Andreas Papandreou

For more information on Andreas Georgios Papandreou, visit Britannica.com.

(b. Chios, 5 Feb. 1919; d. 23 June 1996) Greek; Prime Minister 1981 – 9, 1993 – 6 The son of Georgios Papandreou, a Liberal Greek politician who served as Prime Minister, Andreas Papandreou was educated in Athens and the USA where he gained his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1943. He served as a non-combatant in the US navy during the Second World War and took US citizenship. He subsequently became an academic economist (heavily influenced by J. M. Keynes) teaching in Harvard, Minnesota, and Berkeley, where he also headed the School of Economics (1956 – 9).

Papandreou returned to Greece in 1959, to continue his academic career. Yet he entered parliament in 1964, and became Minister of Co-ordination in a government headed by his father. He developed his own political profile and as a radical left-winger, he was often at odds with the country's establishment (including the monarchy) and renounced his US citizenship. Arrested by the military dictatorship in April 1967, he was freed after the intervention of President Johnson, who responded to pressure from American academics.

In exile in Canada and Sweden, he resumed an academic career and formed the socialist PAK (Panhellenic Liberation Movement) which constituted the basis of Pasok (the Panhellenic Socialist Movement), founded on his return to Greece in 1974. It was a one-man party and marked the beginning of a new era in Greek politics. Pasok quadrupled its percentage of the votes in seven years (from 13 per cent to 48 per cent) and in 1981 Papandreou formed his first socialist government. His government's policies were characterized by the development of the welfare state, designed to appeal to the less well off, public ownership, and leftist political rhetoric. He also adopted nationalist attitudes, demanding a renegotiation of Greece's terms of membership or withdrawal from the European Community, and promised Greek withdrawal from NATO and the removal of US bases in Greece. In government, however, these policies were moderated. The government was dogged by scandals and defeated in the 1989 elections, In 1989 he was indicted by Parliament to face charges of wire-tapping and involvement in a multi-million-dollar embezzlement of the Bank of Crete. In January 1992 he was acquitted by a single vote at a special tribunal. It seemed the end. Yet he made a spectacular comeback in the 1993 elections and returned to office for a third time. This final spell was a disaster. He was constantly shuffling his Cabinet and, in spite of ill-health, refused to delegate or name a successor. Scandal attached to the political role in his controversial third wife, a former air stewardess and thirty-nine years his junior, whom he made his Chief of Staff. He finally resigned, on the grounds of ill-health, in January 1996. He was probably the most charismatic Greek politician of his generation.

Founder of the Panhellenic Socialist Party (PASOK), Andreas Papandreou (1919-1996) is credited with introducing a socialist dimension into Greek politics, first as the leader of the opposition and then as prime minister of Greece.

Andreas Papandreou was undoubtedly one of the most controversial political figures of 20th-century Greece. His father, George Papandreou, was known as the "grand old man" of Greek politics. Andreas made his entry into Greek politics through his father who, as head of the Center Union Party, served as prime minister of the country in 1964.

Papandreou was born on February 5, 1919, on the island of Chios. He began his studies as a law student at the University of Athens in 1936. Papandreou displayed an early interest in politics, championing progressive ideas that got him into difficulties with the Metaxas dictatorship. He was arrested and tortured, and after his release left Greece to continue his education in the United States. Papandreou received his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1943. For the next two decades he made his home in the US, where he held various posts as lecturer and professor of economics at several universities, among them Harvard, Minnesota, Northwestern, and the University of California at Berkeley, where he was dean of faculty from 1956 to 1959.

His experiences with the Metaxas dictatorship in Greece, his progressive or leftist leanings, and his American experience gave Papandreou the dubious distinction of being branded by his political opponents as both a tool of the Kremlin and as an agent of the CIA. These ill-founded allegations contributed to the controversial profile of Andreas Papandreou as he became more involved in Greek politics in the 1960s.

Papandreou's controversial behavior was often exaggerated by those who interpret politics or policy entirely in terms of public statements. Still, his presence in Greek politics brought with it a critical attitude toward United States policy, especially the status of American bases in the country; a reserved attitude toward the European Union; a toughening of his position toward Turkey over the Cyprus issue; a policy of rapprochement toward the (former) Soviet Union; an open-arms' policy toward third world countries; and above all the introduction of socialism as a potentially viable political and economic system for Greece. With the exception of the latter, many of his policies had in fact been initiated by his predecessor, and careful analysis points to remarkably few radical departures despite alarming reports to the contrary. Even Papandreou's "socialism" deserved careful study.

