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Al Smith

(b. New York, 30 Dec. 1873; d. 4 Oct. 1944) US; Governor of New York Smith was the first Roman Catholic to be nominated for the US presidency by a major political party. He was born and brought up in poverty on the lower East Side of New York City. After doing various menial jobs he was elected as a Democrat to the State Assembly in 1903 and served as Speaker 1913 – 15. He was a product of the Tammany Hall political machine but he was also interested in the progressive causes of the time. He was elected Governor of New York in 1918. He was defeated in 1920 in a landslide for the Republicans but was re-elected in 1922, 1924, and 1926. In office he compiled a strong record of reform, covering industrial relations, factory conditions, minimum wage, workmen's compensation, and slum clearance. As a successful New York politician it was no surprise that his ambitions moved to the national stage. He nearly gained the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1924 but was handicapped by being a Catholic, a "wet" — opposing Prohibition — and personifying the big city politics which was bitterly opposed by the rural south. He managed to win the nomination in 1928 and was supported by F. D. Roosevelt. In an attempt to unite the party Smith accepted Prohibition. The campaign was marred by bigotry and violence. The South turned against the Democratic candidate and the Ku-Klux-Klan also opposed Smith who went down to a heavy defeat, losing by 58 to 41 per cent of the vote to Herbert Hoover. It seemed impossible for a Catholic to run successfully for the presidency. Smith sought and failed to win the nomination in 1932. He grew increasingly jealous of his protégé Roosevelt, who was now in the White House. He took up with business and conservative groups and joined the right-wing Liberty League which opposed the New Deal. Smith supported the Republican presidential candidates in 1936 and 1940.

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US Military Dictionary: E. Kirby Smith

Smith, E. Kirby (1824-93) Confederate army officer, born Edmund Kirby Smith in Florida. Smith fought with distinction in the Mexican War (1846-48); after the war he served as botanist to the Mexican Boundary Commission. In the late 1850s he fought the Comanche near the Red River. When Florida seceded from the Union, he was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the Confederate army; he served in the Shenandoah Valley and was instrumental in securing Confederate victory at the First Battle of Bull Run (1861). In 1862 Smith led an unsuccessful effort to retake the Cumberland Gap from Union forces. The following year he was named to head the Trans-Mississippi Department, giving him command of all Confederate troops west of the Mississippi. The Union victory at Vicksburg in 1863 left him cut off from supply routes and from communication with other Confederate troops, demoralizing his troops. Smith was promoted to full general in 1864; in 1865, as part of the Confederate collapse, he surrendered to Gen. Edward R. S. Canby.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

Black Biography: Jane E. Smith

president (organization); activist

Personal Information

Born on July 27, 1946, in Atlanta, GA; daughter of Harvey B. (a dentist) and Lavada Johnson (a teacher) Smith.
Education: Spelman College, Atlanta, GA, bachelor's degree in sociology; Emory University, Atlanta, GA, master's degree in sociology; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, doctorate in education and social policy.
Memberships: Phelps-Stokes Fund, board of directors; National Summit on Africa, board member; Knoxville College, board of trustees; National Advisory Board of Reading is Fundamental; Black Leadership Forum; National Women's Business Council.

Career

INROADS/Atlanta and INROADS/Detroit, managing director, 1981-91; Martin Luther King Center for Nonviolent Social Change, director of development, 1991-94; The Atlanta Project of the Carter Center, director, 1994-98; National Council of Negro Women, president and chief operating officer, 1998-.

Life's Work

In February of 1998, Jane E. Smith took over as president and chief operating officer of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). Founded in 1935 by educator Mary McLeod Bethune, the NCNW is a coalition of organizations and a political lobby group representing an array of African American women's organizations including National Women of Achievement, Trade Union Women of African Heritage, the National Bar Association Women Lawyers Division, and 20 college sororities. The NCNW also has 250 community based sections of its own with 60,000 members. In total, the NCNW is connected to over four million women either through direct membership or membership in an affiliated organization. The mission of the NCNW is to advance opportunities and the quality of life for African American women, their families and their communities.

