tour of duty and engaged in flight testing the F3H Demon, F8U Crusader, F4D Skyray, and F11F Tiger. He was also project test pilot on the F5D Skylancer, and his last five months at Patuxent were spent as an instructor in the Test Pilot School. He later attended the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, and upon graduating (master of arts in military science) in 1958 was assigned to the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet, as aircraft readiness officer.
He logged more than 8,000 hours flying time—3,700 hours in jet aircraft.
NASA career
Mercury: Freedom 7 pilot
In 1959, Shepard was one of 11 military test pilots invited by the newly-formed National Aeronautics and Space Administration to volunteer for the first US manned space flight program. Following a gruelling series of physical and psychological tests, NASA selected Shepard to be one of the original group of seven Mercury astronauts.
In January 1961, Shepard was chosen for the first American manned mission into space. Although the flight was originally scheduled for October 1960, delays by unplanned preparatory work meant that this was postponed several times, initially to March 6, 1961 and finally to May 5.[4] On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin had become the first person in space and to orbit the Earth.
On May 5, 1961, Shepard piloted the Freedom 7 mission and became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space.[5] He was launched by a Redstone rocket, and unlike Gagarin's 108-minute orbital flight, Shepard stayed on a ballistic trajectory—a 15-minute suborbital flight which carried him to an altitude of 116 statute miles (187 km) and to a splashdown point 302 statute miles (486 km) down the Atlantic Missile Range. Unlike Gagarin, whose flight was strictly automatic, Shepard had some control of Freedom 7, spacecraft attitude in particular. The launch was seen live on television by millions.
Shortly before the launch, Shepard said to himself: "Don't fuck up, Shepard..."[6] This quote was reported as "Dear Lord, please don't let me fuck up" in The Right Stuff,[7] though Shepard confirmed this as a misquote. Regardless, the latter quote has since become known among aviators as "Shepard's Prayer."
According to Gene Kranz in his book, Failure Is Not an Option, "When reporters asked Shepard what he thought about as he sat atop the Redstone rocket, waiting for liftoff, he had replied, 'The fact that every part of this ship was built by the low bidder.'"
After a dramatic Atlantic Ocean recovery, Commander Shepard observed, "…didn't really feel the flight was a success until the recovery had been successfully completed. It's not the fall that hurts; it's the sudden stop."[8] After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy.[9]
Later, he was scheduled to pilot the Mercury-Atlas 10 Freedom 7-II three-day extended duration mission in October 1963. The MA-10 mission was cancelled on June 13, 1963. He was the back-up pilot for Gordon "Gordo" Cooper for the MA-9 mission.
Gemini: Chief astronaut
After the Mercury-Atlas 10 mission was cancelled, Shepard was designated as the command pilot of the first manned Project Gemini mission. Thomas Stafford was chosen as his co-pilot. In early 1964, Shepard was diagnosed with Ménière's disease, a condition in which fluid pressure builds up in the inner ear. This syndrome causes the semicircular canals and motion detectors to become extremely sensitive, resulting in disorientation, dizziness, and nausea. The condition caused him to be removed from flight status for most of the 1960s (Gus Grissom and John Young were assigned to Gemini 3 instead).
Also in 1963, he was designated Chief of the Astronaut Office with responsibility for monitoring the coordination, scheduling, and control of all activities involving NASA astronauts. This included monitoring the development and implementation of effective training programs to assure the flight readiness of personnel for crew assignments on manned space flights; furnishing pilot evaluations applicable to the design, construction, and operations of spacecraft systems and related equipment; and providing qualitative scientific and engineering observations to facilitate overall mission planning, formulation of feasible operational procedures, and selection and conduct of specific experiments for each flight.
