André Malraux

For more information on André-Georges Malraux, visit Britannica.com.

French writer and politician André Malraux (1901-1976) was generally regarded as one of the most distinguished novelists of the 20th century. Malraux holds the distinction of having been France's first minister of culture, serving from 1959-69. In addition, his wartime activities and adventures were legendary and well-documented. Malraux was a Communist supporter until World War II, and principal themes in his writing were revolution and its philosophical implications. He was an existentialist, believing that man determines his own fate by the choices he makes.

The novels of André Malraux depart sharply from the traditional form, with their middle-class settings, careful plot development and concentration on psychological analysis. His heroes and protagonists are adventurers determined to "leave a scar on the map," and violent action, usually in a revolutionary setting, is mixed with punctuated dialogue and passages containing philosophical reflection.

Malraux was born in Paris on Nov. 3, 1901, the son of a wealthy banker, and was educated in Paris. He attended the Lycée Condorcet and the School of Oriental Languages and would eventually develop a serious interest in China. Malraux began to move on the fringes of the surrealist movement, publishing criticism and poems. He married Clara Goldschmidt in 1921, and in 1923 the couple set off for Indochina (a former French colony consisting of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) to search for buried temples. (see Walter Langlois, André Malraux: the Indochina Adventure, 1966). After removing sculpture from the temples, Malraux and his wife were arrested by the French authorities and narrowly avoided prison (the story of Clara and André Malraux's Indochina adventures is also told in Silk Roads: the Asian Adventures of Clara and André Malraux, 1989).

It was during this period that Malraux, now hostile to the French colonial regime, came into contact with Vietnamese and Chinese Nationalists, many with Communist sympathies. He became a supporter of the international Communist movement, and during a stay in Saigon he organized a subversive newspaper.

Malraux's first novel, Les Conquérants (The Conquerors), was published in 1928. Set in Canton in 1925, it deals with the attempts of Chinese Nationalists and their Communist advisers to destroy imperialist influence and economic domination. The hero of the book provides a vigorously drawn portrait of the professional revolutionary. Malraux lamented the potential influences of Western culture, using China as an example, with The Temptation of the West (1926). In this work, the character of Ling says that many Chinese thought they could retain their cultural identities after being exposed to European influence and technology. Instead, that influence results in the "disintegrating soul" of China, a country newly "seduced" by music and movies.

Malraux's next novel, La Voie Royale (The Royal Way, 1930), was less successful; it had an autobiographical basis in the search for buried treasures, but treated the search as a kind of metaphysical adventure.

In 1933 appeared Malraux's most celebrated novel, La Condition humaine (Man's Estate, Man's Fate). Set in Shanghai, the novel describes the 1927 Communist uprising there, its initial success and ultimate failure. The novel continues to illustrate Malraux's favorite theme: that all men will attempt to escape, or to transcend, the human condition and that revolutionary action is one way of accomplishing this. In the end there is failure, but man attains dignity in making the attempt and by his very failure achieves tragic greatness.

Malraux's next novel, Days of Wrath (1936), a short account of a German Communist's imprisonment by the Nazis, was poorly received, considered more propaganda than art. But after Malraux assisted the Republican forces by organizing an air corps during the Spanish Civil War in 1936-1937, his inspiration was renewed. He then published L'Espoir (Man's Hope, 1938). In this book, the Republican forces gradually organize to meet the Fascist threat, and the novel ends at a point where the "hope" of the title might have been realized.

Following the Soviet Union's signing of a nonaggression pact with Germany, Malraux broke with the Communist cause. He was captured twice while fighting with the French army and underground resistance movement, but he escaped and would become a military leader. In 1943 he published his last novel, Les Noyers de l'Altenburg (The Walnut Trees of Altenburg).

The feel of this book is very different from that of Malraux's earlier novels. The narrator, captured by the Germans in 1940, reflects on his father's experiences before and during World War I - as an agent in central Asia, at a meeting of intellectuals in Germany, and while fighting on the Russian front. Malraux explores the fundamental problem of whether men are essentially the same in different epochs and different civilizations. Intellectually the answer seems to be negative, but emotionally it is positive, and human solidarity is maintained. Political action is seen as an illusion, and the traditional values of European humanism are affirmed.