Smith succeeded Dorothy I. Height, a well-known civil rights activist, who was NCNW president for 40 years. Height now serves as chair of the NCNW executive committee and president emertia and continues to play an important role at the council. Smith took office with the intention of continuing Height's bold, proactive style. "Dr. Height is progressive, she's a risk taker. She steps out there on issues that she believes in. You don't tell Dr. Height what to do, she does what's right. I am the exactly same way," she told Junious R. Stanton of the New Pittsburgh Courier.

Smith was born and raised in Atlanta. Her father, Harvey Smith, was a dentist and her mother, Lavada Johnson Smith, taught kindergarten at local public schools. Smith received a bachelor's degree in sociology from Atlanta's Spelman College, then went on to earn a master's in sociology at Emory University in Atlanta, and a doctorate in education and public policy from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is eager to dispel the notion that the NCNW is a "ladies' club" that represents the interests of only educated, middle class African American women. "I belong to a whole lot of women's organizations that I won't name, but the closest that I've come to grass-roots identification is the National Council of Negro Women," Smith told Victoria Valentine of Emerge.

Active in Non-Profit Sector

Smith has spent much of her career in the non-profit sector. In 1981 to 1991 she was managing director of INROADS/Atlanta and INROADS/Detroit, career development organizations for minority students. Smith considers the development of leadership skills among young African American women as one of the most important goals of the NCNW, and believes that fostering attitudes of authority among young African American women is fundamental to achieving this goal. The NCNW has created the Dorothy I. Height Leadership Institute, which conducts workshops and other training programs for emerging and established leaders in national, community, and student organizations. "Now, I'm a Spelman College graduate, and I pick up the same sense in the Dorothy I. Height Leadership Institute as I do at Spelman College. Never at Spelman College did we say that we are trying to correct some numbers or fill spots that men now have. We produce women to be leaders for the century in this country, period. And the Dorothy I. Height Leadership Institute is the same way. We will produce women who will be leaders in this country, in the communities, in the states, across the country, and in doing so we will correct the disparity," Smith explained to Valentine.

In 1991, Smith became director of development at the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change in Atlanta, where her duties included fundraising and strategic planning for domestic programs. She then served as director of The Atlanta Project (TAP), an urban initiative created by former President Jimmy Carter. As director of TAP, a program of the Carter Center, Smith worked to improve the quality of life on the neighborhood level and developed an agenda based on community and corporate partnerships.

Brought New Life to the NCNW

The appointment of Smith, who is more than 30 years younger than her predecessor, marked an effort by the NCNW to rejuvenate its image and bring fresh blood into the organization. "There is a generational difference and I bring something to the table," Smith told Stanton. Smith feels it is especially important for the NCNW to reach out to young women and point out to them the advances that can be made by collective action. Smith sees high-tech communication as key to reaching younger women. "These young women want to talk to each other on the Internet. They want to do e-mail. They want to learn about the council on the Internet. So, we are going to find a way to be progressive and current with technology to spread that word, harness the power, have impact on policy in the way that Mrs. Bethune could never foresee, really that Dr. Height could never conceive, that Jane Smith couldn't conceive. I had no idea when I finished college that we would be here where we are in terms of communication today. It's incredible. That's the challenge and that's the horizon that we must go...These young women need us as much as we need them. We need to make special efforts and we are making special efforts around the eighteen to about forty-five year old to get them. First of all they have so much more energy than I do. I need them," Smith explained to Stanton.

One of the priorities of the NCNW is to foster the economic empowerment of African American women. Although traditional civil rights initiatives such as affirmative action and racial integration are still important, Smith believes that economics should be at the forefront of the NCNW agenda. "Black women are indicating that they're more interested in owning their own and running their own [businesses]," she told Valentine. The NCNW has established the Economic and Entrepreneurial Development Center (EEDC), which provides women with the technical assistance they need to set up and run their own business. The EEDC also encourages economic development as a means of combating poverty among African American women. EEDC participants gain access to tested economic development program models, gather information about federal, state, and local resources available to minority communities, and are provided with mentoring and internship opportunities.

