Alf Landon

For more information on Alf Landon, visit Britannica.com.

(b. West Middlesex, Pennsylvania, 9 Sept. 1887; d. 12 Oct. 1987) US; Governor of Kansas 1933 – 7 Landon was brought up in Ohio and moved with his family to Independence, Kansas, when he was 17. His father was an oil prospector and oil was the reason for the move to Kansas. Landon read law at the state university but decided to follow his father into the oil industry and made himself wealthy. In politics he was a progressive Republican and became chairman of the state. In 1932 he was elected Governor, a year of a Democratic landslide and was the only incumbent Republican Governor to be re-elected in 1934. As Governor, he cut state spending and managed to balance the budget. He easily won the party's nomination to fight the 1936 presidential election. He accepted many of the aims of Roosevelt's New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste. At the end of the campaign he accused Roosevelt of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the constitution. The election was humiliation for Landon. He carried only Maine and Vermont and lost the popular vote by 67 per cent to 37 per cent. After his term of office as Governor ended, he retired from politics.

Kansas Governor Alfred M. Landon (1887-1987) was the Republican nominee opposing Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S. presidential election of 1936. Running against popular New Deal policies, Landon lost to Roosevelt by the largest electoral vote margin of any candidate since 1820. After his defeat, he continued to speak out on issues as a Republican Party elder statesman.

Republican presidential candidate Alfred M. Landon holds the dubious distinction of being one of the great losers in American political history. Buried in the Democratic landslide of 1936, he managed to carry only two states against Franklin D. Roosevelt, a distinction unmatched until Democrat George McGovern's loss to Richard M. Nixon in 1972. The magnitude of Landon's defeat obscured his praiseworthy record as a two-term governor of Kansas. A moderate, reasonable leader who believed in orderly political change, Landon was never comfortable in championing old-fashioned Republican conservatism, as he was obliged to do in his campaign against Roosevelt. Though he never held another elected office after his years as governor, he remained a respected figure within the Republican Party for the remainder of his life.

Landon was born September 9, 1887, in West Middlesex, Pennsylvania, the son of John Manuel and Anne Mossman Landon. His father was an oil prospector and promoter whose work led the Landon family to move, first to Marietta, Ohio, and then, in 1904, to Independence, Kansas. At his father's urging, Landon attended the law school of the University of Kansas. He distinguished himself in student government and earned the nickname "The Fox" for his political skills. Rather than pursue a legal career, Landon took a job as a bookkeeper at an Independence bank after graduation. Still restless, he followed his father into the oil business, investing in various ventures until he launched his own firm in 1912. His drive and resourcefulness at scouting and developing oil fields eventually earned him a comfortable fortune.

Landon and his father shared an interest in politics. Together, they attended the 1912 Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party convention of 1912 that nominated former President Theodore Roosevelt. Landon worked hard for the Bull Moose campaign in Kansas, establishing enduring ties with such influential figures as editor William Allen White. In 1915 he married Margaret Fleming, who died less than two years later while giving birth to their daughter, Margaret Anne. That same year, America's entry into World War I prompted Landon to enlist in the Army, where he received a commission in the chemical warfare corps. He was still in training when the Armistice was declared.

Began Lifetime Career as Civil Servant

In 1922 Landon took a hiatus from the oil business and served as Kansas Governor Henry Allen's private secretary for six weeks. His interest in politics reinvigorated, he ran for the post of local Republican county committeeman and gradually rose in the party ranks. He was identified with the liberal, reform-minded wing of the party, but worked for harmony with the conservative Old Guard faction as well. Still, he was willing to break with the Republicans at times, such as when he supported William Allen White's 1924 independent candidacy for the Kansas governorship in protest against the Ku Klux Klan-backed major party nominees.

Landon's natural friendliness and ready smile made him a popular figure in political circles. He was elected Republican state chairman in 1928 and that same year managed Clyde Reed's successful gubernatorial campaign. Democrat Harry H. Woodring won the job two years later, prompting Landon to seek the Republican nomination to oppose him in 1932. He went on to beat Woodring by a small margin, becoming the only Republican west of the Mississippi to be elected governor that year. Taking office in the midst of the Great Depression, Landon worked to fulfill his campaign pledge to cut government spending and promote moderately progressive policies. He lowered tax rates, promoted utility regulation, passed a moratorium on mortgage foreclosures, and sponsored laws to shore up the state's troubled banking system. Perhaps his most notable achievement was supporting recovery programs while keeping the state budget balanced. Landon proved to be a popular governor and became the only Republican state chief executive to be re-elected in 1934.