Following the liberation of France in 1944, Malraux served in the reconstituted army as a colonel, and would later work to subvert the French Communist party. He was a supporter of General Charles de Gaulle. He and de Gaulle became friends and, as president of France, de Gaulle appointed Malraux to the position of minister of information - a job Malraux held from 1945-46. After leaving the post, he remained a de Gaulle intimate and one of the leading members of the Gaullist political movement. He contributed to The Case for de Gaulle; a Dialogue between André Malraux and James Burnham.

Beset by marital tensions, Andréand Clara Malraux divorced in January, 1946. Two years later, Malraux married his sister-in-law.

In the years that followed, Malraux wrote mainly on the subject of art. One highly philosophical volume on this subject was The Psychology of Art (1950), in which Malraux writes of an "imaginary museum" - a "museum without walls" - in which objects of art are important for their own intrinsic value rather than for their collective underlying meanings (see also André Malraux, Museum Without Walls 1967).

In Les Voix du silence (The Voices of Silence, 1951), Malraux develops the idea that in the modern world, where religion is of little importance, art has taken its place as man's triumphant response to his ultimate destiny and his means of transcending death. Also on the subject of art, Malraux penned "Saturn: an Essay on (Francisco de) Goya" (1957, translated by C.W. Chilton). Malraux also wrote Picasso's Mask (1976).

In 1958, after de Gaulle's return to power, Malraux became minister of cultural affairs - where he remained until de Gaulle's resignation in 1969. In 1967 he published the first volume of his Antimémoires (Antimemoirs). These were not memoirs of the usual type, failing to mention the accidental deaths of his two sons and the murder of his half-brother by the Nazis. Instead, they contained reflections on various aspects of his experiences and adventures.

Malraux paid two visits to the White House; in 1972, he conferred with President Richard Nixon prior to Nixon's visit to China. That same year he also suffered a near-fatal heart attack.

Malraux died in Paris on Nov. 23, 1976. Exactly 20 years later, his ashes were moved to the Pantheon necropolis in Paris. His namesake, the André Malraux Cultural Center, is in Chambéry (France).

Further Reading

Biographies of Malraux include: Robert Payne, André Malraux (Buchet/Chastel, 1973); Jean Lacouture, André Malraux (Pantheon Books, 1975); Martine de Courcel, ed., Malraux: Life and Work (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976); Axel Madsen, Malraux: a Biography (Morrow, 1976); James Robert Hewitt, André Malraux (Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978); Jacques B.E.B. Bonhomme, André Malraux, ou, Le Conformiste (R. Deforges, 1986); and Curtis Gate, André Malraux: a Biography (Hutchinson, 1995; reviewed in New York Review of Books, May 29, 1997).

Other studies of Malraux's work include the following: Ralph Tarica, Imagery in the Novels of André Malraux (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980); Will Morrisey, Reflections on Malraux: Cultural Founding in Modernity (University Press of America, 1986); David Bevan, André Malraux, Toward the Expression of Transcendence (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1986); Claude Tannery, Malraux: the Absolute Agnostic, or, Metamorphosis as Universal Law (University of Chicago Press, 1991); John Beals Romeiser, André Malraux: a Reference Guide (Maxwell MacMillan International, 1994); Domnica Radulescu, André Malraux: the "Farfelu" as Expression of the Feminine and the Erotic (P. Lang, 1994); Gino Raymond, André Malraux: Politics and the Temptation of Myth (Ashgate, 1995); and Geoffrey T. Harris André Malraux: a Reassessment (St. Martin's Press, 1996).

Malraux is discussed in the following articles: J. Semprun, "Memoirs of the Spanish War and André Malraux" Nouvelle Revue Francaise (Nov. 1996); T. Fabre, "André Malraux: Portrait of the Adventurer in the Mirror" Esprit (Dec. 1996); Herman Lebovics, "Malraux's Mission" The Wilson Quarterly (Winter 1997); and G. Harris, "The Self Invention of André Malraux" Times Literary Supplement (May 23, 1997).

