allegory
American Heritage Dictionary:
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al·le·go·ry
(ăl'ĭ-gôr'ē, -gōr'ē) 
n., pl., -ries.
n., pl., -ries.
- The representation of abstract ideas or principles by characters, figures, or events in narrative, dramatic, or pictorial form.
- A story, picture, or play employing such representation. John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress and Herman Melville's Moby Dick are allegories.
- A symbolic representation: The blindfolded figure with scales is an allegory of justice.
[Middle English allegorie, from Latin allēgoria, from Greek, from allēgorein, to interpret allegorically : allos, other + agoreuein, to speak publicly (from agora, marketplace).]
allegorist al'le·go'rist n.Fowler's Modern English Usage:
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allegory, fable, parable
1. All three words denote a narrative or story that symbolizes other persons and events. Allegory flourished in medieval literature and later (Spenser's Faerie Queene, 1590–6; Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, 1678–84, in which the journey of the hero Christian stands for the life of the human soul; Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, 1681), and allegorical elements are present in much modern writing, e.g. Virginia Woolf's Between the Acts (1941), which by means of a village pageant presents 'a communal image of rural England, past and present'.
2. A parable is a special kind of allegory, especially in the New Testament, in which a moral point is made from an everyday story. A fable also makes a moral point, but is couched in terms of fictional characters who are often made to do impossible things (e.g. animals speak).
| alleged, allegedly, allay, all-around | |
| allergy, alley, allot verb |
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
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allegory
Work of written, oral, or visual expression that uses symbolic figures, objects, and actions to convey truths or generalizations about human conduct or experience. It encompasses such forms as the fable and parable. Characters often personify abstract concepts or types, and the action of the narrative usually stands for something not explicitly stated. Symbolic allegories, in which characters may also have an identity apart from the message they convey, have frequently been used to represent political and historical situations and have long been popular as vehicles for satire. Edmund Spenser's long poem The Faerie Queen is a famous example of a symbolic allegory.
For more information on allegory, visit Britannica.com.
Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms:
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allegory
allegory, a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape—as in public statues of Liberty or Justice. An allegory may be conceived as a metaphor that is extended into a structured system. In written narrative, allegory involves a continuous parallel between two (or more) levels of meaning in a story, so that its persons and events correspond to their equivalents in a system of ideas or a chain of events external to the tale: each character and episode in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), for example, embodies an idea within a pre‐existing Puritan doctrine of salvation. Allegorical thinking permeated the Christian literature of the Middle Ages, flourishing in the morality plays and in the dream visions of Dante and Langland. Some later allegorists like Dryden and Orwell used allegory as a method of satire; their hidden meanings are political rather than religious. In the medieval discipline of biblical exegesis, allegory became an important method of interpretation, a habit of seeking correspondences between different realms of meaning (e.g. physical and spiritual) or between the Old Testament and the New (see typology). It can be argued that modern critical interpretation continues this allegorizing tradition. See also anagogical, emblem, exemplum, fable, parable, psychomachy, symbol. For a fuller account, consult
Encyclopedia of Judaism:
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Allegory
A literary device employing narrative, an extended metaphor, figurative speech, etc., to convey one idea under the surface of another. Thus, in ancient Jewish sources, allegory was used to heighten the dramatic effect of a particular situation or to symbolize a religio-ethical message. Allegorical interpretation of Scripture likewise reveals unsuspected meanings that transcend the literal sense of a biblical text. Various kinds of allegory are to be found in the Hebrew Bible: personifications of good and evil, wisdom and folly, danger and protection occur regularly in Psalms and Proverbs; Ezekiel's "riddle" of the eagle and the vine (17:1ff.) is an allegory of the first Exile, and his vision of the dry bones (37:1-14) symbolically portrays the nation's restoration to Zion. Ezekiel is a master of this technique, depicting Samaria and Jerusalem as adulterous sisters (23:2-45), but it was also utilized by other prophets to convey Israel's faithlessness (Hos. 1:2-2:15) and the disasters of a foreign invasion (Joel 1:2-2:11).
As opposed to the intentional use of allegory, the reading of allegorical significance into the Torah and other Scriptural passages only emerged with the development of post-biblical commentary and exposition. It was used in an effort to discover deeper or hidden meanings in the text. This allegorical technique, known as remez (lit. "hint" or "allusion"), is one of four traditional methods for the elucidation of Scripture (see Pardes).
