The 1933 “Norris Lame Duck” Amendment, as it was popularly known at the time of its ratification, eliminates the December to March Congressional “lame duck” short sessions that resulted from constitutionally and legislatively established dates for the beginning (December) and close (March in odd numbered years) of congressional sessions. The March date reflected the time required to journey to Washington before railroads shortened travel time. Sessions beginning in December of the even years lasted only three months. Congressmen elected in those years did not take office for thirteen months, and those whom they had defeated continued service in the short session. The sessions, marked by obstructionist filibusters, were unproductive, and in light of change in travel and communications, became obsolete. Their potential for troublemaking was confirmed during and after “Secession Winter” (1860–1861).

Since altering the term commencement from December and March to January shortened the constitutionally mandated terms of those in office, a constitutional amendment rather than legislation was required to effectuate the reform. The amendment's author, Senator George Norris, concerned with congressional efficiency and accountability, regarded it as one of his greatest achievements.

The amendment also moves the inauguration date for president and vice president from March to January, clarifies the status of the vice president–elect should the president‐elect die before taking office (vice president–elect becomes president‐elect), and enables Congress to legislate concerning other stipulated exigencies regarding presidential succession.

See also Constitutional Amendments.

— Mary Cornelia Aldis Porter

The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Copyright © 1992, 2005 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.