Alex Haley

Source

• Born: 11 August 1921
• Birthplace: Ithaca, New York
• Died: 10 February 1992 (heart attack)
• Best Known As: Author of Roots

Alex Haley wrote Roots, one of the most celebrated novels of the 1970s. Haley spent 20 years in the Coast Guard (1939-59) then began a second career as a writer, working for magazines ranging from Reader's Digest to Playboy. Haley was a ghostwriter on his first major book: The Autobiography of Malcolm X was published in 1965 and became a hit. Haley spent years tracing his own family history and decided it went back to a single African man, Kunta Kinte, who was captured in Gambia and taken to America as a slave around 1767. That research led to Haley's epic book Roots, published in 1976 to wide acclaim. The next year the television miniseries Roots ran for a week on network TV and became a national phenomenon. Roots won a Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. Although questions were raised about the accuracy of the history Haley described in Roots, he is still credited with inspiring interest in genealogy among African-Americans.

Actors LeVar Burton and John Amos played Kunta Kinte in the miniseries Roots; others in the cast included Maya Angelou, Ed Asner and even O.J. Simpson... Haley was played by James Earl Jones in a sequel miniseries, Roots: The Next Generations... Haley was sued for plagiarism by Harold Courlander, author of the 1968 book The Africans; Haley agreed that he had unintentionally used three paragraphs from Courlander's book in Roots and settled with the author out of court.

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Haley, Alex (1921–1992), journalist and novelist. Born on 11 August 1921 in Ithaca, New York, Alexander Murray Palmer Haley grew up in Henning, Tennessee, the first of three sons to Simon Henry Haley, a professor of agriculture, and Bertha George Palmer, a school-teacher. In 1937, he attended Hawthorne College in Mississippi, and then transferred to Elizabeth City State Teachers College in North Carolina, which he attended for two years. He enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard in 1939 and completed a twenty-year tour of duty, first as a messboy, and then, in 1950, as Chief Journalist. He married three times, fathering three children. During the 1940s, Haley began writing short anecdotal sketches about the coast guard, some of which he published in Coronet magazine. In the 1950s, he continued to publish short, mostly biographical pieces in Coronet, as well as in Readers Digest, Atlantic, and Harper's. He retired from the coast guard in 1959 to become a freelance writer.

In the early 1960s, he continued to publish short articles, among them an exposé of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam for the Saturday Evening Post. At the same time, he began a series of interviews for Playboy magazine, including ones with Miles Davis, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali), Jim Brown, and Quincy Jones. His interview with Malcolm X led to their collaboration on The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965). Haley's probing questions of Malcolm X and editorial skills helped shape what has undoubtedly become the most influential twentieth-century African American autobiography.

Almost immediately after his work on the Autobiography, Haley initiated research into his own family's genealogy, eventually discovering his maternal great-great-great-great-grandfather, Kunta Kinte, who, he claims, was captured in West Africa in 1767 and transported to and enslaved in Virginia. Haley incorporated this narrative in Roots (1976), a Pulitzer Prize-winning, seven-generation family chronicle that ends with Haley's own life and research. The publication of Roots, along with two enormously popular televised versions of it—Roots in 1977 and Roots: The Next Generations in 1979—made Haley an international celebrity and lecturer. An estimated 80 to 130 million viewers watched the last episode of Roots, generating greater interest in the novel and prompting thousands of Americans to investigate their own family genealogies. The novel and the television series also provoked a national discussion about the history and legacy of racism and slavery.

In the 1980s, Haley continued to publish short pieces, although most of his creative energy was directed into television productions. He also wrote A Different Kind of Christmas (1988), a historical novella about the political transformation of a slaveowner's son into an abolitonist. When Haley died on 10 February 1992 he left several unfinished manuscripts, one of which, Alex Haley's Queen (1993), was completed by David Stevens.

Haley's ultimate historical impact has been perhaps more cultural than literary. Roots was criticized for its historical inaccuracy and lack of originality. Nonetheless, it undeniably sparked a popular interest and pride in African American history and in the African ancestry of African Americans.

Bibliography

• Alfred Balk and Alex Haley, “Black Merchants of Hate,” Saturday Evening Post 236 (26 Jan. 1963): 68–73.
• Alex Haley, “My Furthest-Back Person— ‘The African,”’ New York Times Magazine, 16 July 1972, 12–16.
• Alex Haley, “In Search of ‘The African,”’ American History Illustrated 8 (Feb. 1974): 21–26.
• Alex Haley, “There Are Days When I Wish It Hadn't Happened,” Playboy, March 1979, 115+.
• Murray Fisher, ed., Alex Haley: The Playboy Interviews, 1993.
• Harold Bloom, ed., Alex Haley & Malcolm X's The Autobiography of Malcom X, 1999

Roger A. Berger

For more information on Alexander Palmer Haley, visit Britannica.com.

Alex Haley (1921-1992) is the celebrated author of "Roots: The Saga of an American Family" (1976). By April 1977 almost two million hardcover copies of the book had been sold and 130 million people had seen all or part of the eight-episode television series. Roots is thus considered by many critics a classic in African-American literature and culture.

Haley, who was born in Ithaca, New York, and raised in the small town of Henning, Tennessee, became interested in his ancestry while listening to colorful stories told by his family. One story in particular, about an African ancestor who refused to be called by his slave name "Toby" and declared instead that his name was "Kintay, " impressed Haley deeply. Young Haley was so fascinated by this account that he later spent twelve years researching and documenting the life of "Kunta Kinte, " the character in his famous Roots. School records indicate that Haley was not an exceptional student. At the age of eighteen he joined the U.S. Coast Guard and began a twenty-year career in the service. He practiced his writing, at first only to alleviate boredom on the ship, and soon found himself composing love letters for his shipmates to send home to their wives and girlfriends. He wrote serious pieces as well and submitted them to various magazines.