Apollo: Apollo 14 commander
Shepard was restored to full flight status in May 1969, following corrective surgery (using a newly-developed method) for Ménière's disease. He was originally assigned to command Apollo 13, but as it was felt he needed more time to train, he and his crewmates (lunar module pilot Edgar Mitchell and command module pilot Stuart Roosa) swapped missions with the then crew of Apollo 14 (James Lovell, Ken Mattingly and Fred Haise).
As the oldest astronaut in the program at age 47, Shepard made his second space flight as commander of Apollo 14 from January 31 – February 9, 1971, America's third successful lunar landing mission. Shepard piloted the Lunar Module Antares to the most accurate landing of the entire Apollo program. This was the first mission to successfully broadcast color television pictures from the surface of the Moon, using a vidicon tube camera. (The color camera on Apollo 12 provided a few brief moments of color telecasting before it was inadvertently pointed at the Sun, ending its usefulness.) While on the Moon, Shepard used a Wilson six-iron head attached to a lunar sample scoop handle[10] to drive golf balls. Despite thick gloves and a stiff spacesuit which forced him to swing the club with one hand, Shepard struck two golf balls; driving the second, as he jokingly put it, "miles and miles and miles."[11]
Following Apollo 14, Shepard returned to his position as Chief of the Astronaut Office in June 1971. He was appointed by President Nixon in July 1971 as a delegate to the 26th United Nations General Assembly, serving from September to December 1971. He was promoted to rear admiral by Nixon that same year before retiring both from the Navy and NASA on August 1, 1974.
Later years
After Shepard left NASA, he served on the boards of many corporations. He also served as president of his umbrella company for several business enterprises, Seven Fourteen Enterprises, Inc. (named for his two flights, Freedom 7 and Apollo 14).[12]
In 1994, he published a book with two journalists, Jay Barbree and Howard Benedict, called Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon. Fellow Mercury astronaut Deke Slayton is also named as an author.[13] The book generated some controversy for use of a staged photo purportedly showing Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon[14] The book was also turned into a TV miniseries in 1994.[15]
Shepard died of leukemia near his home in Pebble Beach, California on July 21, 1998, (the 29th anniversary of the first moonwalk), two years after being diagnosed with that disease. He was the second person to die who had walked on the Moon. His wife of 53 years, Louise Brewer, died five weeks afterward. Both were cremated, and their ashes were scattered together by a Navy helicopter over Stillwater Cove,[16] in front of their Pebble Beach home.[12]
They had three daughters, Laura (born in 1947), Juliana (born in 1951) and Alice (born in 1951). Alice was Louise's niece, but raised as their own daughter.[17] He also had six grandchildren.
Awards and honors
During his life, Shepard was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor (by President Jimmy Carter in 1978 for his pioneering Mercury flight); two NASA Distinguished Service Medals (1961 and 1971), the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal, Naval Astronaut Wings, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He received the Langley Award (highest award of the Smithsonian Institution) on May 5, 1964; the Lambert trophy[disambiguation needed 
]; the Iven C. Kincheloe Award; the Cabot Award; the Collier Trophy; and the City of New York Gold Medal for 1971.
He was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 11, 1990.
The Navy named a supply ship, Alan Shepard (T-AKE-3), for him in 2006. A geodesic dome was built in his honor in Virginia Beach, Virginia but was demolished in 1994.[18]
A Redstone missile, from which the Redstone booster used to launch Shepard aboard Freedom 7 was derived, is on display in the Warren, New Hampshire town square.
The McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center in Concord, New Hampshire is named after Shepard and Christa McAuliffe.
Interstate 93 in New Hampshire, from the Massachusetts border to its intersection with Route 101 in Manchester, is named in his honor. It passes through his native Derry. Interstate 565 in northern Alabama connecting Decatur, Alabama and Huntsville, Alabama is officially the Admiral Alan B. Shepard Highway.
His hometown of Derry has the nickname Space Town in honor of his career as an astronaut.[19] Following an act of Congress,[20] the Post Office in Derry is designated the Alan B. Shepard, Jr. Post Office Building.
