Alpha

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Alphas usually have to fight to maintain their position.

The social group will often follow the alphas into every activity.

In social animals, the alpha is the individual in the community with the highest rank. Where one male and one female fulfill this role, they are referred to as the alpha pair (the term varies when several females fulfill this role – it is extremely rare among mammals for several males to fulfill this role with one female). Other animals in the same social group may exhibit deference or other symbolic signs of respect particular to their species towards the alpha.

The alpha animals are given preference to be the first to eat and the first to mate; among some species they are the only animals in the pack allowed to mate. Other animals in the community are usually killed or ousted if they violate this rule. Animals tend to live in groups with a specific social order due to their natural tendency. The leader of the pack is called the alpha male, while there may also be an alpha female depending on the species. In wolves, the alpha animal tends to be the strongest and maintains his position as the alpha male by defeating other challengers in combat.^[1]

The status of the alpha is often achieved by means of superior physical prowess, though it can also be determined by social efforts and building alliances.^[2] The individual in the alpha position usually changes when another challenges it to a fight, in some species to the death, and wins. Consequently, alphas may have to fight individuals in their own group several times to maintain their position throughout their lifetimes, though they do not live under constant attack from challengers.

Beta and omega

Social animals in a hierarchic community have a certain rank. Six of these ranks have attracted special attention in ethology and been given applicable names: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, and omega.^{[citation needed]}

A beta animal is an animal that is second-in-command to the reigning alpha and will act as a new alpha animal if the old alpha dies. In some species of birds, the males pair up in twos when courting, the beta male aiding the alpha male. The beta male does not generally get to mate with the female birds, but if the alpha dies, he takes over the alpha's females, becoming the new alpha.^{[citation needed]}

Omega (usually rendered ω-male) is an antonym used to refer to the lowest caste of the hierarchical society. An omega is subordinated to all others in the community. The omega(s) might be used as scapegoats and are commonly the last allowed to eat.^[3]

By clade

This section requires expansion.

Primates

Chimpanzees show deference to the alpha of the community by ritualised gestures such as bowing, allowing the alpha to walk first in a procession, or standing aside when the alpha challenges.

Gorillas use intimidation to establish and maintain alpha position. A study conducted regarding the reproductive behavior of male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) found further evidence that dominant males are favoured to bear offspring, even when there are a greater number of males in a notably enlarged group size. The study also concluded that mating between alpha, beta, and gamma males was more consistent as compared to what had been thought earlier.^[4]

A study was conducted to see the existence of any associative relationship among the alpha male and female during the nonbreeding season in wild Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus).In the study, mainly two hypotheses were tested: first, Alpha male is the preferred male partner for females and second, that female-alpha male association can be explained through both female individual characteristics and social network. ^[5] The results showed that the alpha males of Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) are the preferred male partner for the adult females in the community i.e. more contiguous. However, only the strong females have a strong interaction with the alpha male because a female dominance rank allows only the most dominant and strong females to interact with the male.^[6]

Canines

Canines (e.g. wolves, dogs, jackals, foxes) show deference to the alpha pair in their pack by allowing them to be the first to eat and, usually, the only pair to mate. Canines use eye contact to maintain alpha position, but in order to establish their position they often have to show physical superiority, through playing or fighting. In the case of wild canids the alpha male may not have exclusive access to the alpha female;^[7] moreover, other pack members may guard the maternity den used by the alpha female; such is the case with the African Wild Dog, Lycaon pictus.^[8] Modern knowledge of wolves dismisses the idea of alpha male in a pack, favoring the concept of breeder wolf, in the sense that in these animals the pack leader is simply the common parent, and its status is not obtained by fighting.^[9]

See also

• The Alpha-Pluses of Brave New World
• Big man
• Hypergamy
• Leadership
• Territory (animal)
• Pecking order
• Dominance hierarchy
• Narcissism

References

• Gary Greenberg and Maury M. Haraway. 1998. Comparative psychology: a handbook, Published by Taylor & Francis, 914 pages ISBN 0-8153-1281-4
• C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
• Klaus Immelmann and Colin Beer. A Dictionary of Ethology, Harvard University Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-674-20506-2
• Mech, L. David. 1999. "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1196–1203.
• Kate Ludeman and Eddie Erlandson. Alpha male syndrome. Harvard Business Press; 2006. ISBN 978-1-59139-913-1.

Footnotes