Upon retiring from the Coast Guard, Haley decided to become a full-time writer and journalist. His first book, TheAutobiography of Malcolm X (1965), which he cowrote with Malcolm X, was widely acclaimed upon its publication. The work sold over five million copies and launched Haley's writing career. Malcolm X was at first reluctant to work with Haley. He later told the writer:"I don't completely trust anyone … you I trust about twenty-five percent." Critics praised Haley for sensitively handling Malcolm X's volatile life, and the book quickly became required reading in many schools. Two weeks after The Autobiography of Malcolm X was completed, Haley began work on his next project, Roots. The tale chronicles the life of Kunta Kinte, a proud African who is kidnapped from his village in West Africa, forced to endure the middle passage - the brutal shipment of Africans to be sold in the Americas - on the slave ship Lord Ligonier, and made a slave on the Waller plantation in the United States. To authenticate Kunta's life and that of Kunta's grandson, Chicken George, Haley visited archives, libraries, and research repositories on three continents. He even reenacted Kunta's experience on the Lord Ligonier. "[Haley] somehow scourged up some money and flew to Liberia where he booked passage on the first U. S. bound ship, " an Ebony interviewer related. "Once at sea, he spent the night lying on a board in the hold of the ship, stripped to his underwear to get a rough idea of what his African ancestor might have experienced."

Although critics generally lauded Roots, they seemed unsure whether to treat the work as a novel or as a historical account. While the narrative is based on factual events, the dialogue, thoughts, and emotions of the characters are fictionalized. Haley himself described the book as "faction, " a mixture of fact and fiction. Most critics concurred and evaluated Roots as a blend of history and entertainment. Despite the fictional characterizations, Willie Lee Rose suggested in the New York Review of Books that Kunta Kinte's parents Omoro and Binte "could possibly become the African proto-parents of millions of Americans who are going to admire their dignity and grace." Newsweek applauded Haley's decision to fictionalize:"Instead of writing a scholarly monograph of little social impact, Haley has written a blockbuster in the best sense - a book that is bold in concept and ardent in execution, one that will reach millions of people and alter the way we see ourselves."

Some voiced concern, however - especially at the time of the television series - that racial tension in America would be aggravated by Roots. While Time did report several incidents of racial violence following the telecast, it commented that "most observers thought that in the long term, Roots would improve race relations, particularly because of the televised version's profound impact on whites. … A broad consensus seemed to be emerging that Roots would spur black identity, and hence black pride, and eventually pay important dividends." Some black leaders viewed Roots "as the most important civil rights event since the 1965 march on Selma, " according to Time. Vernon Jordan, executive director of the National Urban League, called it "the single most spectacular educational experience in race relations in America." Speaking of the appeal of Roots among blacks, Haley added:"The blacks who are buying books are not buying them to go out and fight someone, but because they want to know who they are. … [The] book has touched a strong, subliminal chord."

For months after the publication of Roots in October 1976, Haley signed at least five hundred copies of the book daily, spoke to an average of six thousand people a day, and traveled round trip coast-to-coast at least once a week. Scarcely two years later, Roots had already won 271 awards, and its television adaptation had been nominated for a recordbreaking thirty-seven Emmys. Over eight million copies of the book were in print, and the text was translated into twenty-six languages. In addition to fame and fortune, Roots also brought Haley controversy. In 1977 two published authors, Margaret Walker and Harold Courlander, alleged separately that Haley plagiarized their work in Roots. Charges brought by Walker were later dropped, but Haley admitted that he unknowingly lifted three paragraphs from Courlander's The African (1968). A settlement was reached whereby Haley paid Courlander $500, 000. The same year other accusations also arose. Mark Ottaway in The Sunday Times questioned Haley's research methods and the credibility of his informants, accusing Haley of "bending" data to fit his objectives. Gary B. and Elizabeth Shown Mills also challenged some of Haley's assertions. Writing in 1981 in The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, they cited evidence that there was indeed a slave named Toby living on the Waller plantation. He was there, however, at least five years before the arrival of the Lord Ligonier, supposedly with Kunta on board.

Haley's supporters maintain that Haley never claimed Roots as fact or history. And even in the presence of controversy, the public image of Roots appears not to have suffered. It is still widely read in schools, and many college and university history and literature programs consider it an essential part of their curriculum. According to Haley himself, Roots is important not for its names and dates but as a reflection of human nature:"Roots is all of our stories. … It's just a matter of filling in the blanks …; when you start talking about family, about lineage and ancestry, you are talking about every person on earth." Indeed, Haley's admirers contend, Roots remains a great book because it is the universal story of humankind's own search for its identity.

Further Reading

The Black Press U.S.A., Iowa State University Press, 1990.

Contemporary Literary Criticism, Gale, Volume 8, 1978, Volume 12, 1980.

Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 38: Afro-American Writers After 1955:Dramatists and Prose Writers, Gale, 1985.

Black Collegian, September/October, 1985.

Christianity Today, May 6, 1977.

Ebony, April, 1977.

Forbes, February 15, 1977.

novelist

Personal Information

Born Alex Palmer Haley, August 11, 1921, in Ithaca, NY; died of a heart attack February 10, 1992, in Seattle, WA; son of Simon Alexander (a college professor) and Bertha George (a teacher; maiden name, Palmer) Haley; married Nannie Branch, 1941 (divorced, 1964); married Juliette Collins, 1964 (divorced, 1972); married Myra Lewis, c. 1977; children: Lydia Ann, William Alexander, Cynthia Gertrude.
Education: Attended Elizabeth City Teachers College, 1937-39.
Military/Wartime Service: U.S. Coast Guard, 1939-59; retired as chief journalist.