Scholar and Politician

Papandreou was an impressive synthesis of a scholar-statesman. He was articulate and possessed a sharp, analytical mind that served him well in both professions. A prolific writer, he was the author of several scholarly and political monographs and contributed to scores of collaborative volumes, scholarly journals, and encyclopedias. He wrote in both Greek and English and many of his works were translated into Italian, Spanish, French, and Scandinavian languages.

This wide range of interests can be ascertained by a look at his major publications: A Test of Stochastic Theory of Choice (1957); The Course of Economic Thought (1960); Planning Resource Allocation for Economic Development (1962); "Theory Construction and Empirical Meaning in Economics, " American Economic Review (May 1963); Fundamentals of Model Construction in Macroeconomics (1962); A Strategy for Greek Economic Development (1962); An Introduction to Social Science: Personality, Work, Community, with A. Naftalin, B. Nelson, M. Sibley, D. Calhoun (1953, revised editions 1957, 1961); Competition and its Regulation, with J. T. Wheeler (1954); Economics as a Science (1958); Democracy at Gunpoint (1970); "Greece: Neocolonialism and Revolution, " Monthly Review (December 1972); "The Multinational Corporation, " The Canadian Forum (March 1973); "Multinational Corporations and Empire, " Social Praxis (1973); and "Greece: The November Uprising, " Monthly Review (February 1974).

It was Papandreou's activities as an economist that first involved him in earnest in Greek politics. In 1959 he left the University of California at Berkeley to return to Greece on an economic development research assignment. In 1961 he was appointed chairman of the board and director general of the Center for Economic Research in Athens, while serving as an adviser to the Bank of Greece (1961-1962).

Papandreou's political career began in 1962 with his election as deputy for Achaia in the Center Union Party, led by his father. After the national victory of the Center Union in 1964, he was appointed to the post of minister to the prime minister and later deputy minister of coordination. These activities were cut off by the military coup of April 21, 1967. As was expected, Papandreou was arrested by the colonels who headed the new regime. His release the following year was partly the result of a campaign mounted by many of his colleagues, fellow scholars, and political friends outside Greece.

After his release he first went to Sweden where he became professor of economics at Stockholm University (1968-1969) and from there to Canada where he taught at York University in Toronto. During one of his first appearances on American television, Papandreou said that his release was a major mistake of the colonels and that some day he was going to return to active politics in Greece. Indeed, during the colonels' regime he led an active anti-junta movement in Europe and the United States known as PAK (Panhellenic Liberation Movement) that was decidedly anti-colonel and critical of any nation which helped the colonels stay in power. PAK remained active until July 1974, when the dictatorship fell.

From Opposition Leader to Prime Minister

Papandreou returned to Greece in September 1974 and organized the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), of which he became chairman. In the next election, held in November 1974, PASOK obtained 15 seats in Parliament, winning 13.5 percent of the vote. That was only the beginning. Capitalizing on his experiences outside Greece, Papandreou organized PASOK as a socialistic political party, the first in Greece's history. The result was impressive. By the following elections (November 1977) PASOK doubled its vote percentage and became the main opposition party in Parliament with 93 seats. As leader of the opposition, Papandreou began a barrage of criticism of the New Democracy Party by insisting that a more fundamental change in Greece's domestic and foreign policy was needed. Indeed in the elections of October 18, 1981, Papandreou campaigned with the slogan Allaghi (change), which led to PASOK's triumph with 48 percent of the vote and 173 seats in Parliament. In the PASOK-dominated government sworn in on October 21, 1981, Andreas Papandreou became prime minister, assuming as well the portfolio of the ministry of defense.

Papandreou's victory was received as a breath of fresh air, and the confidence in his leadership was not different from that inspired by John F. Kennedy in the United States 20 years earlier. With his American wife Margaret Chadd and their four children, Papandreou proceeded to leave his mark on the Greek political scene. The emphasis was decidedly socialistic, although many foreign observers wondered whether Greek socialism was going to follow a Western European model - mainly, honoring civil liberties and democratic processes as guaranteed by the constitution of 1974 - or a third world model of socialism which could move the country in the direction of a single party state. Partly because of the interest of Papandreou's wife Margaret, PASOK actively championed women's rights, and on several issues PASOK policy widened the separation between church and state. Understandably, the Papandreou experiment faced formidable difficulties, the most serious being inflation, continuous devaluation of the drachma, and hesitation of foreign investors to take their chances with a country in "socialist transition."