Hellenistic influences gave a major impetus to the allegorical approach. Philo, its classic exponent, strongly advocated following "the rules of that wise architect, Allegory" (De Somniis 2:2). Yet although Philo believed that the patriarchs of Israel exemplified certain archetypal moral qualities, and saw in the deliverance from Egypt an allegory of the individual's emancipation from bodily passions, he never contemplated discarding the literal significance of the biblical stories and observances.
The rabbis, for their part, in the Midrash especially, accepted figurative interpretations of Scripture. In the case of Anthropomorphisms, for example, where any impression of God's corporeality had to be avoided, they regarded the allegorical meaning as the only legitimate one. A typical example of the allegorical approach is the Midrashic comment on Genesis 11:5 in the story of Babel: "'The Lord went down to look at the city'--- Everything is revealed to God, yet He had to go down and see for Himself! The text, however, wishes to point a moral---that one should never pass judgment on mere hearsay, but go first and see for oneself" (Tanh., ad loc.).
Occasionally, extensive allegorization can be found in the Talmud and Midrash. The rabbis allegorized King Solomon's three biblical books (Song of Songs, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes) as the Three Ages of Man (Song R. 1:10). Sometimes, both the literal and the allegorical views are represented side by side. Thus, while some rabbis in the Talmud tried to pinpoint a date for the story of Job, another sage declared that "it was an allegory---he never existed and it never happened at all" (BB 15a). The Song of Songs was interpreted as an extended allegory of the love between God and Israel; as such, it was canonized, although its literal meaning as a hymn to earthly love between man and maid was not entirely superseded.
Allegorical interpretation was adopted by the rabbis as a homiletical (rather than systematic) device for expounding a sacred text. Misuse of this technique impelled later Jewish thinkers to formulate rules limiting its utilization. Perhaps the most succinct of these rules were devised by Saadiah Gaon, who ruled that allegorism was only permitted when the literal meaning contradicted good sense, reason, or other texts, or when allegory had the mandate of rabbinic tradition. The kabbalists nevertheless believed that hidden treasures were to be unearthed in the Torah (Zohar I, 132a) and, while condemning liberalism, insisted that "the biblical stories are only the Torah's outer garments" (ibid. III, 152a).
Allegory continued to loom large in medieval Hebrew poetry and fiction, in the theological approach of Baḥya Ibn Pakuda and Maimonides, and in the exegetical methods of Baḥya Ben Asher and Naḥmanides. It makes an appearance in liturgy (the ḥad Gadya Passover Seder song) and in sermons, it played a major role in Ḥasidic literature, and it can be found in the tales of modern Hebrew writers such as Shemuel Yosef Agnon.
A figurative representation in which the meaning is conveyed symbolically.
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Allegory in literature is the presentation of a subject under the guise of another suggestively similar. It was rarely written deliberately by the Greeks (but see ALCAEUS
The Romans, following the Greeks, found certain moral meanings implicit in Homer, and Horace took over Alcaeus' allegory of the ‘ship of state’, but they did not compose large-scale allegories. Instead they used numerous poetic conceits and personifications (such as calling the sea Neptune) often in a way that suggests rather the influence of symbolic painting. A Roman innovation was the allegorical representation of contemporary persons and events, as in Virgil's Eclogues, but perhaps this too had been done before by Theocritus (in Idyll 7), and scholars of both poets still dispute the degree of correspondence with real people. The profundity and ambiguity of much of the Aeneid led interpreters from the fourth century onward to find in it an allegory of ideas rather than of facts. Allegory entered Christian literature from Stoic sources. See also BUCOLIC.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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allegory
allegory, in literature, symbolic story that serves as a disguised representation for meanings other than those indicated on the surface. The characters in an allegory often have no individual personality, but are embodiments of moral qualities and other abstractions. The allegory is closely related to the parable, fable, and metaphor, differing from them largely in intricacy and length. A great variety of literary forms have been used for allegories. The medieval morality play Everyman, personifying such abstractions as Fellowship and Good Deeds, recounts the death journey of Everyman. John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, a prose narrative, is an allegory of man's spiritual salvation. Spenser's poem The Faerie Queene, besides being a chivalric romance, is a commentary on morals and manners in 16th-century England as well as a national epic. Although allegory is still used by some authors, its popularity as a literary form has declined in favor of a more personal form of symbolic expression (see symbolists).
Bibliography
See C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love (1936); P. de Man, Allegories of Reading (1979); M. Quilligan, The Language of Allegory (1979)
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(al-uh-gawr-ee)
A story that has a deeper or more general meaning in addition to its surface meaning. Allegories are composed of several symbols or metaphors. For example, in The Pilgrim's Progress, by John Bunyan, the character named Christian struggles to escape from a bog or swamp. The story of his difficulty is a symbol of the difficulty of leading a good life in the “bog” of this world. The “bog” is a metaphor or symbol of life's hardships and distractions. Similarly, when Christian loses a heavy pack that he has been carrying on his back, this symbolizes his freedom from the weight of sin that he has been carrying.