Career

Author, free-lance writer, speaker, and genealogy consultant, 1959-92. Script consultant for television miniseries Roots, Roots: The Next Generation, and Palmerstown, U.S.A. Adviser to African American Heritage Association, Detroit, MI.

Life's Work

The late Alex Haley gave America a bicentennial gift that will not soon be forgotten--his fact-based book Roots: The Saga of an American Family. Haley's account of his ancestor Kunta Kinte, who was captured by slave traders in 1767 and brought to America against his will, won a special Pulitzer Prize and a citation from the National Book Award committee. An international bestseller published in more than 30 languages with six million copies sold, Roots made its author a millionaire celebrity. It also did more to foster interest in black history and genealogy than any novel before or since. Such critics as Essence magazine correspondent Betty Winston Baye hailed the author as "a national treasure [of lasting] importance to the world."

"Few works in the post-World War II era can match the searing impact Roots had on a racially troubled land," assessed Mark Goodman in People. Indeed, the book and the subsequent television miniseries marked a watershed for the nation. The original eight-night run of the Roots television show attracted a staggering audience. TV Guide contributor Larry L. King noted, "At least 130 million Americans, more than half the country, tuned in at least one episode." The book topped the nonfiction bestseller lists for six months and has sold briskly ever since. King maintained that in both the print and screen versions, Haley "drew on the deep, natural well-spring of familial love.... Roots hardly could have missed. Alex Haley simply had one of America's, and mankind's, most powerful stories to tell."

The path leading to the publication of that powerful story was a long and painful one. Haley labored for a dozen years on the project, beginning with only the most slender leads from his grandmother's oral history of her family. In an effort to trace that history, the author searched through dozens of archives and eventually found his way to his ancestral village on the Gambia River in West Africa. There, Haley was able to link the threads of his grandmother's stories with the history of the Kinte clan through the tale of the young man captured by white-faced traders. Meeting his relatives in Gambia was a high point for Haley. Another was the overwhelming reception his book received when it was published at long last in 1976. "Do you know what it's like to go from the YMCA to the Waldorf?" he asked a People reporter. "If I'd known I'd be this successful, I would have typed faster."

Alex Haley was born in Ithaca, New York, on August 11, 1921. His father was a scholar at Cornell University, working toward a master's degree in agriculture. When Haley was only six weeks old, his mother took him south, to Henning, Tennessee, in order to live with her parents. Haley spent a happy early childhood in Henning, where his grandfather owned a successful lumber company. He and his two younger brothers benefitted from the attention of an extended family that eventually included both of his parents, his maternal grandparents, and a host of aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Haley's father eventually earned advanced degrees and began teaching at universities in the South. Young Alex, however, continued to spend his summers in Henning--even after his mother's death in 1931. At every annual family reunion Haley would hear his grandmother Palmer talk about her ancestors, including the "furthest-back person," a slave named Toby who had come from Africa. Haley's grandmother could even repeat a few African words, handed down from generation to generation--"ko" meaning banjo, and "kamby bolongo" which meant river. She also claimed that this African ancestor had arrived in America through a place called "Naplis" and had been bought by a plantation owner named Waller in Spotsylvania County, Virginia.

The stories were interesting, but young Haley tucked them into his subconscious and went about establishing a career. After graduating from high school at fifteen, he spent two years in college preparing for a teaching degree. Instead of pursuing a career in education, in 1939 Haley joined the United States Coast Guard. He was given the lowly job of kitchen messboy, but eventually worked his way up to ship's cook during the Second World War.

His work with the Coast Guard took Haley all over the world--including service in the South Pacific during the war--which served to satisfy some of his wanderlust. He remained with the Guard after the war and began serving as an unofficial chronicler of events. Using his portable typewriter he would write letters home and helped the other seamen correspond with their families as well. He read whatever he was able to find in the various tiny ship's libraries, and he gradually began to write adventure stories of his own. "The idea that one could roll a blank sheet of paper into a typewriter and write something on it that other people would care to read challenged, intrigued, exhilarated me," Haley wrote in the final chapter of Roots.

Haley received hundreds of rejection slips before anyone accepted his work for publication. Slowly, however, the situation began to change, and he found his way into print. His early works were maritime adventure stories based on events he had seen or heard about from other sailors. Coast Guard administrators were so pleased with his success that they created a new position for Haley--chief journalist.

In 1959 Haley became eligible for retirement from the Coast Guard. He decided to take a financial risk and stake his future on his ability to earn a living as a writer. The going was certainly rough. In a Publishers Weekly interview, Haley recalled that he lived in a basement apartment in Greenwich Village and was "prepared to starve. One day, I was down to 18 cents and a couple of cans of sardines, and that was it." Luckily, payment for an article arrived the next day, and the crisis was over for the moment. Later, Haley framed the sardine cans and the meager 18 cents as a reminder of his determination.

In 1962 Haley interviewed jazz trumpeter Miles Davis for Playboy. The article was the first of the now-standard and well-known "Playboy Interviews." A few months later, Haley interviewed controversial civil rights activist Malcolm X for the same publication. Haley found much to admire in the charismatic leader and was intrigued when Malcolm asked him to collaborate on an autobiography. Haley spent a year conducting exhaustive interviews with Malcolm and another year writing the book. He finished the project just two weeks before Malcolm X was assassinated.

The Autobiography of Malcolm X has sold more than six million copies since it was first published in 1965. Early editions did not include Haley's name, but he has since received credit for the work. "The book represents the best I could put on paper of what Malcolm said about his own life from his own mouth," Haley asserted in Essence. "I'm glad the book exists because otherwise Malcolm would be a pile of apocryphal and self-serving stories. I have dozens of people, usually men, who come to me and say that they were with Malcolm or did something for him, and they never did."