Malraux, André (1901-76). French novelist, politician, and art critic. Malraux's life and work are closely tied to the history of his century. Born at its beginning, reaching adolescence with World War I, he gained a reputation as an adventurer when he embarked in 1923 on a dubious enterprise in Indo-China. From here, however, he witnessed the beginnings of the Chinese revolution as well as involving himself in the problems of colonial French Cambodia. During the 1930s he was a prominent anti-fascist, and in 1934 went with Gide to Berlin to petition Goebbels. In 1936 he was again at the centre of events when he commanded an air squadron fighting on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. In World War II he served first in a tank unit and then, after his capture and escape, in the Resistance. After the war he shifted away from the Left, abandoning any sympathy with Communism and becoming a strong personal admirer of de Gaulle. When de Gaulle gained power, he made Malraux minister for information (1945-6) and later the first minister for cultural affairs (1959-69). In this role Malraux created the maisons de la culture and initiated the cleaning of many of Paris's most famous monuments. He supported de Gaulle at the time of the events of May 1968 and followed him in his fall from power in 1969.

Malraux's personal life was marked by a series of tragic deaths and by the difficulties he experienced in maintaining close relationships over a sustained period. The themes of death and of the near impossibility of human relations mark his fiction deeply. His parents separated when he was 4, and he was brought up by his mother and aunt. His grandfather committed suicide in 1909; his father was to do the same in 1930 (both deaths are fictionalized in a number of Malraux's texts). In 1921 he married Clara Goldschmidt, who later described their life together in her memoirs. In 1936 he separated from Clara and set up home with Josette Clotis, with whom he had two sons. In 1944 Josette fell under a train and died; both Malraux's brothers had also died during the war. In 1948 he married his elder brother's widow, Madeleine, with whom he lived until 1965. His two sons by Josette were killed in a car accident in 1961. From 1966 he lived with the poet and writer Louise de Vilmorin, until her death in 1969.

He began writing essays and short stories in the 1920s, heavily influenced by the contemporary movements of Cubism, Dadaism, and, to a lesser extent, Surrealism. His short stories bore titles such as ‘Lunes en papier’ (1921) and ‘Royaume farfelu’ (1928); both these texts are strongly marked by the satirical and the grotesque, but also introduce the themes of death, destiny, and the futility of action which reappear throughout his work. Two essays of this period, La Tentation de l'Occident (1926) and D'une jeunesse européenne (1927), describe European civilization as in crisis: the death of belief in God has been followed by the death of belief in Man; the West's entire metaphysical system, which pays lip-service to the ideals of action and individualism, has consequently been cut off from its foundations and conceals a fundamental absurdity. The only possible attitude to this state of affairs is complete lucidity; this is the point from which the heroes of his first two novels, Les Conquérants (1928) and La Voie royale (1930), start out. These texts, in which the adventurer heroes endeavour to stretch individualism to its limits in what they know to be an impossible attempt to defeat death itself, are sometimes seen as Malraux's period of Nietzschean temptation. In the following group of three novels, La Condition humaine (1933), Le Temps du mépris (1935), and L' Espoir (1937), the characters may recognize the absurdity of their own existence, but new values and solutions beyond the individual begin to emerge. All three novels combine the presentation of a contemporary political situation (the Chinese revolution in La Condition humaine, the rise of fascism in Hitler's Germany in Le Temps du mépris, the Spanish Civil War in L'Espoir) with a metaphysical analysis of ‘the human condition’—the title of this novel could stand for all Malraux's work. Death, the passage of time, old age, physical incapacity, social constraints, the individual's own past, all combine in Malraux's novels to form the weight of a destiny which only fraternity, human dignity, and the sacrifice of individual interests to a greater cause can begin to alleviate. Yet Malraux once described his aim as being to ‘donner aux hommes quelques images de la grandeur humaine’, and it can be argued that the lyrical force of certain scenes in his texts ultimately does impose this vision. His last novel, Les Noyers de l'Altenburg (1943), poses the possibility of art as a force against destiny, a theme implicit in some of his early work.

Malraux's growing belief in the power and significance of art dominated his production from the late 1940s onwards. Between 1947 and 1949 he published the three volumes of reflections on painting entitled Le Musée imaginaire, La Création artistique, and La Monnaie de l'absolu. These make up La Psychologie de l'art, modified and retitled in 1951 as Les Voix du silence. Essays on sculpture (La Musée imaginaire de la sculpture mondiale, 1952-4), on Goya (Saturne, 1950), and on Picasso (La Tête d'obsidienne, 1974) followed. In 1967 he published a highly unconventional volume of autobiography, appropriately entitled Antimémoires, and an account of his last meeting with de Gaulle in Les Chênes qu'on abat (1971). Lazare (1975), his last publication in his lifetime, is part autobiography, part an essay on death. L'Homme précaire et la littérature (1977) discusses his literary preferences.