Poetry Glossary:
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Allegory
A figurative illustration of truths or generalizations about human conduct or experience in a narrative or description by the use of symbolic fictional figures and actions which resemble the subject's properties and circumstances.
Word Tutor:
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allegory
IN BRIEF: A moral story, sometimes with hidden meaning.
Harriet used an allegory to teach the children a lesson about lying.
LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!
Random House Word Menu:
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categories related to 'allegory'
- Devices, Techniques, and Elements - allegory: extended metaphor using objects, characters, and events to represent larger meanings
- Rhetoric and Figures of Speech - allegory: extended metaphor; representation of idea with concrete, structured image
- Myths, Legends, and Fables - allegory: narrative with characters and actions having symbolic dimension
See crossword solutions for the clue Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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Allegory
For allegories in category theory, see Allegory (category theory).
Allegory is a device used to present an idea, principle or meaning, which can be presented in literary form, such as a poem or novel, in musical form, such as composition or lyric, or in visual form, such as in painting or drawing. It is also seen in scriptural passage. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric; a rhetorical allegory is a demonstrative form of representation conveying meaning other than the words that are spoken.
As a literary device, an allegory in its most general sense is an extended metaphor. As an artistic device, an allegory is a visual symbolic representation. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the grim reaper. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death.
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Etymology
First attested in English 1382, the word allegory comes from Latin allegoria, the latinisation of the Greek ἀλληγορία (allegoria), "veiled language, figurative",[1] from ἄλλος (allos), "another, different"[2] + ἀγορεύω (agoreuo), "to harangue, to speak in the assembly"[3] and that from ἀγορά (agora), "assembly".[4]
Types
Northrop Frye discussed what he termed a "continuum of allegory," ranging from what he termed the "naive allegory" of The Faerie Queene, to the more private allegories of modern paradox literature. In this perspective, the characters in a "naive" allegory are not fully three-dimensional, for each aspect of their individual personalities and the events that befall them embodies some moral quality or other abstraction; the allegory has been selected first, and the details merely flesh it out.
Many ancient religions are based on an astrologic allegories, that is, allegories of the movement of the Sun and the Moon as seen from the Earth. Examples include the cult of Horus/Isis.
The classical era
In classical literature two of the best-known allegories are the cave in Plato's Republic (Book VII) and the story of the stomach and its members in the speech of Menenius Agrippa (Livy ii. 32). In Late Antiquity Martianus Capella organized all the information a fifth-century upper-class male needed to know into an allegory of the wedding of Mercury and Philologia, with the seven liberal arts as guests; Capella's allegory was widely read through the Middle Ages.
Other early allegories are found in the Hebrew Bible, for instance in the extended metaphor in Psalm 80 of the Vine, which is Israel[5] and Ezekiel 16 and 17.[6]
The medieval era
Main article: Allegory in the Middle Ages
Medieval thinking accepted allegory as having a reality underlying any rhetorical or fictional uses. The allegory was as true as the facts of surface appearances. Thus, the bull Unam Sanctam (1302) presents themes of the unity of Christendom with the pope as its head in which the allegorical details of the metaphors are adduced as facts on which is based a demonstration with the vocabulary of logic: "Therefore of this one and only Church there is one body and one head—not two heads as if it were a monster... If, then, the Greeks or others say that they were not committed to the care of Peter and his successors, they necessarily confess that they are not of the sheep of Christ" (complete text).
In the late 15th century, the enigmatic Hypnerotomachia, with its elaborate woodcut illustrations, shows the influence of themed pageants and masques on contemporary allegorical representation, as humanist dialectic conveyed them.
The denial of medieval allegory as found in the 11th-century works of Hugh of St Victor and Edward Topsell's Historie of Foure-footed Beastes (London, 1607, 1653) and its replacement in the study of nature with methods of categorization and mathematics by such figures as naturalist John Ray and the astronomer Galileo is thought to mark the beginnings of early modern science.[7]
The modern era
Since meaningful stories are nearly always applicable to larger issues, allegories may be read into many stories, sometimes distorting their author's overt meaning. For instance, many people have suggested that The Lord of the Rings is an allegory for the World Wars, in spite of J. R. R. Tolkien's emphatic statement in the introduction to the second edition, "It is neither allegorical nor topical.... I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations, and always have done so since I grew old and wary enough to detect its presence." Where some requirements of "realism", in its flexible meanings, are set aside, allegory can come more strongly to the surface, as in the work of Bertold Brecht on one hand, or on the other in science fiction and fantasy, where an element of universal application and allegorical overtones are common, as with The Chronicles of Narnia.