The domestic policy was tied to Greece's foreign policy, especially its anti-NATO or anti-American stance automatically associated with Papandreou's general policy. Many called him "NATO's bad boy, " who was going to get rid of the American bases or at least have them renegotiated with terms more advantageous to Greece. Part of the change that Papandreou sought from the beginning was a change in the attitude of the great powers, especially the United States, who seemed to take the Greeks for granted. It was his way of searching for national dignity.

Papandreou's troubles with the Western alliance stemmed from Greece's troubles with Turkey over the Cyprus issue and with the economic and military aid extended to both Greece and Turkey by the United States. These tensions had their impact on the Greek economy and politics and account partly for the loss of some of PASOK's power in the June 2, 1985 elections and in the municipal elections the following year. Papandreou then became more conciliatory toward the West, even toning-down his rhetoric. In fact, his moderate policies left some socialists a bit disillusioned, whereas his former critics began to appreciate his stabilizing role positioned between East and West and his attempts to attract foreign investors to Greece.

One of the distinctive features of Papandreou's foreign policy was his emphasis on dètente, peace, and international cooperation. He advocated nuclear free zones in the Balkans and in northern Europe, as well as a nuclear free corridor in central Europe. But probably his most important move was with the "Initiative of the Six" - Greece, India, Argentina, Mexico, Tanzania, and Sweden - which urged the leaders of the superpowers to put an immediate halt to all nuclear weapon tests. The "Initiative of the Six" won the international peace prize of the Beyond War Foundation. On a personal level, Papandreou received honorary doctor degrees from York University (Canada), Humbold University (Berlin), and Cracow University (Poland).

In 1988 Papandreou underwent successful open heart surgery in London. He began campaigning for his third term as prime minister with his young mistress, Diamitra Liania. He divorced his wife Margaret and declared Diamitra as the new first lady of Greece. Shortly thereafter, Papandreou was accused of helping to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars by ordering state corporations to transfer their holdings to the Bank of Crete, where the interest was allegedly used to benefit the Socialist party. The combination of the bank corruption scandal, his public extramarital affair, and Greece's economic downturn caused Papandreou to lose favor with his citizens; he lost the election to the New Democratics.

In 1992 Papandreou was cleared of all connections to the Crete Bank financial scandal, whereupon he called for immediate general elections with the charge that the New Democratics' 1990 victory was achieved as the result of false accusations. Papandreou returned to power as prime minister in 1993 with the promise to bring stability and economic development to Greece.

In January 1996, after being hospitalized for two months for heart and lung problems, Papandreou resigned from office stating that the country could not be "incapacitated" by his illness. He ordered the Socialist party to immediately proceed to elect a new prime minister. He was succeeded by Costas Simitis, former industry minister. Papandreou died on June 23, 1996 of heart complications at his home in Greece. Papandreou was survived by his wife Diamitra, and his four children.

Further Reading

There is no biography or monographic study of this charismatic and controversial figure. Much information about his ideas and political activities may be gathered from Papandreou's own book Democracy at Gunpoint (1970), which is largely autobiographical. Also useful for the 1950s and 1960s is Keith Legg, Politics in Modern Greece (1969) and for the later period Richard Clogg, editor, Greece in the 1980s (1983). Two more recent studies are Roy C. Macridis, Greek Politics at a Crossroads - What Kind of Socialism (1984) and Zafiris Tzannatos, editor, Socialism in Greece (1986). Finally, the following studies shed considerable light on Greece and Papandreou: Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe G. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, editors, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Southern Europe (1986); Jed C. Snyder, Defending the Fringe. NATO, the Mediterranean, and the Persian Gulf (1987); Frances Nicholson and Roger East, From Six to Twelve: the Enlargement of the European Communities (1987); and Richard Pomfret, Mediterranean Policy of the European Community. A Study of Discrimination of Trade (1986). Also see the Websites http://www.gaepis.org/bnews/reuters1.html and http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9606/22/papandreou/.