Republican national leaders saw Landon as a promising candidate to oppose Franklin D. Roosevelt's re-election bid in 1936. Few members of the party had the stature or voter appeal to seriously contest the popular president, and Landon's folksy image and common-sense political stands made him an early favorite for the nomination. After expressing disbelief that anyone saw him as presidential material, he pursued the nomination in earnest, tapping Kansas national committeeman John D. M. Hamilton as his campaign manager. His candidacy was officially launched at the 1935 American Legion Convention. Among his early supporters was powerful newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst, whose publications hailed Landon as the "Horse and Buggy Governor" and the "Kansas Coolidge."

Philosophical Differences with "Grand Old Party"

The comparison with former president Calvin Coolidge rankled Landon; rather than a rigidly pro-business conservative, he saw himself as a sensible, fiscally prudent liberal. In fact, he had supported many of the goals of Roosevelt's New Deal, including business regulation, unemployment insurance, and agricultural support programs. He did feel that the New Deal's programs were poorly executed, showing "too much of the slap-dash, jazzy method." Instead of condemning them completely, he favored eliminating the waste and inefficiency in specific programs. Unlike the Republican Old Guard, Landon didn't seek a return to the unfettered capitalism of an earlier era. "I do not believe the Jeffersonian theory that the best government is the one that governs the least can be applied today," he told a Kansas audience. "I think that as civilization becomes more complex, government power must increase." Such statements put him at odds with his party's conservatives, as did his support for the League of Nations and the World Court that were set up to deal with international issues following World War I.

Though he declined to officially contest any of the 1936 presidential primaries, Landon had his name entered in the Massachusetts and New Jersey contests, both of which he won. His main Republican rivals included Senator William E. Borah of Idaho, newspaper publisher Colonel Frank Knox, and Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan. By the time the Republican National Convention opened in Cleveland on June 9, Landon's nomination was all but assured. He was chosen on the first ballot, with Knox selected as his running mate. The party emerged from the convention with an almost divine sense of mission. As one Kansas delegate put it, "God has His hand on Alf Landon's shoulder."

At the start of the campaign, Landon was reluctant to criticize Roosevelt harshly. He kept his distance from conservatives like ex-President Herbert Hoover and avoided a wholesale denunciation of the New Deal. Others supporting the Republican ticket were far more brutal in their attacks. John D. M. Hamilton and Frank Knox, among others, lambasted Roosevelt as a revolutionary out to destroy the U.S. Constitution. Hearst's newspapers asserted that the Soviet Union had ordered American communists to back Roosevelt. Commentators in the press noted the dissonance between Landon's moderation and the bitter rhetoric of his backers.

Political Race Proved Unwinnable

An awkward, halting public speaker, Landon found it hard to compete with Roosevelt as a campaigner. As the race entered its final months, his message grew more strident. In a Los Angeles speech, he accused the New Deal of being "obsessed with the idea that it had a mandate to control America business, American agriculture, and American life." In Baltimore, he declared that "business as we know it is to disappear" if Roosevelt won re-election. The Democrats leveled charges of their own, portraying Landon as a tool of the reactionary ultra-rich who would dismantle the New Deal if elected. In the final days of the campaign, the Republican National Committee circulated the charge that Roosevelt's Social Security Act would cut wages and force workers to wear identification tags around their necks.

In October the highly regarded Liberty Digest straw poll predicted a Landon victory. The results on election day proved to be far different: the incumbent Roosevelt carried 46 states (worth 523 electoral votes), leaving only Maine and Vermont (8 electoral votes) in his opponent's column. Roosevelt also overwhelmed Landon in the popular vote, garnering 27,757,333 to the Kansan's 16,684,231. Landon took the defeat philosophically, remarking to a friend: "I don't think that it would have made any difference what kind of a campaign I made as far as stopping this avalanche is concerned. That is one consolation you get out of a good licking."