In 1964 Haley was about to begin a book about the civil rights era when he visited the British Museum in London. There he saw the Rosetta Stone, an ancient rock covered with mysterious hieroglyphics. Haley was fascinated by the process scientists used to decipher the messages written on the stone. He wondered if he could apply the same approach to the strange African words he had learned from his grandmother. He sought the help of linguist Jan Vansina who identified them as Mandinka, the language of the Mandingo people who lived along the Gambia River. Haley also traveled to the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and located another slave ancestor in the census records for Alamance County, North Carolina. His curiosity piqued, Haley began in earnest his quest for more information concerning his forebears.

For nine years Haley traced his origins and recorded his findings in volumes of notes. He discovered the ship's log for the Lord Ligonier, which had sailed from Gambia in 1767 with a cargo of slaves and docked in Annapolis, Maryland--the "Naplis" of his grandmother's tale. He took a safari to Juffure, Gambia, and listened to the village griot--a performer whose skits tell of the tribe's history and genealogies--enabling him to locate sixth cousins who were descended from brothers and sisters of Kunta Kinte. In all, Haley visited more than fifty libraries and archives on three continents before he even began to write the story of Kunta Kinte, his proud daughter Kizzy, and their descendants who made the difficult transition from slavery to freedom.

Much of Haley's research was funded by advances from the Doubleday publishing house and Reader's Digest, but still his finances were tight, and, at times, his resolve was weakened by the magnitude of the project. At one point, on a freighter bound from Africa to America, Haley spent hours lying on a wooden plank to somehow duplicate his ancestor's suffering. On the fourth night at sea, he described in People how he had stood at the ship's stern and thought, "All I have to do is step over this railing and drop into the sea, and I'd be out of my misery forever." Then, he continued, "I heard voices--Kunta, Kizzy, Chicken George and my grandmother--telling me, 'No, you must go on and finish it.'"

While some scholars found fault with Haley's portrayal of certain aspects of the slave trade and criticized his blend of fiction and fact, the American public made Roots a bestseller and took its hard vision of slavery to heart. The book was published in 1976, just as the United States was celebrating its bicentennial, and the story reminded Americans of both races that their national history held tragedy as well as triumph. The miniseries appeared on television early in 1977 and only served to widen the audience for Haley's message. Newsweek reviewer Harry F. Waters declared, "In one swoop, ? Roots ? has demolished the myth that white America will not sit still for a black dramatic series, or for a work with a heavy socio-historic theme."

In the wake of the success of Roots, Haley and his brother established the Kinte Corporation, a foundation for the study of black-American genealogy. The author was also recruited for the lecture circuit, receiving $4000 for each appearance. "When Roots came out, I was suddenly in hot demand," Haley commented in People. "One calendar year, I spent 226 nights in motels." The pace took its toll. "It's been just about near impossible for me to find the time to write the way I used to," Haley admitted in an Essence interview shortly before his death. "For the last decade, I haven't been a writer. I've been the author of Roots, and I need to turn that around. I've got to write."

Haley was developing several projects in the early 1990s, including a history of Henning, Tennessee; a biography of Madame C. J. Walker, founder of a black hair care products company and the first female millionaire in America; and the story of his grandmother, a slave named Queen, set in the post-Civil War years. (The miniseries Alex Haley's Queen was broadcast on CBS-TV one year after the author's death.) Haley even moved his home base from Los Angeles back to rural Tennessee in order to have more time to work. He continued to accept speaking engagements, however. He died of a heart attack en route to one such engagement in Seattle, Washington, on February 10, 1992, at the age of 70. After a funeral service in Memphis, Tennessee, he was buried in the front yard of his grandparents' home in Henning.

Wanderlust and the urge to write made family relations difficult for Haley. He confessed in Essence that writing contributed to the breakup of two marriages, his first to Nannie Branch and his second to Juliette Collins. "In both cases," he pointed out, "the 'other woman' was a typewriter." At the time of his death Haley was separated from his third wife, Myra Lewis, a television script writer. He is survived by three children and several grandchildren. As Mark Goodman noted in People, however, Haley left his own children--and millions of Americans, black and white--"a profound sense of family continuity that transcended racial strife."

For his part, Haley never took complete credit for his vast success and for the impact his book had on the American conscience. He was always inspired, he maintained in People, by "little people who did whatever they did and died and would never be thought about again if I didn't write about them." To emphasize that his was not a singlehanded rise to fame, Haley concluded in People: "Whenever you see a turtle up on a fence post, you know he had some help."

Awards

Spingarn Medal, NAACP, 1977; special citation from National Book Award committee and special Pulitzer Prize, both 1977, both for Roots; nominated to Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame, 1981; numerous honorary degrees.

Works

Writings

• (With Malcolm X) The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Grove, 1965.
• Roots: The Saga of an American Family, Doubleday, 1976.
• A Different Kind of Christmas, Doubleday, 1988.
• Alex Haley's Queen (miniseries), broadcast on CBS-TV, beginning February 14, 1993.

Further Reading

Books

• Black Writers: A Selection of Sketches from "Contemporary Authors," Gale, 1989.
• Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 38, Afro-American Writers after 1955: Dramatists and Prose Writers, Gale, 1985.
• Haley, Alex, Roots: The Saga of an American Family, Doubleday, 1976.

• Ebony, April 1977.
• Essence, February 1992.
• Newsweek, September 27, 1976; February 14, 1977.
• New York Times, October 14, 1976; February 11, 1992.
• New York Times Book Review, September 26, 1976; January 2, 1977; February 27, 1977.
• New York Times Magazine, July 16, 1972.
• Parade magazine, January 24, 1993.
• People, March 28, 1977; December 12, 1988; February 24, 1992.
• Publishers Weekly, September 6, 1976.
• Time, October 18, 1976; February 14, 1977.
• TV Guide, December 10, 1988.

— Anne Janette Johnson

Quotes:

"Roots is not just a saga of my family. It is the symbolic saga of a people."