Andreas Papandreou Greek: Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου
174th & 179th Prime Minister of Greece
In office 21 October 1981 – 2 July 1989
President	Konstantinos Karamanlis Christos Sartzetakis
Preceded by	George Rallis
Succeeded by	Tzannis Tzannetakis
In office 13 October 1993 – 17 January 1996
President	Konstantinos Karamanlis Konstantinos Stephanopoulos
Preceded by	Constantine Mitsotakis
Succeeded by	Costas Simitis
Leader of the Official Opposition
In office 28 November 1977 – 21 October 1981
Preceded by	George Zigdis
Succeeded by	George Rallis
In office 12 October 1989 – 23 November 1989
Preceded by	Constantine Mitsotakis
Succeeded by	All-Party Coalition Government
In office 11 April 1990 – 13 October 1993
Preceded by	All-Party Coalition Government
Succeeded by	Miltiadis Evert
President of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement
In office 3 September 1974 – 23 June 1996
Succeeded by	Costas Simitis
Born	5 February 1919(1919-02-05) Chios, North Aegean, Greece
Died	23 June 1996 (aged 77) Athens, Attica, Greece
Nationality	Greek
Political party	Panhellenic Socialist Movement
Spouse(s)	Christina Rasia (1941-1951) Margaret Papandreou (1951-1989) Dimitra Liani (1989-1996)
Relations	George Papandreou Sr. (father)
Children	George Papandreou Andreas Papandreou Nikos Papandreou Sofia Papandreou
Alma mater	National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Harvard University (M.A., Ph.D.)
Profession	Economist University professor Academic Member of Parliament Politician
Religion	Greek Orthodoxy
Website	Andreas G. Papandreou Foundation

Andreas Papandreou (Greek: Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου) (5 February 1919– 23 June 1996) was a Greek economist, a socialist politician and a dominant figure in Greek politics. He served two terms as Prime Minister of Greece (21 October 1981, to 2 July 1989, and 13 October 1993, to 22 January 1996). In 1999, Papandreou was posthumously awarded the Swedish Order of the Polar Star.

Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Political career 3 Economic policies 4 International politics 5 Legacy 6 Citations and notes 7 External links

Early life and career

Papandreou was born on the island of Chios, Greece, the son of the leading Greek liberal politician George Papandreou. His mother, born Zofia (Sofia) Mineyko, was half Polish. Before university, he attended Athens College a leading private school in Greece. He attended the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from 1937 till 1938 when, during the quasi-Fascist Metaxas dictatorship, he was arrested for purported Trotskyism. Following representations by his father, he was allowed to leave for the US.^[1]

In 1942, Papandreou enrolled at Harvard University, where he completed a doctorate in economics. In 1943, Papandreou joined America's war effort and volunteered for the US Navy where he served as a nurse at Bethesda Hospital for war wounded,^[2] and became a United States citizen. He returned to Harvard in 1946 and served as a lecturer and associate professor until 1947. He then held professorships at the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, the University of California, Berkeley (where he was chair of the Department of Economics), Stockholm University and York University in Toronto, Canada. In 1948, he entered into a relationship with University of Minnesota journalism student Margaret Chant.^[3] After Chant obtained a divorce and after his own divorce with Christina Rasia, his first wife, Papandreou and Chant were married in 1951. They had three sons and a daughter. Papandreou also had a daughter out of wedlock living in Sweden.^[4]

Political career

Papandreou returned to Greece in 1959, where he headed an economic development research program, by invitation of Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis. In 1960, he was appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors and General Director of the Athens Economic Research Center, and Advisor to the Bank of Greece. In 1963, his father George Papandreou, head of the Center Union, became Prime Minister of Greece. Andreas became his chief economic advisor. He renounced his American citizenship and was elected to the Greek Parliament in the Greek legislative election, 1964. He immediately became Minister to the First Ministry of State (in effect, assistant Prime Minister).

Papandreou took publicly a neutral stand on the Cold War and wished for Greece to be more independent from the USA. He also criticized the massive presence of American military and intelligence in Greece, and sought to remove senior officers with "anti-democratic tendencies" from the Greek military.

In 1965, while the "Aspida" conspiracy within the Army, alleged by the political opposition to involve Andreas personally, was being investigated, George Papandreou moved to fire the defense minister and assume the post himself. King Constantine refused to endorse this move and essentially forced George Papandreou's resignation. Greece entered a period of political polarisation and instability, which ended with the coup d'état of 21 April 1967.