Examples by genre
Not every resonant work of modern fiction is an allegory. Arthur Miller's The Crucible, for instance, is character-driven historical drama with contemporary relevance, but is not an allegory in spite of its parallels with McCarthyism, linking the hunt for communists in the 1940s and 1950s to the hunt for witches in the late 17th century. L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is plot-driven fantasy narrative in an extended fable with talking animals and broadly-sketched characters. J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is another example of a work sometimes seen as allegorical yet, as the author explained, is not - rather it is an example of what he referred to as applicability.
Art
Some elaborate and successful specimens of allegory are to be found in the following works, arranged in approximate chronological order:
- Ambrogio Lorenzetti – "Good Government in the City" and "Bad Government in the City"
- Sandro Botticelli – La Primavera (Allegory of Spring)
- Albrecht Dürer – Melencolia I
- Bronzino – Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time
- Artemisia Gentileschi – Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting; Allegory of Inclination
- The English School's – "Allegory of Queen Elizabeth" painted circa 1610.
- Jan Vermeer – The Allegory of Painting
- Lady Justice.[8] – Such visual representations have raised the question why so many allegories in the history of art, representing male gendered realities, are of female sex.[9]
- Graydon Parrish – The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy
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Titian's Allegory of Age Governed by Prudence, with three human heads symbolising age and the triple-headed beast (dog, lion, wolf) standing for prudence.
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Jan Vermeer's work, The Allegory of Painting.
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The English School's Allegory of Queen Elizabeth with Father Time at her right and Death looking over her left shoulder. Two cherubs are removing the weighty crown from her tired head.
Literature
- Classical literature
- Aesop – Fables
- Plato – The Republic ("Plato's allegory of the cave")
- Plato – Phaedrus (Chariot Allegory)
- Euripides – The Trojan Women
- Qu Yuan – Encountering Trouble
- Book of Revelation (for allegory in Christian theology, see typology (theology)
- Martianus Capella – De nuptiis philologiæ et Mercurii
- Mediaeval literature
- Prudentius – Psychomachia
- Christine de Pizan – The Book of the City of Ladies
- William Langland – Piers Plowman
- Pearl
- Dante Alighieri – The Divine Comedy
- Everyman
- Modern literature
| “ | No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in. ... [In The Old Man and the Sea], I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea and a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things. | ” |
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—Ernest Hemingway in 1954[10] |
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- Edmund Spenser – The Faerie Queene
- Edwin Abbott Abbott – Flatland
- Joseph Addison – Vision of Mirza
- Antoine De Saint-Exupery – The Little Prince
- Jorge Luis Borges – "The Library of Babel" and "The Babylon Lottery"
- Peter S. Beagle – The Last Unicorn
- John Bunyan – Pilgrim's Progress
- William M. Burwell – White Acre vs. Black Acre
- Albert Camus – The Plague, The Stranger, and Myth of Sisyphus
- Wu Cheng'en — The Journey to the West
- J. M. Coetzee – Waiting for the Barbarians
- Charles Dickens – A Christmas Carol
- William Faulkner – A Rose for Emily (Emily symbolizes the decline of the Old South)
- William Golding – Lord of the Flies
- Daniel Handler – A Series of Unfortunate Events
- Roger Hargreaves - Mr.Happy
- Nathaniel Hawthorne – "The Great Carbuncle", "Young Goodman Brown"
- E. T. A. Hoffmann – Princess Brambilla
- John Irving – A Prayer for Owen Meany
- C. S. Lewis – The Chronicles of Narnia (most notably in the book The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe)
- David Lindsay – A Voyage to Arcturus
- Jack London- "A Piece of Steak", short story about youth vs. old age
- George MacDonald – Phantastes
- Naguib Mahfouz – Children of Gebelawi
- Bernard Malamud – The Natural
- Cormac McCarthy – The Road
- Herman Melville – The Confidence-Man
- Alan Moore – V for Vendetta
- Hualing Nieh – Mulberry and Peach
- George Orwell – Animal Farm
- Edgar Allan Poe – "The Masque of the Red Death" (though Poe did not believe in allegory, this story is generally assumed to be one)[11]
- Theodore Francis Powys – Mr. Weston's Good Wine
- Philip Pullman – His Dark Materials
- Jose Saramago – Blindness
- Anna Sewell – Black Beauty
- John Steinbeck – Of Mice and Men
- John Steinbeck – The Pearl
- Jonathan Swift – A Tale of a Tub and Gulliver's Travels (political allegory)
- Koushun Takami – Battle Royale
- Rex Warner – The Aerodrome
- Mohsin Hamid – The Reluctant Fundamentalist
- Plays
- August Wilson – Fences (play) (Troy's fence is "designed" to keep the grim reaper away)
Film
- James Cameron's Avatar, Native American Extermination for riches e.g. gold, mahogany, etc.