Malraux died in 1976, not, like his protagonists, in the thick of battle, but in a hospital bed. ‘La mort transforme la vie en destin’, he had written in 1930 in La Voie royale. It is surely his destiny to be considered as one of the most powerful and lucid writers of his century.

— Elizabeth Fallaize

Bibliography

• C. Jenkins, André Malraux (1972)
• J. Lacouture, André Malraux (1973)
• W. Langlois, Via Malraux (1986)

Quotes:

"Then I despair... I remember that all through history, the way of truth and love has always won. There have been murderers and tyrants, and for a time they can seem invincible. But in the end they always fall. Think of it always."

"Be careful -- with quotations, you can damn anything."

"Always, however brutal an age may actually have been, its style transmits its music only."

"Between eighteen and twenty, life is like an exchange where one buys stocks, not with money, but with actions. Most men buy nothing."

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André Malraux, French author, adventurer, and statesman

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André Malraux DSO (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976) was a French author, adventurer and statesman.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Quotations 3 Selected biography of works about Malraux 4 Partial bibliography of Malraux's works 5 References 6 External links

Biography

Malraux was born in Paris during 1901, the son of Fernand-Georges Malraux and Berthe Lamy (Malraux). His parents separated during 1905 and eventually divorced. He was raised by his mother and maternal grandmother, Berthe and Adrienne Lamy in the small town of Bondy. His father, a stockbroker, committed suicide in 1930. Andre had Tourette's Syndrome during his childhood, resulting in motor and vocal tics.

At the age of 21, Malraux left for Cambodia with his new wife Clara Goldschmidt. In Cambodia, he undertook an exploratory expedition into the Cambodian jungle. On his return he was arrested by French colonial authorities for removing bas-reliefs from one of the temples he discovered. Banteay Srei (The French government itself had removed large numbers of sculptures and artifacts from already discovered sites such as Angkor Wat around this time). Malraux later incorporated the episode into his second novel La Voie Royale.

Malraux became very critical of the French colonial authorities in Indochina, and during 1925 helped to organize the Young Annam League and founded a newspaper Indochina in Chains.

On his return to France, he published The Temptation of the West (1926) which had the format of an exchange of letters between a Westerner and an Asian comparing aspects of the two cultures. This was followed by his first novel The Conquerors (1928), then by The Royal Way (1930) which was influenced by his Cambodian experience, and then by Man's Fate (La Condition Humaine). For La Condition Humaine, a novel about the 1927 failed Communist rebellion in Shanghai, written with obvious sympathy for the Communists, he won the 1933 Prix Goncourt.

During the 1930s, Malraux was active in the anti-Fascist Popular Front in France. At the beginning of the Spanish Civil War he joined the Republican forces in Spain, serving in, and helping to organize, their small air force. His squadron, called "Espana", became something of a legend after his claims of nearly annihilating part of the Nationalist army at Medellín. According to Curtis Cate, his biographer, he was slightly wounded twice during efforts to stop the Falangists' takeover of Madrid, but Hugh Tomas denies this. He also toured the United States to raise funds for the Spanish Republicans. A novel influenced by his Spanish war experiences, Man's Hope, (L'Espoir) was published during 1938.

The types of aircraft sent to Spain by France, through Malraux's acquaintances, were considered obsolete by the standards of 1936. This decision by the French Ministry of Defense was based on the fear that modern types would easily be captured by the Germans fighting for Franco. This has created the impression that Malraux acted actually as an agent of the Popular Front government and in particular, its minister P. Cot who was a strong anti-fascist but whose prime minister Leon Blum has chosen a cautious diplomatic manner. They were mainly Potez 540 bombers and Dewoitine D.372 fighters. The very slow Potez 540 rarely survived three months of air missions, moving some 80 knots against enemy fighters flying at more than 250 knots. Few of the fighters proved to be worthy, some even delivered intentionally without guns or gun-sights. They were surpassed by more modern types introduced by the end of 1936 on both sides. Malraux's efforts were the only attempt of the French government to support the Spanish Republic air force.

Pictures with Malraux standing next to some Potez 540 bombers — and even inside one of them in a pilot's costume — were circulated widely by the Republic government as proof that France was actually on their side, at a time when France and the United Kingdom had declared official neutrality concerning the Spanish conflict. It is known, however, that Malraux was not a pilot himself and had never flown a plane despite carrying the (apparently honorary) title of the Squadron Leader of 'Espana'.