When the Greek Colonels led by Georgios Papadopoulos seized power in April 1967, Andreas was incarcerated while his father George Papandreou was put under house arrest. George Papandreou, already at advanced age, died in 1968.Under American pressure, the military regime released Andreas on condition that he leave the country. Papandreou then moved to Sweden with his wife, four children, and mother. There he accepted a post at Stockholm University. In Paris, while in exile, Andreas Papandreou formed an "anti-dictatorship organization", the Panhellenic Liberation Movement (PAK), and toured the world rallying opposition to the Greek military regime. Despite his former American citizenship and academic career in the United States, Papandreou held the Central Intelligence Agency responsible for the 1967 coup and became increasingly critical of the U.S. Government.

Andreas Papandreou speaking in Greece, on September 3, 1974, when he announced the formation of a new political party and his proposal for the Principles of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement.^[5]

In the early 1970s, during the latter phase of the dictatorship in Greece, Papandreou, along with most leading Greek politicians, in exile or in Greece, opposed the process of political normalisation attempted by Georgios Papadopoulos and his appointed PM, Spyros Markezinis. In August 6, 1974, Andreas Papandreou called an extraordinary meeting of the National Congress of PAK in Winterthur, Switzerland, which decided its dissolution without announcing it publicly^[6].

Papandreou returned to Greece after the fall of the junta in 1974, during metapolitefsi, and formed a new "radical" party, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, or PASOK. Most of his former PAK companions, as well as members of other anti-dictatorial groups such as the Democratic Defense joined in the new party. He also testified in the first of the Greek Junta Trials about the alleged involvement of the junta with the CIA.

At that year's elections, PASOK received only 13.5% of the vote, but in 1977 it polled 25%, and Papandreou became Leader of the Opposition. At the 1981 elections, PASOK won a landslide victory over the conservative New Democracy Party, and Papandreou became Greece's first socialist Prime Minister.

In office, Papandreou backtracked from much of his campaign rhetoric and followed a more conventional approach. Greece did not withdraw from NATO, United States troops and military bases were not ordered out of Greece, and Greek membership in the European Economic Community continued. In domestic politics, Papandreou's government carried through sweeping reforms of social policy by expanding health care coverage (the "National Health System" was instituted), promoting state-subsidized tourism for lower-income families, and funding social establishments for the elderly. In a move strongly opposed by the Greek Orthodox Church, Papandreou introduced, for the first time in Greece, the process of civil marriage. Prior to the institution of civil marriages in Greece, the only legally recognized marriages were those conducted in the Greek Orthodox Church. Couples seeking a civil marriage had to get married outside Greece, generally in Italy. Also, under PASOK, the Greek State also appropriated real estate properties previously owned by the Church.

Papandreou introduced various reforms in the administration and curriculum of the Greek educational system, allowing students to participate in the election process for their professors and deans in the university, and abolishing tenure.

A major part of Papandreou's allagi (change) involved driving out the "old families" ("tzakia" literally: fireplaces using the traditional Greek expression for the genealogy of families), which allegedly influenced Greek politics from behind the scenes and belonged to the traditional Greek Right.

Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou on official visit with United States President William J. Clinton, Washington, April 1994. Dimitra Liani in the background

Papandreou was comfortably re-elected in 1985 with 46% of the vote, but, in the years to follow, his premiership became increasingly clouded by controversy and scandal. In 1989, he divorced his wife Margaret Papandreou and married Dimitra Liani, while in the same year he was indicted by Parliament in connection with a US$200 million Bank of Crete embezzlement scandal, and was accused of facilitating the embezzlement by ordering state corporations to transfer their holdings to the Bank of Crete, where the interest was allegedly skimmed off to benefit PASOK, and possibly some of its highest functionaries. Following the many repercussions of the so-called Koskotas scandal, the 1989 elections produced a deadlock, leading to a prolonged political crisis. Papandreou's PASOK's won 40% of the popular vote, compared to the rival New Democracy's 46%, and, due to changes made in electoral law one year before the elections by the then reigning PASOK administration, New Democracy was not able to form a government. In the wake of three consecutive elections between 1989 and 1990, the New Democracy leader, Constantine Mitsotakis, eventually received sufficient support to form a government. In January 1992, Papandreou himself was cleared of any wrongdoing in the Koskotas scandal after a 7-6 vote in the specially convened High Court trial, ordered by the Greek parliament, with the support of both main parties, New Democracy and PASOK.