An African-American author who became famous for his book Roots: The Saga of an American Family. Haley combined fact and fiction in tracing his family's history to his ancestor Kunta Kinte, who was kidnaped in Africa in the eighteenth century and taken as a slave to America.

Alex Haley
Haley as a young man in the U.S. Coast Guard
Born	August 11, 1921(1921-08-11) Ithaca, New York, United States [1]
Died	February 10, 1992(1992-02-10) (aged 70) Seattle, Washington, United States
Occupation	Writer

Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 – February 10, 1992)^[1] was an African-American writer. He is best known as the author of Roots: The Saga of an American Family and the coauthor of The Autobiography of Malcolm X.^[2][3][4]

Contents 1 Early life 2 Writing career 2.1 Playboy magazine 2.2 The Autobiography of Malcolm X 2.3 Super Fly T.N.T. 2.4 Roots 3 Later years 4 Other criticism 5 Recordings 6 Collection of Alex Haley's Personal Works 7 References 8 External links

Early life

Haley was born in Ithaca, New York, on August 11, 1921, and was the oldest of three brothers and a sister. Haley lived with his family in Henning, Tennessee, before he returned to Ithaca with his family when he was five years old. Haley's father was a professor of agriculture at Alabama A&M University. The younger Haley always spoke proudly of his father and the obstacles of racism he had overcome. Alex Haley was enrolled at Alcorn State University at age 15. Two years later he returned to his parents to inform them of his withdrawal from college. Simon Haley felt that Alex needed discipline and growth and convinced his son to enlist in the military when he turned 18. On May 24, 1939, Alex Haley began his twenty-year enlistment with the Coast Guard.

He enlisted as a mess attendant and then became a Petty Officer Third Class in the rate of Steward, one of the few rates open to African Americans at that time. His Coast Guard service number was 212-548. It was during his service in the Pacific theater of operations that Haley taught himself the craft of writing stories. It is said that during his enlistment he was often paid by other sailors to write love letters to their girlfriends. He talked of how the greatest enemy he and his crew faced during their long sea voyages wasn't the Japanese but boredom.

Alex Haley's boyhood home in Henning, Tennessee (2007)

After World War II, Haley was able to petition the Coast Guard to allow him to transfer into the field of journalism, and by 1949 he had become a Petty Officer First Class in the rating of Journalist. He later advanced to Chief Petty Officer and held this grade until his retirement from the Coast Guard in 1959. He was the first Chief Journalist in the Coast Guard, the rating having been expressly created for him in recognition of his literary ability.^[5]

Haley's awards and decorations from the Coast Guard include the American Defense Service Medal (with "Sea" clasp), American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal (with 1 silver and 1 bronze service star), Korean Service Medal, National Defense Service Medal, United Nations Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Expert Marksmanship Medal.^[5]

Writing career

After his retirement from the Coast Guard, Haley began his writing career, and eventually became a senior editor for Reader's Digest.

Playboy magazine

Haley conducted the first interview for Playboy magazine. The interview, with Miles Davis, appeared in the September 1962 issue. In the interview, Davis candidly spoke about his thoughts and feelings on racism and it was that interview that set the tone for what became a significant feature of the magazine. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Playboy Interview with Haley was the longest he ever granted to any publication. Throughout the 1960s, Haley was responsible for some of the magazine's most notable interviews, including an interview with American Nazi Party leader George Lincoln Rockwell, who agreed to meet with Haley only after Haley, in a phone conversation, assured him that he was not Jewish. Haley remained calm and professional during the interview, even though Rockwell kept a handgun on the table throughout it. Haley also interviewed Muhammad Ali, who spoke about changing his name from Cassius Clay. Other interviews include Jack Ruby's defense attorney Melvin Belli, Sammy Davis, Jr., Jim Brown, Johnny Carson, and Quincy Jones. He completed a memoir of Malcolm X just weeks before Malcolm X was assassinated in February 1965.

The Autobiography of Malcolm X

The Autobiography of Malcolm X, published in 1965, was Haley's first book.^[6] It describes the trajectory of Malcolm X's life from street criminal to national spokesman for the Nation of Islam to his conversion to Sunni Islam. It also outlines Malcolm X's philosophy of black pride, black nationalism, and pan-Africanism. Haley wrote an epilogue to the book summarizing the end of Malcolm X's life, including his assassination in New York's Audubon Ballroom.

Haley wrote The Autobiography of Malcolm X based on more than 50 in-depth interviews he conducted with Malcolm X between 1963 and the activist's February 1965 assassination.^[7] The two men first met in 1960 when Haley wrote an article about the Nation of Islam for Reader's Digest. They met again when Haley interviewed Malcolm X for Playboy.^[8]

The first interviews for the autobiography frustrated Haley. Rather than talk about his own life, Malcolm X spoke about Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam. Haley's reminders that the book was supposed to be about Malcolm X, not Muhammad or the Nation of Islam, angered the activist. After several meetings, Haley asked Malcolm X to tell him something about his mother. That question began the process of Malcolm X describing his life story.^[9][10]

The Autobiography of Malcolm X has been a consistent best-seller since its 1965 publication.^[11] The New York Times reported that six million copies of the book had been sold by 1977.^[3] In 1998, Time named The Autobiography of Malcolm X one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.^[12]

In 1966, Haley received the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for The Autobiography of Malcolm X.

Super Fly T.N.T.

In 1973, Haley co-wrote his only screenplay, Super Fly T.N.T.. The film starred and was directed by Ron O'Neal.

Roots

In 1976, Haley published Roots: The Saga of an American Family, a novel based on his family's history, starting with the story of Kunta Kinte, kidnapped in The Gambia in 1767 and transported to the Province of Maryland to be sold as a slave. Haley claimed to be a seventh-generation descendant of Kunta Kinte, and Haley's work on the novel involved ten years of research, intercontinental travel and writing. He went to the village of Juffure, where Kunta Kinte grew up and which is still in existence, and listened to a tribal historian tell the story of Kinte's capture.^[1] Haley also traced the records of the ship, The Lord Ligonier, which he said carried his ancestor to America.