Smith told Valentine that the NCNW has made its own "statement of economic control" with its Fund for the Future, a campaign that was designed to raise $30 million to support NCNW programs, establish an endowment, and help pay for the NCNW's new headquarters on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. Smith's appointment to the NCNW's executive board was due, in part, to her experience as a fund-raiser. She is also the first NCNW president to be appointed. Previous presidents were elected.

With regard to social and political issues, Smith does not believe that African American women need to put race ahead of gender. "One of the things that I had said to my feminist friends is that the African-American experience in this country brings so much to the feminist position that when I come into a room, I bring all of me as an African-American who is also a feminist...I think a woman is a feminist when she believes women can be equal participants in leadership positions that are related to quality of life in this country. I have decided that I will call myself a feminist. I am not afraid of that word," Smith told Valentine.

Smith serves on the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Community Builders National Advisory Board. She also represents the NCNW on the National Women's Business Council. She is the mother of two sons and has three grandsons.

Awards

NAACP, Atlanta Chapter, Roy Wilkins Image Award, 1997.

Alfred Emmanuel Smith

45th Governor of New York
In office 1919 – 1920
Lieutenant(s)	Harry C. Walker
Preceded by	Charles S. Whitman
Succeeded by	Nathan L. Miller
47th Governor of New York
In office 1923 – 1928
Lieutenant(s)	George R. Lunn (1923-1924) Seymour Lowman (1925-1926) Edwin Corning (1926-1928)
Preceded by	Nathan L. Miller
Succeeded by	Franklin D. Roosevelt

Born	December 30 1873(1873--) New York City, New York
Died	October 4 1944 (aged 70)
Political party	Democratic
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Early life

Smith was born to Alfred Emanuel Smith and Catherine Mulvihill and initially grew up in the multiethnic Lower East Side of Manhattan, on Oliver Street, New York City, within sight of the Brooklyn Bridge which was then under construction. His four grandparents were Irish, German, Italian, and English, but Smith identified with the Irish American community and became its leading spokesman in the 1920s. He was thirteen when his father Alfred, a Civil War veteran who owned a small trucking firm, died; at fourteen he had to drop out of parochial school, St. James School, to help support the family. He never attended high school or college, and claimed that he learned about people by studying them at the Fulton Fish Market, a job for which he was paid $12 per week to support his family. An accomplished amateur actor, he became a notable speaker. On May 6, 1900, Alfred Smith married Catherine A. Dunn, with whom he had five children.^[1]

In his political career, he traded on his working-class beginnings, identified himself with immigrants, and campaigned as a man of the people. Although indebted to the Tammany Hall political machine, particularly to its boss, "Silent" Charlie Murphy, he remained untarnished by corruption and worked for the passage of progressive legislation.^[2]

Smith's first political job was as a clerk in the office of the Commissioner of Jurors in 1895. In 1903 he was elected to the New York State Assembly. He served as vice chairman of the commission appointed to investigate factory conditions after a hundred workers died in the disastrous Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911. Smith crusaded against dangerous and unhealthy workplace conditions and championed corrective legislation. In 1911 the Democrats obtained a majority of seats in the state Assembly, and Smith became chairman of the powerful Ways and Means Committee. In 1912, following the loss of the majority, he became the minority leader. When the Democrats reclaimed the majority in the next election, he was elected as Speaker of the Assembly for the 1913 session. He became minority leader again in 1914 when the Republicans won the majority again, and remained in that position until his election as sheriff of New York County in 1915. By now he was a leader of the Progressive movement in New York City and state. His campaign manager and top aide was Belle Moskowitz, daughter of Prussian-Jewish immigrants.^[3]

After serving in the patronage-rich job of sheriff of New York County beginning in 1916, Smith was elected governor of New York in 1918 with the help of Tammany Boss Charles F. Murphy and a young James A. Farley, who brought Smith the upstate vote. He was the first Irish-American to be elected governor of a state. In 1919 he gave the famous speech, "A man as low and mean as I can picture," making an irreparable break with William Randolph Hearst. Newspaperman Hearst was the leader of the left-wing of the Democratic party in the city, and had combined with Tammany Hall in electing the local administration; he had been attacking Smith for "starving children" by not reducing the cost of milk.