His high school alma mater in Derry, Pinkerton Academy, has a building named after him; and the school team name is the Astros after his career as an astronaut.[21] Alan B. Shepard High School, in Palos Heights, Illinois, which opened in 1976, was named in his honor. Framed newspapers throughout the school depict various accomplishments and milestones in Shepard's life. Additionally, an autographed plaque commemorates the dedication of the building. The school newspaper is named Freedom 7 and the yearbook is entitled Odyssey. Its television news show is called NASA – News About Shepard Astros.
Other schools which honor his memory include Alan B. Shepard Middle School, Deerfield, Illinois; Alan B. Shepard Middle School, San Antonio, Texas; Alan B. Shepard Elementary School, Bourbonnais, Illinois, Alan B. Shepard Elementary School, Old Bridge, New Jersey and, formerly, Alan B. Shepard Elementary School in Highland Park, Illinois (closed).
Alan Shepard Park in Cocoa Beach, Florida, a beach-side park south of Cape Canaveral, is named in his honor.[22]
In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Shepard was ranked as the ninth most popular space hero (tied with astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Gus Grissom).[23]
In 2011, NASA honored Shepard with an Ambassador of Exploration Award, consisting of a moon rock encased in Lucite, for his contributions to the U.S. space program. His family members accepted the award on his behalf during a ceremony on April 28 at the U.S. Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis, Maryland, where it is on permanent display.[24]
On May 4, 2011, the US Postal Service issued a first-class stamp in Shepard's honor—the first US stamp to depict a specific astronaut. The first day of issue ceremony was held at NASA's Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.[25]
Shepard Technology Award
Each year, the Space Foundation, in partnership with the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and NASA, present the Alan Shepard Technology in Education Award for outstanding contributions by K–12 educators or district-level administrators to educational technology. The award recognizes excellence in the development and application of technology in the classroom or to the professional development of teachers. The recipient demonstrates exemplary use of technology either to foster lifelong learners or to make the learning process easier.[26] Recipients include:
- 2001 Lori Byrnes
- 2002 Thomas F. Hunt, Frank E. Waller
- 2003 Brian Copes
- 2004 Charles Geach
- 2005 Ronald F. Dantowitz
- 2006 Kathy R. Brandon
- 2007 Luther W. Richardson
- 2008 Kevin L. Simmons
- 2009 Ricardo V. Soria[27]
- 2010 Allen V. Robnett[28]
In media
- 1965 – The character of Alan Tracy in the Thunderbirds was named after him.[29]
- 1983 film The Right Stuff – played by Scott Glenn
- 1998 HBO TV series From the Earth to the Moon – played by Ted Levine
- 2005 BBC TV series Space Race – played by Todd Boyce
- 2001 opening montage, Star Trek: Enterprise
- 2002 film Race to Space, played by Mark Moses
- 2004 - He is briefly mentioned in Metal Gear Solid 3 when he is said to be piloting a Lockheed M-21 in game.
- 2007 – The player character in BioWare's sci-fi video game series Mass Effect is surnamed "Shepard" in his honor.
- 2011 - Alternative music band They Might Be Giants briefly referred to him in the song ″Can't Keep Johnny Down″ from their album Join Us, in the following lyric: "Some dude/Hitting golf balls on the moon/Bathroom in his pants/And he thinks he's better than me..."
Gallery
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Notes
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
- ^ Astronaut Bio: Alan B. Shepard, Jr. 7/98 – Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
- ^ The Associated Press "Alan Shepard Becomes Admiral" (August 26, 1971) The Toledo Blade, p. 12
- ^ "Rootsweb Mayflower-L archives". http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/MAYFLOWER/2002-02/1014474755. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
- ^ Swenson, Loyd S.; James M. Grimwood and Charles C. Alexander. "This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury". NASA SP-4201 (Scientific and Technical Information Division, Office of Technology Utilization, N.A.S.A.). http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2007
- ^ Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1989). "11-4 Shepard's Ride". In Woods, David; Gamble, Chris (url). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/ch11-4.htm. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
- ^ Alan Shepard, Deke Slayton, Moon Shot. Turner Publishing, Atlanta. 1994. ISBN 1-878685-54-6, Ch. 9, p. 111.