Haley has stated that the most emotional moment of his life occurred on September 29, 1967, when he stood at the site in Annapolis, Maryland where his ancestor had arrived from Africa in chains exactly 200 years before. A memorial depicting Haley reading a story to young children gathered at his feet has since been erected in the center of Annapolis.

Roots was eventually published in 37 languages, and Haley won a Special Award for the work in 1977 from the Pulitzer Board. Roots was also adapted into a popular television miniseries that year. The serial reached a record-breaking 130 million viewers. Roots emphasized that African Americans have a long history and that not all of that history is necessarily lost, as many believed. Its popularity sparked an increased public interest in genealogy, as well.

In 1979, ABC aired the sequel miniseries Roots: The Next Generations, which continued the story of Kunta Kinte's descendants, concluding with Haley's arrival in Juffure. Haley was portrayed (at various ages) by future soap opera actor Kristoff St. John, The Jeffersons actor Damon Evans, and Tony Award winner James Earl Jones.

Haley was briefly a "writer in residence" at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, where he began work on Roots. Many of the locals remember Haley fondly.^{[citation needed]} He enjoyed spending time at a local bistro called "The Savoy" in Rome, New York, where he would sometimes pass the time listening to the piano player. Today, there is a special table in honor of Haley with a painting of Alex writing "Roots" on a yellow legal tablet.

Genealogists have since disputed Haley's research and conclusions. In addition, Harold Courlander, in 1978, filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, charging that Alex Haley, the author of Roots, had copied 81 passages from his novel.^[13]

Courlander's pre-trial memorandum in the copyright infringement law suit stated: "Defendant Haley had access to and substantially copied from The African. Without The African, Roots would have been a very different and less successful novel, and indeed it is doubtful that Mr. Haley could have written Roots without the African.... Mr. Haley copied language, thoughts, attitudes, incidents, situations, plot and character."^[14]

In his Expert Witness Report submitted to federal court, Professor of English, Michael Wood of Columbia University, stated: "The evidence of copying from The African in both the novel and the television dramatization of Roots is clear and irrefutable. The copying is significant and extensive.... Roots...plainly uses The African as a model: as something to be copied at some times, and at other times to be modified, but always it seems, to be consulted.... Roots takes from The African phrases, situations, ideas, aspects of style and plot. Roots finds in The African essential elements for its depiction of such things as a slave's thoughts of escape, the psychology of an old slave, the habits of mind of the hero, and the whole sense of life on an infamous slave ship. Such things are the life of a novel; and when they appear in Roots, they are the life of someone else's novel."^[15]

After a five-week trial in federal district court, Courlander and Haley settled the case with a financial settlement and a statement that "Alex Haley acknowledges and regrets that various materials from The African by Harold Courlander found their way into his book Roots."^[16]

During the trial, presiding U.S. District Court Judge Robert J. Ward stated, "Copying there is, period."^[17] In a later interview with BBC Television, Judge Ward stated, "Alex Haley perpetrated a hoax on the public."^[18]

During the trial, Alex Haley had maintained that he had not read The African before writing Roots. Shortly after the trial, however, a minority studies teacher at Skidmore College, Joseph Bruchac III, came forward and swore in an affidavit that he had discussed The African with Haley in 1970 or 1971 and had, in fact, given his own personal copy of The African to Mr. Haley. This event took place a good number of years prior to the publication of Roots.^[19]

Later years

Alex Haley's grave beside his boyhood home in Henning, Tennessee (2010)

USCGC Alex Haley (WMEC-39)

In the late 1970s, Haley began working on a second historical novel based on another branch of his family, traced through his grandmother Queen—the daughter of a black slave woman and her white master. Haley died in Seattle, Washington, of a heart attack and was buried beside his childhood home in Henning, Tennessee, with the story unfinished. At his request, it was finished by David Stevens and was published as Alex Haley's Queen. It was subsequently made into a movie in 1993.

Late in his life, Haley had acquired a small farm in Norris, Tennessee, adjacent to the Museum of Appalachia, with the intent of making it his home. After his death, the property was sold to the Children's Defense Fund (CDF), which calls it the "Alex Haley Farm" and uses it as a national training center and retreat site. An abandoned barn on the farm property was rebuilt as a traditional cantilevered barn, using a design by architect Maya Lin. The building now serves as a library for CDF.^[20]

The main galley at the U.S. Coast Guard Training Center Petaluma at Petaluma, CA is named "Haley Hall" in his honor. In 1999, the U.S. Coast Guard honored Haley by naming the cutter Alex Haley after him.

Haley was posthumously awarded the Korean War Service Medal from the government of South Korea ten years after his death. This medal, created in 1951, was not authorized to be worn by U.S. Armed Forces personnel until 1999.

Other criticism

Haley claims to have spent ten years researching his heritage for his historical novel, Roots, which in 1977 was adapted as a TV miniseries, and earned him a Pulitzer Prize and the Spingarn Medal for the book. A year later, his reputation was marred by an accusation of plagiarism. In 1978, author Harold Courlander charged in federal court that Haley, the author of Roots, had copied 81 passages from his novel.^[13] After a five-week trial in federal district court, Courlander and Haley settled the case,^[21] with Haley making a financial settlement of $650,000.^[22] Haley denied plagiarism but conceded that some passages in his book had apparently come from Courlander's novel, The African.^[23] He issued a statement that "Alex Haley acknowledges and regrets that various materials from The African by Harold Courlander found their way into his book Roots."^[24]

In addition, the accuracy of those aspects of Roots which Haley claimed to be true has also been challenged.^[25] Although Haley acknowledged the novel was primarily a work of fiction, he did claim that he had identified his actual ancestor in the person of Kunta Kinte, an African taken from the village of Jufureh in what is now The Gambia. According to Haley, Kunta Kinte was sold into slavery, where he was given the name Toby, and, while in the service of a slavemaster named John Waller, went on to have a daughter named Kizzy, Haley's great-great-great grandmother. Haley also claimed to have identified the specific slave ship and the actual voyage on which Kunta Kinte was transported from Africa to North America in 1767.