Papandreou confounded his critics by winning the next general elections of October 1993 ; however, his fragile health kept him from exercising firm political leadership. He was hospitalized with advanced heart disease and kidney failure on 20 November 1995 and finally retired from office on 16 January 1996. He died on 23 June 1996, with his funeral procession producing an outpouring of public emotion.

Economic policies

The expenditure programme of the Papandreou government during 1981-1990 has been described as excessive.^[7] The massive expenditures were not accompanied by corresponding revenue increases and this led to increases in budget deficits and the public debt.^[7] Many economic indicators worsened during 1981-1990 and the economic policies of his government were widely regarded as a failure.^[8][9][10]

International politics

Papandreou was co-creator in 1982 and subsequently an active participant in a movement promoted by the Parliamentarians for Global Action, the Initiative of the Six, which included, besides the Greek PM, Mexico's president Miguel de la Madrid, Argentina's PM Raúl Alfonsín, Sweden's PM Olof Palme, Tanzania's president Julius Nyerere and India's Indira Gandhi^[11]. The movement's stated objective was the "promotion of peace and progress for all mankind". After various initiatives, mostly directed at pressuring the United States and the Soviet Union to stop nuclear testing and reduce the level of nuclear arms, it eventually disbanded^[12].

Papandreou's rhetoric was at times antagonistic to the United States.^[13] He was the first western prime minister to visit General Wojciech Jaruzelski in Poland.^[13] According to the Foreign Affairs magazine Papandreou went on record as saying that since the USSR is not a capitalist country "one cannot label it an imperialist power."^[13] According to Papandreou, "the Soviet Union represent[ed] a factor that restrict[ed] the expansion of capitalism and its imperialistic aims".^[13]

Papandreou supported the causes of various national liberation ^{[disambiguation needed]} movements in the world, and agreed for Greece to host representatives offices of many such organisations^[14]. He supported the cause of Palestinian liberation, met repeatedly with PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat and condemned Israeli policies in the occupied territories^[15].

Legacy

Papandreou's grave in the First Cemetery of Athens.

Papandreou exercised a more independent foreign policy elevating Greece's profile among non-aligned nations. He affirmed Greece's independence in setting her own policy agenda, both internally and externally, free from any foreign domination.

His opponents on the left, on the other hand, including the KKE, accused him of supporting, in practice, the agenda of NATO and the United States.

Papandreou's influence and the reforms of PASOK were instrumental to bringing Greece in line with the rest of Europe.

Andreas Papandreou is widely acknowledged as having shifted political power from the traditional conservative Greek Right, which had dominated Greek politics for decades, to a more populist and centre-left locus. Political forces which remained the so-called pariahs in politics as of the end of the Greek Civil War, were given a chance to prove themselves in democratically elected governments.^[16] This shift in the Greek political landscape helped heal old civil war wounds;^[16] Greece became more pluralistic, and more in line with the political system of other western European countries.^[16] Papandreou also systematically pursued inclusion ^{[disambiguation needed]}ist politics which ended the sociopolitical and economic exclusion of many social classes in the post-civil war era.^[16]

It is also acknowledged that Papandreou, along with Karamanlis, played a leading role in establishing Democracy in Greece during metapolitefsi.^[17] He is described as both prudent and a realist, despite his appearance as a leftist ideologue and charismatic orator.^[17] His choices to remain in the European Union and NATO, both of which he vehemently opposed for many years, proved his pragmatical approach.^[17] Even his approach of negotiating the removal of the US bases from Greece was diplomatic, because although it was agreed to remove them, some of the bases remained.^[17] His skillful handling of these difficult policies had the effect of providing common policy goals to the political forces of Greece.^[17]

Papandreou's successor in office, Costas Simitis, broke with a number of Papandreou's approaches.

Papandreou's son, George Papandreou, was elected leader of PASOK in February 2004 and Prime Minister during the October 2009 general elections. At the 2004 Greek elections, some PASOK followers, in political rallies, invoked Papandreou's legacy with the chant "Andrea, zis! Esi mas odigis!" ("Andreas, you are still alive! You're leading us!").

