amorphous

In condensed matter physics, an amorphous (from the Greek a, without, morphé, shape, form) or non-crystalline solid is a solid that lacks the long-range order characteristic of a crystal that includes a rigidly formed molecular structure. Amorphous solids have a similar molecular structure of crystals but they lack the rigid unified formation of the molecules, instead having an irregularly formed structure which allows for its visual structure to appear to slowly "flow" or change forms without applying a strong physical force such as heat to it.

In part of the older literature, the term has been used synonymously with glass. Nowadays, "amorphous solid" is considered to be a product with qualities lying between solid and liquid. While glass is an amorphous solid that transforms into a liquid upon heating through the glass transition.^[1], its apparent solid state once cooled is actually still flowing. This phenomenon can be seen in 100 year old class objects whose shape is distorted from "settling" which is actually the slow liquid movement over time of the material. One of the compelling physical interactions, gravity, does not act upon these objects within the same calculable ways as either a solid or liquid. This phenomenon is also caused because of the geothermal properties that form the molecular structure. There is semantic debate to whether an amorphous solid is simply a solid with an extremely high viscosity. However, it remains that amorphous solids have a distinctly different molecular structure than either solid or liquid matter. ^[2].

Other types of amorphous solids include gels, thin films, and nanostructured materials.

Nanostructured materials

Even amorphous materials have some short-range order at the atomic length scale due to the nature of chemical bonding. Furthermore, in very small crystals a large fraction of the atoms are located at or near the surface of the crystal; relaxation of the surface and interfacial effects distort the atomic positions, decreasing the structural order. Even the most advanced structural characterization techniques, such as x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, have difficulty in distinguishing between amorphous and crystalline structures on these length scales.

Amorphous thin films

Amorphous phases are important constituents of thin films, which are solid layers of a few nm to some tens of µm thickness deposited upon an underlying substrate. So-called structure zone models were developed to describe the microstructure and ceramics of thin films as a function of the homologous temperature T_h that is the ratio of deposition temperature over melting temperature.^[3][4] According to these models, a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the occurrence of amorphous phases is that T_h has to be smaller than 0.3, that is the deposition temperature must be below 30% of the melting temperature. For higher values, the surface diffusion of deposited atomic species would allow for the formation of crystallites with long range atomic order.

Regarding their applications, amorphous metallic layers played an important role in the discussion of a suspected superconductivity in amorphous metals.^[5] Today, optical coatings made from TiO₂, SiO₂, Ta₂O₅ etc. and combinations of them in most cases consist of amorphous phases of these compounds. Much research is carried out into thin amorphous films as a gas separating membrane layer.^[6] The technologically most important thin amorphous film is probably represented by few nm thin SiO₂ layers serving as isolator above the conducting channel of a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). Also, hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a-Si:H in short, is of technical significance for thin film solar cells. In case of a-Si:H the missing long-range order between silicon atoms is partly induced by the presence by hydrogen in the percent range.

The occurrence of amorphous phases turned out as a phenomenon of particular interest for studying thin film growth. Remarkably, the growth of polycrystalline films is often used and preceded by an initial amorphous layer, the thickness of which may amount to only a few nm. The most investigated example is represented by thin multicrystalline silicon films, where such as the unoriented molecule.An initial amorphous layer was observed in many studies.^[7] Wedge-shaped polycrystals were identified by transmission electron microscopy to grow out of the amorphous phase only after the latter has exceeded a certain thickness, the precise value of which depends on deposition temperature, background pressure and various other process parameters. The phenomenon has been interpreted in the framework of Ostwald's rule of stages^[8] that predicts the formation of phases to proceed with increasing condensation time towards increasing stability.^[5][7] Experimental studies of the phenomenon require a clearly defined state of the substrate surface and its contaminant density etc., upon which the thin film is deposited.

References

Further reading

• R. Zallen (1998). The Physics of Amorphous Solids. Wiley Interscience. 
• S.R. Elliot (1990). The Physics of Amorphous Materials (2nd ed.). Longman. 
• N. Cusack (1987). The Physics of Structurally Disordered Matter: An Introduction. IOP Publishing. 
• N.H. March, R.A. Street, M.P. Tosi, Eds., (1985). Amorphous Solids and the Liquid State. Springer. 
• D.A. Adler, B.B. Schwartz, M.C. Steele, Eds. (1985). Physical Properties of Amorphous Materials. Springer. 
• A. Inoue, K. Hasimoto, Eds. (1985). Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Materials. Springer. 

External links

• Journal of non-crystalline solids (Elsevier)