Historical marker in front of Alex Haley's boyhood home in Henning, Tennessee (2007)

However, genealogist Elizabeth Shown Mills and historian Gary B. Mills, both specialists in African American research, revisited Haley's research and concluded that those claims of Haley's were false.^{[26] [27]} According to the Millses, the slave named Toby who was owned by John Waller could be definitively shown to have been in North America as early as 1762. They also reported, among other findings, that Toby died years prior to the supposed date of birth of his daughter Kizzy. There have also been suggestions that Kebba Kanji Fofana, the amateur griot in Jufureh, who, during Haley's visit there, confirmed the tale of the disappearance of Kunta Kinte, had been coached to relate such a story.^{[28][29] [30]}

To date, Haley's work remains a notable exclusion from the Norton Anthology of African-American Literature, despite Haley's status as history's best-selling African-American author. Harvard University professor Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., one of the anthology's general editors, has denied that the controversies surrounding Haley's works are the reason for this exclusion. Nonetheless, Dr. Gates has acknowledged the doubts surrounding Haley's claims about Roots, saying, "Most of us feel it's highly unlikely that Alex actually found the village whence his ancestors sprang. Roots is a work of the imagination rather than strict historical scholarship."^[31]

Recordings

• Alex Haley Tells the Story of His Search for Roots (1977) - 2-LP recording of a two-hour lecture Haley gave at the University of Pennsylvania. Released by Warner Bros. Records (2BS 3036).

Collection of Alex Haley's Personal Works

The University of Tennessee Libraries, in Knoxville, TN, maintains a collection of Alex Haley's personal works in its Special Collections Department. The works contain notes, outlines, bibliographies, research, and legal papers documenting Alex Haley's Roots through 1977. Of particular interest are the items showing Harold Courlander's lawsuit against Haley, Doubleday & Company, and various affiliated groups.^[32]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Wynn, Linda T.. "Alex Haley, (1921-1992)". Tennessee State University Library. http://www.tnstate.edu/library/digital/Haley.htm. Retrieved February 27, 2011. 
2. ^ Stringer, Jenny (1986). Stringer, Jenny. ed. The Oxford companion to twentieth-century literature in English. Oxford University Press. p. 275. ISBN 9780192122711. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Vr1RWniW_YC&pg=PA275&dq=the+autobiography+of+malcolm+x+co-authored. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Pace, Eric (February 2, 1992). "Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html. Retrieved June 2, 2010. 
4. ^ Perks, Robert; Thomson, Alistair, eds. (2003) [1998]. The Oral History Reader. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 9780415133517. http://books.google.com/books?id=Gr5Aleo5arsC&pg=PA9. 
5. ^ ^{a b} "African Americans in the U.S. Coast Guard". Uscg.mil. http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/h_Africanamericans.asp. Retrieved 2010-10-07. 
6. ^ "Text Malcolm X Edited Found in Writer's Estate". The New York Times. September 11, 1992. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/11/arts/text-malcolm-x-edited-found-in-writer-s-estate.html. Retrieved June 1, 2010. 
7. ^ Haley, Alex (1992). "Alex Haley Remembers". In Gallen, David. Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf. p. 243. ISBN 0-88184-850-6.  Originally published in Essence, November 1983.
8. ^ Haley, "Alex Haley Remembers", pp. 243–244.
9. ^ Haley, "Alex Haley Remembers", p. 244.
10. ^ "The Time Has Come (1964–1966)". Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985, American Experience. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html. Retrieved May 31, 2010. 
11. ^ Seymour, Gene (November 15, 1992). "What Took So Long?". Newsday. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 2, 2010. 
12. ^ Gray, Paul (June 8, 1998). "Required Reading: Nonfiction Books". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988496,00.html. Retrieved April 25, 2010. 
13. ^ ^{a b} Lescaze, Lee; Saperstein, Sandra (December 15, 1978). "Bethesda Author Settles Roots Suit". The Washington Post: p. A1. 
14. ^ Kaplan, Robert; Buckman, Harry; and Kilsheimer, Richard (October 17, 1978), "Plaintiffs’ Pre-Trial Memorandum and Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law", United States District Court, Southern District of New York; Harold Courlander, et ano., v. Alex Haley, et al: p. 1, Vol. I 
15. ^ Kaplan, Robert; Buckman, Harry; and Kilsheimer, Richard (October 17, 1978), "Plaintiffs’ Pre-Trial Memorandum and Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law", United States District Court, Southern District of New York; Harold Courlander, et ano., v. Alex Haley, et al: p. Woods 13, Vol. III 
16. ^ Stanford, Phil (April 8, 1979). "Roots and Grafts on the Haley Story". The Washington Star: p. F.1. 
17. ^ Trial Transcript, United States District Court, Southern District of New York; Harold Courlander, et ano., v. Alex Haley, et al, 1978, p. 1327 
18. ^ "The Roots of Alex Haley". BBC Television Documentary. 1997. 
19. ^ Stanford, Phil (April 8, 1979). "Roots and Grafts on the Haley Story". The Washington Star: p. F.4. 
20. ^ "Museum staff members visit Alex Haley Farm", Museum of Appalachia Newsletter, June 2006
21. ^ Fein, Esther B. (March 3, 1993). "Book Notes". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00613FC3E580C708CDDAA0894DB494D81. 
22. ^ J.C. (March 28, 2007). "Saying sorry for slavery". Times Literary Supplement. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/tls_selections/commentary/article2305957.ece. Retrieved February 27, 2011. 
23. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (August 6, 2003). "Robert J. Ward, 77, a Senior Federal Judge". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/06/nyregion/robert-j-ward-77-a-senior-federal-judge.html. Retrieved February 27, 2011. 
24. ^ Crowley, Anne S. (October 24, 1985). "Research Help Supplies Backbone for Haley's Book". Chicago Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/25059144.html?dids=25059144:25059144&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+24%2C+1985&author=Anne+S+Crowley%2C+Associated+Press&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=10.H&desc=RESEARCH+HELP+SUPPLIES+BACKBONE+FOR+HALEY%27S+BOOK. 
25. ^ Nobile, Philip (February 23, 1993). "Uncovering Roots". The Village Voice: 31–38. 
26. ^ Mills, Gary B. and Elizabeth Shown Mills. "Roots and the New 'Faction': A Legitimate Tool for CLIO?", Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 89 (January, 1981): 3-26.[1]
27. ^ Mills, Gary B. and Elizabeth Shown Mills. "The Genealogist's Assessment of Alex Haley's Roots," National Genealogical Society Quarterly 72 (March 1984): 35-49. [2].
28. ^ MacDonald, Edgar (July/August 1991). "A Twig Atop Running Water -- Griot History". Virginia Genealogical Society Newsletter. 
29. ^ The Roots of Alex Haley. Documentary. Directed by James Kent. BBC Bookmark, 1996
30. ^ Donald R. Wright, "Uprooting Kunta Kinte: On the Perils of Relying on Encyclopedic Informants," History of Africa 8 (1981): 205-217.
31. ^ Beam, Alex (October 30, 1998). "The Prize Fight Over Alex Haley's Tangled 'Roots'". Boston Globe. 
32. ^ Haley, Alex. "Alex Haley Papers". Alex Haley Papers. http://dlc.lib.utk.edu/spc/view?docId=ead/0012_000898_000000_0000/0012_000898_000000_0000.xml. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 