Citations and notes

1. ^ Papandreou Obituary The Independent 24 June 1996
2. ^ Andreas Papandreou Foundation retrieved 18 September 2007
3. ^ Phantis wiki
4. ^ To Vima newspaper, 11 September, 2006 (Greek)
5. ^ PASOK website, official history (Greek)
6. ^ To Vima newspaper, 11 July 1999(Greek)
7. ^ ^{a b} Review of the Greek Economy By Akis Haralambopoulos 1997
8. ^ New York Times Ailing Papandreou Resigns, Asking Quick Election of Successor By CELESTINE BOHLENP published: January 16, 1996 Quote: "But his economic policy was widely regarded as a failure that continues to cripple Greece's growth"
9. ^ The Bumpy Road to Convergence By Karl Aisinger Austrian Institute of Economic Research
10. ^ Peripherality and integration the experience of Greece as a member of the European Union By Velissaris Baliotas, Economist, Eurotechniki K.E.K., Volos, GREECE, 1997
11. ^ Macedonia newspaper, 24 June 1996(Greek)
12. ^ Peace Magazine, 1996
13. ^ ^{a b c d} Foreign Affairs magazine, Winter 1984/85
14. ^ N.Y.Times,December 17, 1981
15. ^ Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 3, No. 2, June 1999 "Greece and the Middle East", Ch.3
16. ^ ^{a b c d} Recent Social Trends in France, 1960-1990 Michel Forsé Quote: "The coming into office of PASOK signified both socially and politically the end of the post civil war era. Certainly this is true already for the period after the collapse of dictatorship (1974) but it is systematized by PASOK. Essentially this means that the forms of political and as such social and economic exclusion that had distinguished the post civil war times vanish for good." p. 13 ISBN 0773508872
    also Recent Social Trends in Greece, 1960-2000 By Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, Andromachi Hadjiyanni Translated by Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, Andromachi Hadjiyanni Contributor Dimitris Charalambis, Laura Maratou-Alipranti, Andromachi Hadjiyanni Published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 2004 ISBN 0773522026, ISBN 9780773522022 701 pages retrieved 15 August 2008
17. ^ ^{a b c d e} Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy Οι ηγετικοί ρόλοι του Κωνσταντίνου Καραμανλή και του Ανδρέα Παπανδρέου στη διαδικασία εδραίωσης της δημοκρατίας μετά το 1974 Κουλουμπής Θεόδωρος (Καθημερινή) 6 Νοεμβρίου 2005 Quote: "Το χρήσιμο συμπέρασμα, λοιπόν, σχετικά με τον Παπανδρέου είναι το εξής: ενώ ήταν ιδεολόγος και χαρισματικός ρήτορας αριστερού τύπου στην θεωρία, στην πράξη αποδείχθηκε συνετός και πραγματιστής. Και αυτό φαίνεται από τις επιλογές του να παραμείνει στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, που τόσο έντονα είχε αμφισβητήσει λίγα χρόνια νωρίτερα, και να παραμείνει στο ΝΑΤΟ που τόσο απόλυτα είχε καταδικάσει. Επίσης με πραγματιστικό τρόπο χειρίστηκε τις διαπραγματεύσεις για τις αμερικανικές βάσεις: δήθεν συμφωνήθηκε η «αποχώρηση» των βάσεων, αλλά οι βάσεις παρέμειναν. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο άνοιξε ο δρόμος της ταύτισης των μεγάλων πολιτικών δυνάμεων στον τόπο μας γύρω από ένα κοινό στρατηγικό στόχο" (In Greek)

External links

• The Andreas Papandreou Foundation
• Biography from pasok.gr(Greek)
• Tribute to Andreas Papandreou(Greek)

