alcohol dehydrogenase

 

Alcohol dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.1) are a group of seven dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones. In humans and many other animals, they serve to break down alcohols which could otherwise be toxic; in yeast and many bacteria, some alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the opposite reaction as part of fermentation.

The CAS number for this type of the enzyme is [9031-72-5].

In humans

In humans, the enzyme is contained in the lining of the stomach and in the liver. It catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde:

CH₃CH₂OH + NAD⁺ → CH₃CHO + NADH + H⁺

This allows the consumption of alcoholic beverages, but its evolutionary purpose is probably the breakdown of alcohols naturally contained in foods or produced by bacteria in the digestive tract.

Alcohol dehydrogenase is also involved in the toxicity of other types of alcohol: for instance, it oxidizes methanol to produce formaldehyde and ethylene glycol to ultimately yield glycolic and oxalic acids. Humans have at least six slightly different alcohol dehydrogenases. All of them are dimers (consist of two polypeptides), with each dimer containing two zinc ions Zn²⁺. One of those ions is crucial for the operation of the enzyme: it is located at the catalytic site and holds the hydroxyl group of the alcohol in place.

In yeast and bacteria

In yeast and many bacteria, alcohol dehydrogenase plays an important part in fermentation: pyruvate resulting from glycolysis is converted to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide, and the acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by an alcohol dehydrogenase called ADH1. The purpose of this latter step is the regeneration of NAD+, so that the energy-generating glycolysis can continue. Humans exploit this process to produce alcoholic beverages, by letting yeast ferment various fruits or grains.

The main alcohol dehydrogenase in yeast is larger than the human one, consisting of four rather than just two subunits. It also contains zinc at its catalytic site.

Together with the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases of animals and humans, these enzymes from yeasts and many bacteria form the family of "long-chain"-alcohol dehydrogenases.

Brewer's yeast also has another alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH2, which evolved out of a duplicate version of the chromosome containing the ADH1 gene. ADH2 is used by the yeast to convert ethanol back into acetaldehyde, and it is only expressed when sugar concentration is low. Having these two enzymes allows yeast to produce alcohol when sugar is plentiful (and this alcohol then kills off competing microbes), and then continue with the oxidation of the alcohol once the sugar, and competition, is gone.[1]

Iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenases

A third family of alcohol dehydrogenases, unrelated to the above two, are iron-containing ones. They occur in bacteria, and an (apparently inactive) form has also been found in yeast. In comparison to enzymes the above families, these enzymes are oxygen-sensitive.

Other alcohol dehydrogenase types

A further class of alcohol dehydrogenases belongs to quinoenzymes and requires quinoid cofactors (e. g. pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ) as enzyme-bound electron acceptors. A typical example for this type of enzyme is methanol dehydrogenase of methylotrophic bacteria.

Applications

In fuel cells: Alcohol dehydrogenases can be used to catalyze the breakdown of fuel for an ethanol fuel cell. Scientists at Saint Louis University used carbon-supported alcohol dehydrogenase with poly(methylene green) as an anode, with a nafion membrane, to achieve about 50 μA/cm² [2].

In biotransformation: Alcohol dehydrogenases are often used for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure stereoisomers of chiral alcohols. In contrast to the chemical process, the enzymes yield directly the desired enatiomer of the alcohol by reduction of the corresponding ketone.

See also

• Oxidoreductase
• Ethanol

References

• IUBMB entry for 1.1.1.1

• BRENDA references for 1.1.1.1 Recommended.

• PubMed references for 1.1.1.1

• PubMed Central references for 1.1.1.1

• Google Scholar references for 1.1.1.1

External links

• PDBsum has links to three-dimensional structures of various alcohol dehydrogenases contained in the Protein Data Bank
• ExPASy contains links to the alcohol dehydrogenase sequences in Swiss-Prot, to a Medline literature search about the enzyme, and to entries in other databases.
• BRENDA most comprehensive compilation of information and literature references about the enzyme; requires payment for commercial users
• Radio Free Genome created a musical score from a sequence of alcohol dehydrogenase. MP3 audio version and an open source version of the software used to create it is available.

• EGO entry for GO code 0004022: alcohol dehydrogenase

• AMIGO entry for GO code 0004022: alcohol dehydrogenase

Oxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1)
1.1.1 NAD/NADP acceptor	Carbohydrate dehydrogenases - Alcohol dehydrogenase - Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase - L-xylulose reductase - Aldose reductase - Lactate dehydrogenase - 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase - Malate dehydrogenase - Isocitrate dehydrogenase - Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - HMG-CoA reductase - Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase - Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 11 Beta (HSD11B1, HSD11B2) - 3 Beta (3-beta-HSD) - 17 Beta - Carnitine dehydrogenase - Beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase - IMP dehydrogenase - DXP reductoisomerase
1.1.3 oxygen acceptor	Glucose oxidase - L-gulonolactone oxidase - Xanthine oxidase

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