External links

Biography portal

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alex Haley

• Alex Haley documentary biography
• Biography
• Alex Haley at the Internet Movie Database
• The Kunta Kinte - Alex Haley Foundation
• Coast Guard cutter named after Alex Haley
• Roots tribute page
• Alex Haley's Gravesite
• Alex Haley's Interview with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Alex Haley's Interview with Miles Davis
• Alex Haley's Interview with Malcolm X
• Official Roots: 30th Anniversary Edition website
• Pace, Eric. "Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies," The New York Times, February 11, 1992.
• Alex Palmer Haley:A Leading African-American Novelist and Genealogist

v d e Alex Haley's Roots Books Roots: The Saga of an American Family • Queen: The Story of an American Family Television Roots • Roots: The Next Generations • Roots: The Gift • Alex Haley's Queen

v d e Bancarella Prize winners Ernest Hemingway (1953) · Giovannino Guareschi (1954) · Hervé Le Boterf (1955) · Hanh Suyn (1956) · Werner Keller (1957) · Boris Pasternak (1958) · Heinrich Gerlac (1959) · Bonaventura Tecchi (1960) · André Schwarz Bart (1961) · Cornelius Ryan (1962) · Caccia Dominioni (1963) · Giulio Bedeschi (1964) · Luigi Preti (1965) · Vincenzo Pappalettera (1966) · Indro Montanelli (1967) · Isaac Bashevis Singer (1968) · Peter Colosimo (1969) · Oriana Fallaci (1970) · Enzo Biagi (1971) · Alberto Bevilacqua (1972) · Roberto Gervaso (1973) · Giuseppe Berto (1974) · Susanna Agnelli (1975) · Carlo Cassola (1976) · Giorgio Saviane (1977) · Alex Haley (1978) · Massimo Grillandi (1979) · Maurice Denuziere (1980) · Sergio Zavoli (1981) · Gary Jennings (1982) · Renato Barneschi (1983) · Luciano De Crescenzo (1984) · Giulio Andreotti (1985) · Pasquale Festa Campanile (1986) · Enzo Biagi (1987) · Cesare Marchi (1988) · Umberto Eco (1989) · Vittorio Sgarbi (1990) · Antonio Spinosa (1991) · Alberto Bevilacqua (1992) · Carmen Covito (1993) · John Grisham (1994) · Jostein Gaarder (1995) · Stefano Zecchi (1996) · Giampaolo Pansa (1997) · Paco Ignacio Taibo (1998) · Ken Follett (1999) · Michael Connelly (2000) · Andrea Camilleri (2001) · Federico Audisio (2002) · Alessandra Appiano (2003) · Bruno Vespa (2004) · Gianrico Carofiglio (2005) · Andrea Vitali (2006) · Frank Schätzing (2007) · Valerio Massimo Manfredi (2008) · Donato Carrisi (2009) · Elizabeth Strout (2010) · Mauro Corona (2011)

v d e Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards (Letters) Love Songs by Sara Teasdale (1918) Corn Huskers by Carl Sandburg/Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer (1919) Kenneth Roberts (1957) The Defeat of the Spanish Armada by Garrett Mattingly (1960) American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War (1961) George Washington, Vols. I-IV by James Thomas Flexner (1973) Roots by Alex Haley (1977) E. B. White (1978) Theodor Seuss Geisel (1984) Art Spiegelman for Maus (1992) Edmund S. Morgan (2006) Complete list (Journalism) (Letters) (Arts) (Service)

Persondata
Name	Haley, Alex
Alternative names	Haley, Alexander
Short description	African American biographer, screenwriter, and novelist
Date of birth	August 11, 1921
Place of birth	Ithaca, New York, United States
Date of death	February 10, 1992
Place of death	Seattle, Washington, United States

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