Anglophobe

Part of a series of articles on Discrimination
General forms
Ageism · Caste Classism · Racism Religious intolerance Reverse discrimination Sexism · Homophobia Speciesism  · Xenophobia
Specific forms
Social Ableism · Adultism · Biphobia Anti-homelessness · Elitism Ephebiphobia · Eugenics Gerontophobia · Heightism Heterophobia · Heterosexism Homophobia · Lesbophobia Lookism · Mentalism Misandry · Misogyny Pediaphobia Sizeism · Transphobia Ethnic Albanian · American · Arab · Armenian Blacks · Canadian · Catalan Chinese · English · European · French German · Igbo · Indian · Iranian · Irish Italian · Japanese · Jewish · Korean Malay · Mexican · Native Americans Polish · Portuguese · Quebec · Roma Romanian · Russian · Scottish Serbian · Spanish · Turkish · Ukrainian · Whites Religious Atheism · Bahá'í · Catholicism Christianity · Hinduism · Judaism Mormonism · Islam · Neopaganism Protestantism New religious movements Shi'a Islam
Manifestations
Blood libel · Ethnic cleansing Ethnocide · Gendercide Genocide (examples) Hate crime · Hate speech Lynching · Pogrom Racial disappearance · Race war Religious persecution · Slavery
Movements
Discriminatory Aryanism · Hate groups · Ku Klux Klan Neo-Nazism · American Nazi Party South African National Party Supremacism · Black supremacy  · White supremacy Anti-discriminatory Autistic rights · Abolitionism Children's rights · Civil rights · Consumer/Survivor/Ex-Patient Movement · Disability rights (Inclusion) Father's rights · Feminism · LGBT rights Masculism · Men's rights · Mother's rights Women's rights · Women's / Universal suffrage · Youth rights
Policies
Discriminatory Racial/Religious/Sex segregation Apartheid · Group rights · Redlining Internment · Ethnocracy Numerus clausus · Ghetto benches Affirmative action Anti-discriminatory Emancipation · Civil rights Desegregation · Integration Equal opportunity · Gender equality Counter-discriminatory All-women shortlists Affirmative action · Group rights Racial quota · Reservation (India) Reparation · Forced busing (US) Employment equity (Canada) Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)
Other forms
Adultcentrism · Androcentrism · Anthropocentrism · Colorism · Cronyism · Ethnocentrism · Economic · Genism · Gynocentrism Linguicism · Nepotism · Triumphalism
Related topics
Bigotry · Diversity · Eugenics · Eurocentrism Multiculturalism · Oppression Political correctness · Prejudice Stereotype · Tolerance
Discrimination portal This box: view • talk • edit

Anglophobia (from Latin Anglus "English" + Greek φόβος -phobos, "fear") means hatred or fear of England or the English people.^[1]

The term is sometimes used to refer to general Anti-British sentiment.^[1]

Within the United Kingdom

In his essay "Notes on Nationalism", written in May 1945 and published in the first issue of the intellectual magazine Polemic (October 1945), George Orwell wrote, 'Welsh, Irish and Scottish nationalism have points of difference but are alike in their anti-English orientation.'.^[2]

Scotland

A 2005 study by Hussain and Millar of the Department of Politics at the University of Glasgow examined the prevalence of Anglophobia in relation to Islamophobia in Scotland. One finding of the report suggested that national ‘phobias’ have common roots independent of the nations they are directed toward. The study states that:

Scottish identity comes close to rivalling low levels of education as an influence towards Anglophobia. Beyond that, having an English friend reduces Anglophobia by about as much as having a Muslim friend reduces Islamophobia. And lack of knowledge about Islam probably indicates a broader rejection of the ‘other’, for it has as much impact on Anglophobia as on Islamophobia.^[3]

Hussain and Millar's study found that Anglophobia was slightly less prevalent than Islamophobia, but that while Anglophobia was correlated with Scottish identity, this was not a significant factor in Islamophobia. However, the study goes on to say: "Few of the English (only 16 percent) see conflict between Scots and English as even 'fairly serious'".

In 1999 an Inspector and race relations officer with Lothian and Borders Police said that a correlation had been noticed between the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and anti-English incidents.^[4] However, Hussain and Millar's research suggested that Anglophobia had fallen slightly since the introduction of devolution.