Malraux, it is worth noting, never claimed at any time in his life to have piloted an aircraft. The allegation that he did is probably the result of careless, sensationalist journalism. He was, however, a very active participant within the Republican cause. His commitment to the Republicans was, like that of many other foreign volunteers, purely personal: there was never any suggestion that he was there somehow at the behest of the French Government. He was, of course, very aware of Republicans' inferior armaments — the outdated aircraft were just one aspect of the problem — and part of his activity included a journey to the U.S. to raise funds.

Malraux's motivations for his involvement in the Spanish Civil War are questioned by Antony Beevor in The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Quoting from the Russian State Military Archive, Beevor raises suspicions that "he had recruited the pilots and technicians himself in France. Most of them have come here in order to make good money."^{[citation needed]} In Beevor's own words, "Malraux stands out, not just because he was a mythomaniac in his claims of martial heroism — in Spain and later in the French Resistance — but because he cynically exploited the opportunity for intellectual heroism in the legend of the Spanish Republic."^{[citation needed]}

Other biographical sources, including those who knew Malraux personally in Spain, would however cast serious doubt on these opinions. Here, as in many other instances, accounts of Malraux's life tend to vary considerably. His active involvement in major historical events brought him determined adversaries as well as strong supporters. The resultant polarization of opinion has unfortunately affected the objectivity and reliability of much that has been written about his life. For example, the Russian Military State Archive would be a very doubtful source for reliable comment about Malraux's activity in Spain since he had been very critical of some of the policies of the Stalinist regime of the time.

At the beginning of the Second World War, Malraux joined the French Army. He was captured in 1940 during the Battle of France but escaped and later joined the French Resistance. He was captured by the Gestapo during 1944 and underwent a mock execution. He later commanded the tank unit Brigade Alsace-Lorraine in defence of Strasbourg and in the attack on German Stuttgart. He was awarded the Médaille de la Résistance, the Croix de Guerre. He was also awarded the British Distinguished Service Order for his work with British liaison officers in Corrèze, Dordogne and Lot, and after Dordogne had been liberated, leading a battalion of former resistance fighters to Alsace-Lorraine where they fought alongside the First Army.^[1]

During the war he worked on a long novel, The Struggle with the Angel based on the story of the Biblical Jacob. The manuscript was destroyed by the Gestapo after his capture in 1944. A surviving first part titled The Walnut Trees of Altenburg, was published after the war. He would never write another novel.

Malraux and his first wife divorced during the 1940s. His daughter from this marriage, Florence (b.1933), married the filmmaker Alain Resnais.

Malraux had two sons by his second wife Josette Clotis: Pierre-Gauthier (1940-1961) and Vincent (1943-1961). During 1944, while Malraux was fighting in Alsace, Josette died when she slipped while boarding a train. His two sons were killed during 1961 in an automobile accident.

After the war, General Charles de Gaulle appointed Malraux as his Minister for Information (1945-1946). During this post-war period, Malraux also worked on the first of his books on art, The Psychology of Art which was published in three volumes over the period 1947 to 1949. The work was subsequently re-published in one volume, somewhat revised, as The Voices of Silence (Les Voix du Silence). Malraux became a Minister of State in De Gaulle's 1958-1959 government and France's first Minister of Cultural Affairs from 1959 to 1969, serving during all of De Gaulle's presidency. Among many other initiatives, he created maisons de la culture in a number of provincial cities and worked to preserve France's national heritage. During 1960 Malraux began, as editor, the series Arts of Mankind, an ambitious survey of world art that spans more than thirty large illustrated volumes.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, and U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson at an unveiling of the Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

During 1948, Malraux married Marie-Madeleine Lioux, a concert pianist and the widow of his half-brother, Roland Malraux. They separated in 1966.

During the 1960s, Malraux published the first volume of a trilogy on art entitled The Metamorphosis of the Gods, with the second two volumes (not yet translated into English) appearing shortly before he died. He also began publishing a series of semi-autobiographical works, the first of which was Antimémoires. One of these, Lazarus, is a reflection on death after one of his own final illnesses. Malraux died in Créteil, near Paris, on 23 November 1976, and was buried in the Verrières-le-Buisson (Essonne) cemetery. In honor of his contributions to French culture, his ashes were moved to the Panthéon in Paris during 1996, on the twentieth anniversary of his passing.