Smith lost his bid for re-election in 1920, but was reelected as governor in 1922, 1924 and 1926 with James A. Farley serving as his campaign manager. As governor Smith became known nationally as a progressive who sought to make government more efficient and more effective in meeting social needs. His young assistant, Robert Moses, constructed the nation's first state park system and reformed the civil service system; Smith later appointed him New York State Secretary of State. During his term New York strengthened laws governing workers' compensation, women's pensions, and child and women's labor with the help of Frances Perkins, soon to be FDR's Labor Secretary, and ahead of many states. In 1924 he unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president, advancing the cause of civil liberty by decrying lynching and racial violence. Roosevelt made the nominating speech in which he saluted Smith as "the Happy Warrior of the political battlefield."^[4]

The 1928 election

Main article: United States presidential election, 1928

The Republican Party was riding high on the economic boom of the 1920s, which their presidential candidate Herbert Hoover pledged to continue. Historians agree that the prosperity along with anti-Catholic sentiment made Hoover's election inevitable, although he had never run for office. He defeated Smith by a landslide in the 1928 election.

Smith was the first Catholic to win a major-party presidential nomination.^[5] (See also John F. Kennedy, the first Catholic elected U.S. President.) A major controversial issue was the continuation of Prohibition. Smith was personally in favor of relaxation or repeal of Prohibition laws despite its status as part of the nation's Constitution, but the Democratic Party split north and south on the issue. During the campaign Smith tried to duck the issue with noncommittal statements.^[6]

Smith was an articulate exponent of good government and efficiency as was Hoover. But as Smith became known for saying in his campaign, "Let's look at the record." Smith swept the entire Catholic vote, which had been split in 1920 and 1924, and brought millions of Catholic ethnics to the polls for the first time, especially women. He lost important Democratic constituencies in the rural north and in southern cities and suburbs. He did carry the Deep South, thanks in part to his running mate, Senator Joseph Robinson of Arkansas, and he carried the ten most populous cities in the United States. Part of Smith's losses can be attributed to fear that as president, Smith would answer to the Pope rather than to the Constitution, to fears of the power of New York City, to distaste for the long history of corruption associated with Tammany Hall, as well as to Smith's own mediocre campaigning. Smith's campaign theme song, "The Sidewalks of New York", was not likely to appeal to rural folks, and his city accent on the "raddio" seemed a bit foreign. Although Smith lost New York state, his ticket-mate Roosevelt was elected to replace him as governor of New York.^[7] Ironically it was James A. Farley who left Smith's camp to run Franklin D. Roosevelt's successful campaign for Governor, and later Roosevelt's successful campaigns for the Presidency in 1932 and 1936.

Voter realignment

In long-term perspective Al Smith started a voter realignment. He helped launch the end of classless politics that ushered in the New Deal coalition of Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[8] As one political scientist explains, "...not until 1928, with the nomination of Al Smith, a northeastern reformer, did Democrats make gains among the urban, blue-collar, and Catholic voters who were later to become core components of the New Deal coalition and break the pattern of minimal class polarization that had characterized the Fourth Party System."^[9] Finan (2003) says Smith is an underestimated symbol of the changing nature of American politics in the first half of the century. He represented the rising ambitions of urban, industrial America at a time when the hegemony of rural, agrarian America was in decline. He was connected to the hopes and aspirations of immigrants, especially Catholics and Jews. Smith was a devout Catholic, but his struggles against religious bigotry were often misinterpreted when he fought the religiously inspired Protestant morality imposed by prohibitionists.