One person was assaulted, allegedly for having an English accent while in Scotland.^[5] Similar cases have been connected with major football matches and tournaments, particularly international tournaments where the English and Scottish football teams often compete with each other.^[6][7][8][9]

Wales

Anglophobia has existed in Wales to some extent since the establishment of England, and vice versa.^{[citation needed]} The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 also known as the "Acts of Union", passed by the Parliament of England, annexed Wales to the Kingdom of England, and replaced the Welsh language and Welsh law with the English language and English law. In particular, Section 20 of the 1535 Act made English the only language of the law courts and stated that those who used Welsh would not be appointed to any public office in Wales. An effect of this language clause was to lay the foundation for creating a thoroughly Anglicised ruling class of landed gentry in Wales, which would have many consequences.^{[citation needed]} Throughout the centuries with the suppression of the Welsh language in almost every public sphere, including in schools with the use of the Welsh Not, the Welsh speaking population was gradually Anglicised and reduced to a linguistic minority of roughly 20 percent of the total population of Wales today.

Concerns over the decline of the Welsh language and its historical proscription, and in recent years the cultural impact of English immigration, have contributed to anti-English sentiment in Wales. From 1979-1994, the Welsh militant group Meibion Glyndŵr (English: the Sons of (Owain) Glyndŵr), motivated by cultural and economic concerns, firebombed 300 English-owned second homes in Wales and attempted arson against several estate agents in Wales and England, and against the offices of the Conservative Party in London.^[10][10][11]

In 2000, the Chairman of Swansea Bay Race Equality Council said that "Devolution has brought a definite increase in anti-English behaviour" citing three women who believed that they were being discriminated against in their careers because they could not speak Welsh.^[12] Author Simon Brooks recommended that English-owned homes in Wales be "peacefully occupied".^[10] In 2001 Dafydd Elis-Thomas, a former leader of Plaid Cymru, said that there was an anti-English strand to Welsh nationalism.^[13]

Northern Ireland

Outside the United Kingdom

"Roastbeef" (or "rosbif") is a long standing Anglophobe French slang term to designate the English or British people. Its origins lies in William Hogarth's francophobic painting The Gate of Calais or O! The Roast Beef of Old England, in which the roastbeef allegory is used as a mockery. Its popular use includes movies, TV shows and sketch comedies.

Ireland

In August 2008 a English pipefitter based in Dublin was awarded €20,000 for the racial abuse and discrimination he received at his workplace.^[14]

France

After the Norman conquest in 1066, French replaced English as the official language of England. However, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Plantagenet kings of England lost most of their possessions in France, began to consider England to be their primary domain, and turned to the English language. King Edward I, when issuing writs for summoning parliament in 1295, claimed that the King of France planned to invade England and extinguish the English language, "a truly detestable plan which may God avert".^[15][16] In 1338, Philip VI of France authored the Ordinance of Normandy, which again called for the destruction and elimination of the English nation and language. The so-called Hundred Years War (1337-1453) between England and France changed societies on both sides of the Channel.

The English and French were engaged in numerous wars in the following centuries. England's ongoing conflict with Scotland provided France with an opportunity to destabilise England, and there was a firm friendship (known as the Auld Alliance) between France and Scotland from the late-thirteenth century to the mid-sixteenth century. The alliance eventually foundered because of growing Protestantism in Scotland. Opposition to Protestantism became a major feature of later French Anglophobia (and conversely, fear of Catholicism was a hallmark of Francophobia). Antipathy and intermittent hostilities between France and Britain, as distinct from England, continued during later centuries. The two countries frequently made stereotypical jokes about each other.

United States

The Irish-American community in the United States has historically shown antipathy towards the English in particular.^[17] The film industry is widely perceived to give an English nationality to a disproportionate number of villains.^[18] Lyndon LaRouche, a perennial candidate for U.S. President and a movement leader known for theories of conspiracies, has been called the "most illustrious" Anglophobe in American politics.^[19]

Australia and New Zealand

"Pommy" or "Pom" (derived from "pomegranate", rhyming slang for "immigrant") is a common Australasian slang word for the English, often combined with 'whing[e]ing' (complaining) to make the expression 'whingeing Pom' - an English immigrant who stereotypically complains about everything. Although the term is sometimes applied to British immigrants generally, it is usually applied specifically to the English.^[20] From the 19th century onwards, there were feelings among established Australians that many immigrants from England were poorly skilled, unwanted by their home country, and unappreciative of the benefits of their new country.^[21] In recent years, complaints about two newspaper articles blaming English tourists for littering a local beach, and headed "Filthy Poms" and "Poms fill the summer of our discontent", were accepted as complaints and settled through conciliation by the Australian Human Rights Commission when the newspapers published apologies. However, letters and articles which referred to English people as "Poms" or "Pommies" did not meet the threshold for racial hatred.^[22] In 2007 a complaint to Australia's Advertising Standards Bureau about a television commercial using the term 'Pom' was upheld and the commercial was withdrawn.^[23]

See also

• Englishry
• West Lothian question
• English nationalism
• Perfidious Albion
• List of phobias
• Anglophilia
• The Evil Empire: 101 Ways That England Ruined the World

References