An international Malraux Society was founded in the United States in 1968. There is also an active association based in Paris, the Amitiés internationales André Malraux.

Quotations

“Man is dead, after God”. Malraux, The Temptation of the West. (1926)

‘The artist is not the transcriber of the world, he is its rival.’ Malraux, L'Intemporel (3rd volume of The Metamorphosis of the Gods.)

'In a world in which everything is subject to the passing of time, art alone is both subject to time and yet victorious over it'. Malraux in a television program about art, 1975.

"Art is an object lesson for the gods." Malraux, The Voices of Silence

From La condition humaine [Man's Fate] (1933)

• If a man is not ready to risk his life, where is his dignity?

• The great mystery is not that we should have been thrown down here at random between the profusion of matter and that of the stars; it is that from our very prison we should draw, from our own selves, images powerful enough to deny our own nothingness.

"The art museum is one of the places that give us the highest idea of man.” ("The Voices of Silence")

"There is always a need for intoxication: China has opium, Islam has hashish, the West has woman."

"What is man? A miserable little pile of secrets." Anti-Memoirs (1968), pp. 6, 24

Selected biography of works about Malraux

• Art and the Human Adventure: André Malraux's Theory of Art (Amsterdam, Rodopi: 2009) Derek Allan
• Andre Malraux (1960) by Geoffrey H. Hartman
• André Malraux: The Indochina adventure (1960) by Walter Langlois (New York Praeger).
• Malraux (1971) by Pierre Galante (SBN 40212441-3)
• Andre Malraux: A Biography (1997) by Curtis Cate (ISBN 208066795)
• Malraux ou la Lutte avec l'ange. Art, histoire et religion (2001) by Raphaël Aubert (ISBN 2-8309-1026-5)
• Malraux : A Life (2005) by Olivier Todd (ISBN 0375407022)
• Dits et écrits d'André Malraux : Bibliographie commentée (2003) by Jacques Chanussot and Claude Travi (ISBN 2-905965-88-6)
• The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939 (Second edition 2006) by Anthony Beevor (ISBN 0-2978-4832-1)
• André Malraux (2003) by Roberta Newnham (ISBN 9781841508542)

Partial bibliography of Malraux's works

• Lunes en Papier, 1923 (Paper Moons, 2005)
• La Tentation de l'Occident, 1926 (The Temptation of the West, 1926)
• Royaume-Farfelu, 1928 (The Kingdom of Farfelu, 2005)
• Les Conquérants, 1928 (The Conquerors, 1928)
• La Voie royale, 1930 (The Royal Way or The Way of the Kings, 1930)
• La Condition humaine, 1933 (Man's Fate, 1934)
• Le Temps du mépris, 1935 (Days of Wrath, 1935)
• L'Espoir, 1937 (Man's Hope, 1938)
• Les Noyers de l'Altenburg, 1948. (The Walnut Trees of Altenburg)
• La Psychologie de l'Art, 1947-1949 (The Psychology of Art)
• Le Musée imaginaire de la sculpture mondiale (1952-54) (The Imaginary Museum of World Sculpture (in three volumes))
• Les Voix du silence, 1951 (The Voices of Silence, 1953)
• La Métamorphose des dieux (English translation: The Metamorphosis of the Gods, by Stuart Gilbert):
  • Vol 1. Le Surnaturel, 1957
  • Vol 2. L'Irréel, 1974
  • Vol 3. L'Intemporel, 1976
• Antimémoires, 1967 (Anti-Memoirs, 1968 - autobiography)
• Les Chênes qu'on abat, 1971 (Felled Oaks or The Fallen Oaks)
• Lazare, 1974 (Lazarus, 1977)

For a more complete biography, see the site of the Amitiés internationales André Malraux.

References

1. ^ "Recommendations for Honours and Awards (Army)—Malraux, Andre" (fee usually required to view full pdf of original recommendation). DocumentsOnline. The National Archives. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7792088. Retrieved 23 September 2009. 

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: André Malraux

• André Malraux The site of research and information dedicated to André Malraux: literature, art, religion, history and culture.
• A biography
• Malraux's early, surrealist writings
• 'Malraux, Literature and Art' - Essays by Derek Allan
• A multimedia adaptation of Voices of silence

Preceded by None

Minister of Culture 1959-1969

Succeeded by Edmond Michelet

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