Opposition to Roosevelt

Smith felt slighted by Roosevelt during Roosevelt's governorship. They became rivals for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination. After losing the nomination, Smith begrudgingly campaigned for Roosevelt in 1932. When President Roosevelt began pursuing the liberal policies of his New Deal, Smith began to work with the opposition. Smith believed the New Deal was a betrayal of good-government Progressive ideals, and ran counter to the goal of close cooperation with business. Along with other prominent conservative Democrats, in 1934 he became a leader of the American Liberty League, the focus of political opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal. Smith supported the Republican presidential candidates Alfred M. Landon in the 1936 election and Wendell Willkie in the 1940 election.^[10]

Although personal resentment was a motivating factor in Smith's break with Roosevelt and the New Deal, Smith was consistent in his beliefs and politics. Finan (2003) argues Smith always believed in social mobility, economic opportunity, religious tolerance, and individualism.

Civilian life

Smith golfing with baseball great Babe Ruth in Coral Gables, Fla. (1930) – State Archive of Florida

Statue of Al Smith at Alfred E. Smith Park in the Two Bridges neighborhood of New York City

After the 1928 election, he became the president of Empire State, Inc., the corporation which built and operated the Empire State Building. Construction for the building was commenced symbolically on March 17, 1930, per Smith's instructions, as president of the corporation. Smith's grandchildren cut the ribbon when the world's tallest skyscraper opened on May 1, 1931--May Day--built in only 13 months. As with the Brooklyn Bridge, which Smith witnessed being built from his Lower East Side boyhood home, the Empire State Building was a vision and an achievement constructed by combining the interests of all rather than being divided by interests of a few. Smith, like most New York City businessmen, enthusiastically supported World War II, but was not asked by Roosevelt to play any role in the war effort.^[11]

In 1939 he was appointed a Papal Chamberlain, one of the highest honors the Papacy bestows on a layman.

Smith died on October 4, 1944, at the age of 70, broken-hearted over the death of his wife from cancer five months earlier. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New York.

Namesake

Alfred E. Smith Building, a 1928 skyscraper in Albany, New York
Governor Alfred E. Smith Houses, a public housing development in Lower Manhattan, near his birthplace
Governor Alfred E. Smith Park, a playground in the Two Bridges neighborhood in Manhattan, near his birthplace
Alfred E. Smith Recreation Center, a youth activity center in the Two Bridges neighborhood, Manhattan.
Governor Alfred E. Smith Sunken Meadow State Park, a state park on Long Island
PS 163 Alfred E. Smith School, a school on the Upper West Side of Manhattan
PS 1 Alfred E. Smith School, a school in Manhattan's Chinatown.
Al Smith Dinner, a fundraiser held for Catholic charities and a stop on the presidential campaign trail
Smith Hall, a residence hall at Hinman College, SUNY Binghamton.
Alfred E. Smith Vocational High School in the South Bronx.

Electoral history

1928 United States Presidential Election

Herbert Hoover (R) 58.2%

Al Smith (D) 40.8%

Norman Thomas (Socialist) 0.7%

William Zebulon Foster (Communist) 0.1%

References

^ Slayton 2001
^ Slayton 2001
^ Slayton 2001
^ Slayton 2001
^ Hostetler, (1998).
^ Lichtman (1979)
^ Slayton 2001; Lichtman (1979)
^ Degler (1964)
^ Lawrence (1996) p 34.
^ Slayton 2001
^ Slayton 2001