Political offices
Preceded by George Rallis	Prime Minister of Greece 1981– 1989	Succeeded by Tzannis Tzannetakis
Preceded by Constantine Mitsotakis	Prime Minister of Greece 1993– 1996	Succeeded by Costas Simitis
Party political offices
New political party	President of PASOK 1974– 1996	Succeeded by Costas Simitis

v • d • e Heads of government of Greece First Hellenic Republic (1822-1832) Mavrokordatos · Kanakaris · P. Mavromichalis · Kountouriotis · And. Zaimis · I. Kapodistrias · A. Kapodistrias Kingdom of Greece (1832-1924) Sp. Trikoupis · Mavrokordatos · Kolettis · von Armansperg · von Rundhart · King Otto · Mavrokordatos · King Otto · A. Metaxas · Kanaris · Mavrokordatos · Kolettis · Tzavelas · Kountouriotis · Kanaris · Kriezis · Kanaris · Mavrokordatos · D. Voulgaris · Miaoulis · Kolokotronis · D. Voulgaris · Moraitinis · Z. Valvis · Kyriakos · Rouphos · D. Voulgaris · Kanaris · Z. Valvis · Kanaris · Rouphos · Koumoundouros · Deligeorgis · Rouphos · D. Voulgaris · Koumoundouros · Moraitinis · D. Voulgaris · Thr. Zaimis · Deligeorgis · Koumoundouros · Thr. Zaimis · D. Voulgaris · Deligeorgis · D. Voulgaris · Ch. Trikoupis · Koumoundouros · Deligeorgis · Koumoundouros · Deligeorgis · Koumoundouros · Kanaris · Koumoundouros · Ch. Trikoupis · Koumoundouros · Ch. Trikoupis · Koumoundouros · Ch. Trikoupis · Theodoros Deligiannis · D. Valvis · Ch. Trikoupis · Th. Deligiannis · Konstantopoulos · Ch. Trikoupis · Sotiropoulos · Ch. Trikoupis · N. Deligiannis · Th. Deligiannis · D. Rallis · Al. Zaimis · G. Theotokis · Al. Zaimis · Th. Deligiannis · G. Theotokis · D. Rallis · G. Theotokis · Th. Deligiannis · D. Rallis · G. Theotokis · D. Rallis · K. Mavromichalis · Dragoumis · El. Venizelos · Gounaris · El. Venizelos · Al. Zaimis · Skouloudis · Al. Zaimis · Kalogeropoulos · El. Venizelos2 · Lambros · Al. Zaimis · El. Venizelos · D. Rallis · Kalogeropoulos · Gounaris · Stratos · Protopapadakis · Triantaphyllakos · Charalambis · Krokidas · Gonatas · El. Venizelos · Kafantaris Second Hellenic Republic (1924-1935) Papanastasiou · Sophoulis · Michalakopoulos · Pangalos1 · Eftaxias1 · Kondylis3 · Al. Zaimis · El. Venizelos · Papanastasiou · El. Venizelos · P. Tsaldaris · El. Venizelos · Othonaios3 · P. Tsaldaris · Kondylis1 Kingdom of Greece (1935-1967/74) Demertzis · I. Metaxas1 · Koryzis · Tsouderos2 · Tsolakoglou4 · Logothetopoulos4 · I. Rallis4 · Bakirtzis2 · S. Venizelos2 · Svolos2 · G. Papandreou (Sr.)2 · Plastiras · P. Voulgaris · Archbishop Damaskinos · Kanellopoulos · Sophoulis · Poulitsas3 · K. Tsaldaris · Maximos · K. Tsaldaris · Sophoulis · Vafiadis2 · Zachariadis2 · Partsalidis2 · Diomidis · I. Theotokis3 · S. Venizelos · Plastiras · S. Venizelos · Plastiras · Kiousopoulos3 · Papagos · K. Karamanlis (Sr.) · Georgakopoulos3 · K. Karamanlis (Sr.) · Dovas3 · K. Karamanlis (Sr.) · Pipinelis · Sty. Mavromichalis3 · G. Papandreou (Sr.) · Paraskevopoulos3 · G. Papandreou (Sr.) · Novas · Tsirimokos · Stephanopoulos · Paraskevopoulos3 · Kanellopoulos3 Military Junta (1967-1974) Kollias1 · Papadopoulos1 · Markezinis1 · Androutsopoulos1 Third Hellenic Republic (since 1974) K. Karamanlis (Sr.) · G. Rallis · A. Papandreou · Tzannetakis · Grivas3 · Zolotas · Mitsotakis · A. Papandreou · Simitis · K. Karamanlis (Jr.) · G. Papandreou (Jr.) 1Head of military/dictatorial government. 2Head of rival government not controlling Athens. 3Head of emergency or caretaker government. 4Head of collaborationist government during the Axis occupation (1941–44).

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