analytic geometry
n.
The analysis of geometric structures and properties principally by algebraic operations on variables defined in terms of position coordinates.
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The analysis of geometric structures and properties principally by algebraic operations on variables defined in terms of position coordinates.
For more information on analytic geometry, visit Britannica.com.
In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slope m of a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with the x-axis. If the line is parallel to the x-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by m= (y2−y1) / (x2−x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equation ax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, where a, b,..., f are constants and a, b, and c are not all zero.
In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, λ, µ, and nu, the cosines of the angles the line makes with the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship λ2+µ2+nu2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equation ax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0.
The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by René Descartes in 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of the calculus by Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation of algebraic geometry.
Analytic geometry, also called coordinate geometry and earlier referred to as Cartesian geometry or analytical geometry, is the study of geometry using the principles of algebra. That the algebra of the real numbers can be employed to yield results about the linear continuum of geometry relies on the Cantor-Dedekind axiom. Usually the Cartesian coordinate system is applied to manipulate equations for planes, lines, curves, and circles, often in two and sometimes in three dimensions of measurement. As taught in school books, analytic geometry can be explained more simply: it is concerned with defining geometrical shapes in a numerical way and extracting numerical information from that representation. The numerical output, however, might also be a vector or a shape. Some consider that the introduction of analytic geometry was the beginning of modern mathematics.
The Greek mathematician Menaechmus solved problems and proved theorems by using a method
that had a strong resemblance to the use of coordinates and it has sometimes been maintained that he had analytic
geometry.[1]
The eleventh century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyám saw a strong relationship between geometry and algebra, and was moving in the right direction when he helped to close the gap between numerical and geometric algebra[4] with his geometric solution of the general cubic equations,[5] but the decisive step came later with Descartes.[4]
Analytic geometry has traditionally been attributed to René Descartes[4][6][7] who made significant progress with the methods of analytic geometry when in 1637 in the appendix entitled Geometry of the titled Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason in the Search for Truth in the Sciences, commonly referred to as Discourse on Method. This work, written in his native French tongue, and its philosophical principles, provided the foundation for calculus in Europe.
Abraham de Moivre also pioneered the development of analytic geometry. With the assumption of the Cantor-Dedekind axiom, essentially that Euclidean geometry is interpretable in the language of analytic geometry (that is, every theorem of one is a theorem of the other), Alfred Tarski's proof of the decidability of the ordered real field could be seen as a proof that Euclidean geometry is consistent and decidable.
Many of these problems involve linear algebra
Here an example of a problem from the USAMTS that can be solved via analytic geometry:
Problem: In a convex pentagon ABCDE, the sides have lengths 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, though not necessarily in that order. Let F, G, H, and I be the midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD, and DE, respectively. Let X be the midpoint of segment FH, and Y be the midpoint of segment GI. The length of segment XY is an integer. Find all possible values for the length of side AE.
Solution: Let A, B, C, D, and E be located at A(0,0), B(a,0), C(b,e), D(c,f), and E(d,g).
Using the midpoint formula, the points F, G, H, I, X, and Y are located at
,
,
,
,
, and 
Using the distance formula,

and

Since XY has to be an integer,
(see modular arithmetic) so AE = 4.
Analytic geometry, for algebraic geometers, is also the name for the theory of (real or) complex manifolds and the more general analytic spaces defined locally by the vanishing of analytic functions of several complex variables (or sometimes real ones). It is closely linked to algebraic geometry, especially through the work of Jean-Pierre Serre in GAGA. It is strictly a larger area than algebraic geometry, but studied by similar methods.
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