Bibliography

Bornet, Vaughn Davis; Labor Politics in a Democratic Republic: Moderation, Division, and Disruption in the Presidential Election of 1928 (1964) online edition
Douglas B. Craig. After Wilson: The Struggle for Control of the Democratic Party, 1920-1934 (1992)online edition see Chap. 6 "The Problem of Al Smith" and Chap. 8 "'Wall Street Likes Al Smith': The Election of 1928"
Degler, Carl N. (1964). "American Political Parties and the Rise of the City: An Interpretation". Journal of American History 51 (1): 41-59. DOI:10.2307/1917933.
Eldot, Paula (1983). Governor Alfred E. Smith: The Politician as Reformer. Garland. ISBN 0824048555.
Christopher M. Finan. Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior. (2003)
Hostetler, Michael J. (1998). "Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign". Communication Quarterly 46.
Lawrence, David G. (1996). The Collapse of the Democratic Presidential Majority: Realignment, Dealignment, and Electoral Change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton. Westview Press. ISBN 0813389844.

Lichtman, Allan J. (1979). Prejudice and the old politics: The Presidential election of 1928. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807813583. OCLC 4492475.
- Carter, Paul A. (1980). "Deja Vu; Or, Back to the Drawing Board with Alfred E. Smith". Reviews in American History 8 (2): 272-276. DOI:10.2307/2701129. ISSN 0048-7511. ; review of Lichtman
Moore, Edmund A. (1956). A Catholic Runs for President: The Campaign of 1928. OCLC 475746. online edition
Neal, Donn C. (1983). The World beyond the Hudson: Alfred E. Smith and National Politics, 1918-1928. New York: Garland, 308. ISBN 978-0824056582.
Neal, Donn C. (1984). "What If Al Smith Had Been Elected?". Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 (2): 242-248. ISSN 0360-4918.
Perry, Elisabeth Israels (1987). Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics and the Exercise of Power in the Age of Alfred E. Smith. Oxford University Press, 280. ISBN 0195044266.
Daniel F. Rulli; "Campaigning in 1928: Chickens in Pots and Cars in Backyards," Teaching History: A Journal of Methods, Vol. 31#1 pp 42+ (2006) online version with lesson plans for class
Slayton, Robert A. (2001). Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith. Free Press, 480. ISBN 978-0684863023. , the standard scholarly biography
Sweeney, James R. “Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 90 (October 1982): 403–31.

Primary sources

Smith, Alfred, E. (1929). Campaign addresses of Governor Alfred E. Smith, Democratic Candidate for President 1928. Washington, D.C.: Democratic National Committee. ISBN 0404061176. OCLC 300555.
Alfred E. Smith. Progressive Democracy: Addresses & State Papers. (1928) online edition

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Al Smith

"Alfred E. Smith Dies Here at 70; 4 Times Governor", The New York Times, October 4. 1944.
Happy Warrior Playground. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
Governor Alfred E. Smith Park. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
Al Smith. Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site.
Murphy, Kevin C.. Lost Warrior: Al Smith and the Fall of Tammany.

Political offices
Preceded by Edwin A. Merritt	Speaker of the New York State Assembly 1913	Succeeded by Thaddeus C. Sweet
Preceded by Charles S. Whitman	Governor of New York 1919 – 1920	Succeeded by Nathan L. Miller
Preceded by Nathan L. Miller	Governor of New York 1923 – 1928	Succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt
Party political offices
Preceded by John W. Davis	Democratic Party presidential candidate 1928	Succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt

United States Democratic Party Presidential Nominees

Andrew Jackson · Martin Van Buren · James K. Polk · Lewis Cass · Franklin Pierce · James Buchanan · Douglas/Breckinridge (SD), George B. McClellan · Horatio Seymour · Horace Greeley · Samuel J. Tilden · Winfield Scott Hancock · Grover Cleveland · William Jennings Bryan · Alton B. Parker · William Jennings Bryan · Woodrow Wilson · James M. Cox · John W. Davis · Al Smith · Franklin D. Roosevelt · Harry S. Truman · Adlai Stevenson · John F. Kennedy · Lyndon B. Johnson · Hubert Humphrey · George McGovern · Jimmy Carter · Walter Mondale · Michael Dukakis · Bill Clinton · Al Gore · John Kerry

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		Political Biography. A Dictionary of Political Biography. Copyright © 1998, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more
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