Political Legacy Extended to Next Generation

After completing his second term as governor, Landon retired from public life. He returned to private business and settled down to home life with his second wife, Theo Cobb. Interested in world affairs, he supported the United States against Nazi Germany and, after World War II, endorsed President Harry S Truman's Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe. Landon played a key role in nominating Wendell Willkie for president at the 1940 Republican National Convention. In the 1960s he supported Lyndon B. Johnson's Medicare program and other of Johnson's Great Society initiatives. In a 1962 interview, Landon labeled himself a "practical progressive, which means that the Republican Party or any political party has got to recognize the problems of a growing and complex civilization. And I don't think the Republican Party is really wide awake to that."

Surviving most of his political peers, Landon lived to see his daughter Nancy Landon Kassebaum elected to the U.S. senate in 1978. Ronald and Nancy Reagan were among the visitors who helped him celebrate his 100th birthday. On October 12, 1987, Landon died peacefully at his Topeka home, having put his political wins and losses far behind him. Kansas Senator Robert Dole was among those who eulogized Landon, hailing him as "a legendary Republican who taught generations of politicians what integrity and leadership were all about."

Books

McCoy, Donald R., Landon of Kansas, University of Nebraska Press, 1966.

Palmer, Frederick, This Man Landon, Dodd, Mead & Company, 1936.

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III: The Politics of Upheaval, Houghton Mifflin, 1960.

Stone, Irving, They Also Ran, Doubleday & Company, 1966.

Thornton, Willis, The Life of Alfred M. Landon, Grosset & Dunlap, 1936.

Periodicals

New York Times, September 7, 1982; October 13, 1987.

Alfred "Alf" Mossman Landon
From the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division
26th Governor of Kansas
In office January 9, 1933 – January 11, 1937
Lieutenant	Charles W. Thompson
Preceded by	Harry H. Woodring
Succeeded by	Walter A. Huxman
Born	September 9, 1887(1887-09-09) West Middlesex, Pennsylvania United States
Died	October 12, 1987 (aged 100) Topeka, Kansas United States
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Margaret Fleming, Theo Cobb
Children	John Cobb, Nancy Jo, Peggy Anne
Alma mater	University of Kansas
Profession	Banker, Oilman, Politician
Religion	Methodist

Alfred "Alf" Mossman Landon (September 9, 1887 – October 12, 1987) was an American Republican politician, who served as Governor of Kansas from 1933–1937. He was best known for being the Republican Party's (GOP) nominee for President of the United States, defeated in a landslide by Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in the 1936 presidential election.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Political career 3 1936 Presidential Election 4 Later life 5 Electoral history 6 References 7 External links

Early life

Born in West Middlesex, Pennsylvania, in 1887, Landon grew up in Marietta, Ohio^[1] . He moved with his family to Kansas at age 17 and graduated from the University of Kansas in 1908. He first pursued a career in banking, but in 1912 he became an independent petroleum producer in Independence, Kansas. During World War I, Landon served in the Army as a first lieutenant in chemical warfare. By 1929 the oil industry had made him a millionaire.

Political career

Landon supported Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party in 1912, and, in 1922, was private secretary to the governor of Kansas. He later became known as the leader of the liberal Republicans in the state. He was elected chairman of the Republican state central committee in 1928 and directed the Republican successful presidential and gubernatorial campaigns in Kansas in that year.

Landon was elected Governor of Kansas in 1932. He was re-elected governor in 1934 – the only Republican governor in the nation to be re-elected that year. He served as governor from 1933 until 1937. As Governor, Landon gained a reputation for reducing taxes and balancing the budget. Landon is often described as a fiscal conservative who nevertheless believed that government must also address social issues. He supported parts of the New Deal but opposed labor unions.

While governor, Landon attempted to address the needs of his Depression-battered state while still advancing the Republican Party. After his speech at the Cleveland convention in 1936, Landon stated, “my chief concern in this crisis... is to see the Republican Party name its strongest possible candidate and a man that would be a good president.”^[2] During the election year, Landon called for a “special session of the Legislature to enact measures to bring Kansas within the requirements of the Federal social security program.”^[2]

1936 Presidential Election

Main article: United States presidential election, 1936

Landon on the TIME cover

In 1936, Landon sought the Republican presidential nomination opposing the re-election of FDR. At the Republican National Convention in 1936, Landon's campaign manager John Hamilton mobilized the younger elements of the party against the faction led by Herbert Hoover. Landon won the nomination on the first ballot; the convention selected Chicago newspaper publisher (and FDR's future United States Secretary of the Navy) Frank Knox as his running mate.

Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely traveled. Most of the attacks on FDR and social security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. In the two months after his nomination he made no campaign appearances. As columnist Westbrook Pegler lampooned, "Considerable mystery surrounds the disappearance of Alfred M. Landon of Topeka, Kansas.... The Missing Persons Bureau has sent out an alarm bulletin bearing Mr. Landon's photograph and other particulars, and anyone having information of his whereabouts is asked to communicate direct with the Republican National Committee."^[3]

Landon respected and admired Roosevelt and accepted much of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste and inefficiency. Late in the campaign, Landon accused Roosevelt of corruption – that is, of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution. Landon said:

"The President spoke truly when he boasted... 'We have built up new instruments of public power.' He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide 'shackles for the liberties of the people... and... enslavement for the public.' These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. In other words, the concentration of power in the hands of the President was not a question of temporary emergency. It was a question of permanent national policy. In my opinion the emergency of 1933 was a mere excuse.... National economic planning—the term used by this Administration to describe its policy—violates the basic ideals of the American system.... The price of economic planning is the loss of economic freedom. And economic freedom and personal liberty go hand in hand."^[4]

The 1936 presidential election was extraordinarily lopsided. Although Landon gained nearly 17 million votes and obtained the endorsement of track star Jesse Owens, he lost the popular vote by more than 10 million votes. He lost his home state Kansas and carried only Maine and Vermont for a total of 8 electoral votes to Roosevelt's 523. FDR's win was the most crushing electoral victory since the 1820 election. The overwhelming Roosevelt victory prompted Democratic Party boss James Farley to joke, "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont."

The 1936 Presidential election turned out to be a huge disappointment for the Republicans, particularly because they were not able to sway voters, especially blacks, to vote Republican. The election was deemed disappointing when, the GOP was unable to persuade black voters who had switched over to Democrats to vote for Alf Landon. The GOP party’s strategy to lure blacks during the 1936 election was targeted at black churches. On October 28, 1936, "the Republican national campaign organization in Maryland faced with thousands of colored voters to the Democratic Party, has sent $5 checks to more than 400 colored pastors in the state."^[5]. The $5 contributions were sent along with letters one of which stated, “Dear Brother: the campaign will soon end and on November 3, we will go to the poll with our congregations and vote for the party, which has been the most helpful to our people. The Republican Party"^[6]. Further, despite the GOP's ambitious strategy to win over black voters, the Democrats received 71 percent of the black vote compared to the 29 percent received by the Republicans during the election (Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies).<citation needed>

Later life

Following his defeat, Landon finished out his term as governor of Kansas and returned to the oil industry. Landon did not seek elective office again.

The Republicans' defeats in 1932 and 1936 plunged their party into a period of bitter intraparty strife. Landon played an important role in ending this internal bickering in 1938, in helping to prepare a new group of leaders for the presidential campaign of 1940, and in trying to bring about a compromise between the isolationist and internationalist viewpoints in foreign policy. Landon failed to enter Franklin Roosevelt's Cabinet because he made his acceptance contingent upon the President's renunciation of a third term. [Mayer 1966]

After war broke out in Europe in 1939 Landon fought against isolationists such as America First who supported the Neutrality Act; he feared it would mislead Nazi Germany into thinking the United States was unwilling to fight. In 1940 he argued against lend-lease, urging instead that Britain be given $5 billion outright. After the war, he backed the Marshall Plan, while opposing high domestic spending. After the communist takeover of China, he was one of the first to advocate recognition of Mao Zedong's communist government, and its admission to the United Nations, when this was still a very unpopular position among the leadership and followers of both major parties.

In 1961, he urged the U.S. to join the European Common Market. In November 1962, when he was asked to describe his political philosophy, Landon said: "I would say practical progressive, which means that the Republican party or any political party has got to recognize the problems of a growing and complex industrial civilization. And I don't think the Republican party is really wide awake to that." Later in the 1960s, Landon backed President Lyndon Johnson on Medicare and other Great Society programs.

