Anagallis

Anagallis
Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Myrsinaceae
Genus:	Anagallis L.
Type species
Anagallis arvensis L.
Species
many, see text

For the 2nd century BC grammarian sometimes thought to be named Anagallis, see Agallis.

Anagallis is a genus of about 20–25 species of flowering plants in the myrsine family Myrsinaceae, commonly called pimpernel and perhaps best known for the Scarlet pimpernel referred to in literature. The botanical name is from the Greek, ana, "again", and agallein, "to delight in", and refers to the opening and closing of the flowers in response to environmental conditions.

These are annual or perennial plants, growing in tufts on weedy and uncultivated areas. The stems are prostrate or decumbent. The leaves are opposite, rarely whorled, and sometimes with a few alternate leaves at the end of the stem. They are usually ovate in shape with a cordate base. Some of the species produce flowers of various colors. The flowers are radially symmetrical and have 5 sepals. The corolla consists of a short tube and 5 lobes. The tube may be so short that the lobes appear to be separate petals. They are usually solitary in the leaf axils, but sometimes are on short spikes at the end of the stem. Pimpernel flowers remain open only under direct sun-light. The stamens are opposite the corolla lobes. The staminal filaments have conspicuous hairs. The ovary is superior, globose, and circumscissile near the middle.

They were formerly classified as members of the primrose family (Primulaceae), but a genetic and morphological study by Källersjö et al.^[1] showed that they belong to the closely related family Myrsinaceae. In the APG III system, published in 2009, Primulaceae is expanded to include Myrsinaceae, thus Anagallis is in Primulaceae sensu lato.

Another study by Ulrika Manns and Arne A. Anderberg (2005), based on molecular phylogeny, states that Anagallis in its present circumscription is paraphyletic and should also include in its clade the small genera Asterolinon and Pelletiera, as well as two Lysimachia species (Lysimachia nemorum and Lysimachia serpyllifolia).^[2]

Species

• Anagallis acuminata - (Angola)
• Anagallis alternifolia - (Chile)
• Anagallis arvensis - Scarlet Pimpernel, Red Pimpernel (Europe; syn. *A. parviflora, A. platyphylla, A. phoenicea)
• Anagallis barbata - (Brazil)
• Anagallis brevipes - (Tanzania)
• Anagallis crassifolia - (Spain, Morocco)
• Anagallis djalonis - (tropical Africa)
• Anagallis filiformis - (Brazil)
• Anagallis foemina - Blue Pimpernel (Europe; syn. Anagallis caerulea)
• Anagallis gracilipes - (Zimbabwe)
• Anagallis hexamera - (Ethiopia, Kenya)
• Anagallis kingaensis - (tropical Africa)
• Anagallis minima - Chaffweed (Europe, a cosmopolitan^[3] weed^[4] whose native status outside Europe is unclear;^[4][5] syn. A. centunculus, previously Centunculus minimus)
• Anagallis monelli - Flaxleaf Pimpernel (Mediterranean; syn. A. linifolia)
• Anagallis nummulariifolia - (Madagascar)
• Anagallis oligantha - (Malawi)
• Anagallis peploides - (Madagascar)
• Anagallis pumila - Florida Pimpernel (Americas)
• Anagallis rubricaulis - (Madagascar)
• Anagallis schliebenii - (Tanzania)
• Anagallis serpens - (eastern Africa)
• Anagallis tenella - Bog Pimpernel (Europe; syn. A. repens )
• Anagallis tenuicaulis - (Madagascar)
• Anagallis tsaratananae - (Madagascar)

References

1. ^ Kallersjo, Mari; Bergqvist, Gullevi; Anderberg, Arne A (2000). "Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s. l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology". Amer. J. Bot. (Botanical Society of America) 87 (9): 1325–1341. doi:10.2307/2656725. JSTOR 2656725. PMID 10991903.  (available online)
2. ^ Ulrika Manns and Arne A. Anderberg (2005). "Molecular Phylogeny of Anagallis (Myrsinaceae) Based on ITS, trnL-F, and ndhF Sequence Data". International Journal of Plant Sciences 166 (6): 1019–1028. doi:10.1086/449318. 
3. ^ 4. Anagallis minima (Linnaeus) E. H. L. Krause, Flora of North America
4. ^ ^{a b} Anagallis minima (L.) E. H. L. Krause, Germplasm Resources Information Network
5. ^ Anagallis minima (L.) Krause, USDA PLANTS

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  Blue Pimpernel (Anagallis foemina)

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  Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) - flower

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  Flaxleaf Pimpernel (Anagallis monelli)

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  Anagallis arvensis from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885

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