- ^ Wolfe, Tom, The Right Stuff. (hardcover). Farrar-Straus-Giroux, New York. 1979. ISBN 0-374-25033-2, Ch. 10, p. 245
- ^ "The Space Race". 1961 Year in Review. UPI. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1961/The-Space-Race/12295509433760-2/. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
- ^ Video: As World Watched. Spaceman Hailed After U.S. Triumph, 1961/05/08 (1961). Universal Newsreel. 1961. http://www.archive.org/details/1961-05-08_As_World_Watched. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "NASM-Apollo to the Moon-Apollo 14 Mission". Nasm.si.edu. http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/la.a14.html. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- ^ "EVA-2 Closeout and the Golf Shots". NASA. NASA.. http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.clsout2.html. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
- ^ a b http://www.astronautscholarship.org/shepard.html Shepard biography on the official website of the Mercury 7 astronauts, Astronaut Hall of Fame.
- ^ Slayton, Deke. "Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon: Amazon.co.uk: Alan Shepard, Deke Slayton, Jay Barbree, Howard Benedict: Books". Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1878685546. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- ^ "Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal: EVA-2 Closeout and the Golf Shots". http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.clsout2.html. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
- ^ Drew, Mike "TBS' `Moon Shot' Rises Above Other TV Fare" (July 11, 1994) The Milwaukee Journal
- ^ Stillwater Cove, Del Monte Forest, California 36°33′52″N 121°56′34″W / 36.564306°N 121.942667°W
- ^ Neal Thompson, Light This Candle: The Life & Times of Alan Shepard—America's First Spaceman. Crown, 2004
- ^ http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1994/vp941014/10130183.htm
- ^ "Derry, NH". NewHampshire.com. http://www.newhampshire.com/nh-towns/derry.aspx. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
- ^ "H.R.4517". The Library of Congress. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c106:H.R.4517.ENR:. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
- ^ "Alan B. Shepard, Jr.". NASA. NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/shepard.htm. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ "Alan Shepard Park Review". Fodors. http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/florida/northeast-florida/review-428485.html. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
- ^ "Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes". http://www.spacefoundation.org/news/story.php?id=1038.
- ^ NASA news release, April 19, 2011
- ^ Pearlman, Robert Z., "New U.S. Stamps Honor Astronaut Alan Shepard and Mission to Mercury" (May 4, 2011) Space.com
- ^ "Alan Shepard Technology in Education Award". National Space Symposium. http://2010.nationalspacesymposium.org/education/alan-shepard-award. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Aviation, Astronomy Courses Earn Tennessee Teacher the 2010 Alan Shepard Technology in Education Award". National Space Symposium. http://2010.nationalspacesymposium.org/media/press-releases/aviation-astronomy-courses-earn-tennessee-teacher-the-2010-alan-shepard-technol. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ Marriot, John; Anderson, Gerry (foreword) (1992). Thunderbirds ARE GO!. London: Boxtree. p. 23. ISBN 1-85283-164-2.
References
- Kranz, Gene. Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond. ISBN 0-7432-0079-9.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alan Shepard |
- Obituary, NY Times, July 23, 1998 "Alan B. Shepard Jr. Is Dead at 74; First American to Travel in Space"
- Alan Shepard – Daily Telegraph obituary
- Alan Bartlett Shepard at Find a Grave
- Alan Shepard: 1st American in Space – slideshow by Life magazine
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| Preceded by Office Created (informally: Deke Slayton) |
Chief of the Astronaut Office 1963–1974 |
Succeeded by John W. Young |
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