On December 13, 1966, Landon gave the first "Landon Lecture" at Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas. Landon's lecture, titled "New Challenges in International Relations" was the first in a series of public issues lectures that continues to this day and has featured numerous world leaders and political figures, including seven U.S. presidents (Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush).

Landon died October 12, 1987, in Topeka, Kansas, 34 days after his 100th birthday. Alf Landon is buried at Mount Hope Cemetery, Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas.

His daughter, Nancy Landon Kassebaum, was a United States Senator from Kansas. Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1978, she was re-elected in 1984 and 1990. Her second husband is her former senatorial colleague Howard Henry Baker, Jr., of Tennessee.

Electoral history

Kansas gubernatorial election, 1932^[7]

• Alf Landon (R) - 278,581 (34.82%)
• Harry Hines Woodring (D, Inc.) - 272,944 (34.12%)
• John Romulus Brinkley (I) - 244,607 (30.58%)

Republican primary for Governor of Kansas, 1934^[8]

• Alf Landon (Inc.) - 233,956 (79.87%)
• John Romulus Brinkley - 58,983 (20.14%)

Kansas gubernatorial election, 1934^[9]

• Alf Landon (R, Inc.) - 422,030 (53.51%)
• Omar B. Ketchum (D) - 359,877 (45.63%)
• George M. Whiteside (Socialist) - 6,744 (0.86%)

Republican presidential primaries, 1936^[10]

• William E. Borah - 1,478,676 (44.48%)
• Alf Landon - 729,908 (21.96%)
• Frank Knox - 527,054 (15.85%)
• Earl Warren - 350,917 (10.56%)
• Stephen A. Day - 155,732 (4.69%)
• Warren E. Green - 44,518 (1.34%)
• Leo J. Chassee - 18,986 (0.57%)
• Herbert Hoover - 7,750 (0.23%)
• Frederick Steiwer - 3,285 (0.10%)
• Franklin D. Roosevelt (write-in) - 1,159 (0.04%)

1936 Republican National Convention

• Alf Landon - 984 (98.11%)
• William E. Borah - 19 (1.89%)

United States presidential election, 1936

• Franklin D. Roosevelt/John Nance Garner (Democratic, Inc.) - 27,752,648 (60.8%) and 523 electoral votes (46 states carried)
• Alf Landon/Frank Knox (Republican) - 16,681,862 (36.5%) and 8 electoral votes (2 states carried)
• William Lemke/Thomas C. O'Brien (Union) - 892,378 (2.0%) and 0 electoral votes
• Norman Thomas/George A. Nelson (Socialist) - 187,910 (0.4%) and 0 electoral votes
• Earl Browder/James W. Ford (Communist) - 79,315 (0.2%) and 0 electoral votes
• Others - 53,586 (0.1%) and 0 electoral votes

References

1. ^ "The Alf Landon legacy". http://www.cjonline.com/stories/040603/our_landon.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-30. 
2. ^ ^{a b} G.O.P. Unity His Major Goal, Landon Asserts, Proquest
3. ^ Time, August 31, 1936
4. ^ Time October 26, 1936
5. ^ (Maryland GOP Mails Checks to colored Clerics in Vote Bid, proquest
6. ^ Maryland GOP mails checks to colored clerics in vote bd, proquest
7. ^ Our Campaigns - KS Governor Race - Nov 08, 1932
8. ^ Our Campaigns - KS Governor - R Primary Race - Aug 07, 1934
9. ^ Our Campaigns - KS Governor Race - Nov 06, 1934
10. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - R Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1936

• McCoy, Donald R. Landon of Kansas (1966) standard scholarly biography
• Mayer, George H. "Alf M. Landon, as Leader of the Republican Opposition, 1937–1940." Kansas Historical Quarterly 1966 32(3): 325–333. Issn: 0022-8621
• Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site

External links

• Alf Landon's Obituary (New York Times)
• Alfred M. Landon Lecture Series on Public Issues (Kansas State University)
• Alf Landon and Social Security Reform by Nicholaus Mills, Dissent, Spring 2005.
• Alf Landon at Find a Grave Retrieved on 2008-02-09

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