- Fritz Lang's Metropolis
- Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal
- El Topo
- Star Trek: The Undiscovered Country, the Cold War
- The Matrix
- Dawn of the Dead
- The Virgin Suicides
- District 9, Apartheid
- Gojira
- Cannibal Holocaust, sensationalism
- Foodland (film)
- Ana's Playground[12]
- The Wall (film)
- Planet of the Apes (1968 film), racism, creationism, evolution, animal rights, anti-nuclear politics, McCarthyism, and socio-economic stratification.
- Beneath the Planet of the Apes, Vietnam War, torture, Catholicism, jingoism, Mutual assured destruction.
- The Dark Knight, The War on Terror
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, The Holocaust
- Pandorum, the degradation of the human condition in Works and Days and Paradise Lost. As well as The Divine Comedy
- The Descendants
Television
- The Twilight Zone (varied themes)
- Star Trek all series, (varied themes, though frequently addressed the issues of prejudice and racism)
- Star Trek: The Next Generation Season 5, Episode 2: "Darmok"
- The Prisoner
- Lost
- Fringe
Comics
- Various X-Men comics (mutants as an allegory for various social and racial minorities)
- The manga Hanako and the Teller of Allegory calls a story given form from peoples' belief in it an allegory
See also
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Allegories |
- Allegory in the Middle Ages
- Allegory in Renaissance literature
- Allegorical sculpture
- Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain
- Literary technique
- Plot device
- Roman à clef
- Semiotics
- Theagenes of Rhegium
References
- ^ ἀλληγορία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ ἄλλος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ ἀγορεύω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ ἀγορά, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^ Kennedy, George A. (1999). Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times (Second ed.). UNC Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-8078-4769-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=LHHYx4idyPEC&pg=PA142. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Jones, Alexander, ed. (1968). The Jerusalem Bible (Reader's ed.). Doubleday & Company. pp. 1186, 1189. ISBN 0-385-01156-3.
- ^ Peter Harrison, The Bible, Protestantism, and the rise of natural science, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-59196-1, pages 1 to 10 ("Introduction")
- ^ Lady Justice
- ^ Cäcilia Rentmeister: The Muses, Banned From Their Occupations: Why Are There So Many Allegories Female? english summary from Kvinnovetenskaplig Tidskrift, Nr.4. 1981, Lund, Sweden as PDF. Retrieved 10.July 2011 Original Version in German: Berufsverbot für die Musen. Warum sind so viele Allegorien weiblich? In: Ästhetik und Kommunikation, Nr.25/1976, S.92–112. Langfassung in: Frauen und Wissenschaft. Beiträge zur Berliner Sommeruniversität für Frauen, Juli 1976, Berlin 1977, S.258–297. With illustrations. Full Texts Online: Cäcilia (Cillie) Rentmeister: publications
- ^ "Books: An American Storyteller". Time. December 13, 1954. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,935439,00.html. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
- ^ Roppolo, Joseph Patrick. "Meaning and 'The Masque of the Red Death'", collected in Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. p. 134
- ^ Ana's Playground (2009)
Further reading
- Frye, Northrop (1957) Anatomy of Criticism.
- Foucault, Michel (1966) The Order of Things.
External links
- Brief definition of Allegory
- Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Allegory in Literary history
- Electronic Antiquity, Richard Levis, "Allegory and the Eclogues" Roman definitions of allegoria and interpreting Vergil's Eclogues.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
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Allegory
Français (French)
n. - allégorie
Deutsch (German)
n. - Allegorie, Sinnbild
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - αλληγορία
Português (Portuguese)
n. - alegoria (f)
Español (Spanish)
n. - alegoría
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - allegori
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
寓言, 象征, 讽喻, 寓意画
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 寓言, 象徵, 諷喻, 寓意畫
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 寓意物語, 寓意, 象徴, 寓話
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) إستعاره, قصه رمزيه
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - משל, אלגוריה
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