Antananarivo

Antananarivo Tananarive
Antananarivo at sunset, March 2005
Nickname(s): Tana
Location of Antananarivo in Madagascar
Country	Madagascar
Founded	1625
Government
- Mayor	disputed
Area
- Water	88 km2 (34 sq mi)
Elevation	1,276 m (4,186 ft)
Population (2001 estimate)
- City	903,450
- Density	10,266.5/km2 (26,590.1/sq mi)
- Urban	1,403,449
Time zone	East African Time (GMT+3)

Antananarivo (pronounced /ˌtəˌnænəˈriːv/ or /ˌtəˌnɑːnəˈriːv/, French: Tananarive) is the capital and largest city in Madagascar. It is also known by its French colonial shorthand form Tana.

The larger urban area surrounding the city, known as Antananarivo-Renivohitra ("Antananarivo-Capital"), is the capital of the Analamanga region and of the Antananarivo autonomous province.

Location

Antananarivo is situated in the center of the island length-wise, and 145 km (90 miles) away from the eastern coast. The city occupies a commanding position, being built on the summit and slopes of a long and narrow rocky ridge, which extends north and south for about 4 km (2 mi) and rising at its highest point to about 200 m (660 ft) above the extensive rice plain to the west, although the town is at about 1,275 m (4,183 ft) above sea level. It is Madagascar's largest city and is its administrative, communications, and economic center. The city is located 215 km (134 mi) west-southwest of Toamasina, the principal seaport of the island, with which it is connected by railway, and for about 100 km (62 mi) along the coastal lagoons.

Antananarivo is served by Ivato Airport.

History

Queen's Palace, Rova of Antananarivo (1898)

A theater in Antananarivo around 1905

Unlike most capital cities in southern Africa, Antananarivo was already a major city before the colonial era. The city was founded circa 1625 by King Andrianjaka and takes its name (the City of the Thousand) from the number of soldiers assigned to guard it. For many years it was the principal village of the Hova chiefs and gained importance as those chiefs made themselves sovereigns of the greater part of Madagascar, eventually becoming a town of some 80,000 inhabitants.

In 1793 Antananarivo was made the capital of the Merina kings. The conquests of King Radama I made it the capital of almost all of Madagascar. The royal residence of the monarchs was set up at the Rova of Antananarivo. Until 1869 all buildings within the city proper were of wood or rushes, but even then it possessed several timber palaces of considerable size, the largest being 120 ft (37 m) high. These crown the summit of the central portion of the ridge; and the largest palace, with its lofty roof and towers, is the most conspicuous object from every point of view.

Since the introduction of stone and brick, the entire city has been rebuilt and now contains numerous European-style structures, including the royal palaces, the houses formerly belonging to the prime minister and nobles, the French residency, the Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, and several stone churches. Museum of Ethnology and Paleontology is located in the city.

Present day

A busy street in Antananarivo

The city was captured by the French in 1895 and incorporated into their Madagascar protectorate. After the French conquest of Madagascar when the city had a population of some 100,000, it was extensively remodelled as the population grew to 175,000 by 1950. Roads were constructed throughout the city, broad flights of steps connecting places too steep for the formation of carriage roads, and the central space, called Andohalo, was enhanced with walks, terraces, flower-beds and trees. Water, previously obtained from springs at the foot of the hill, was brought from the Ikopa River, which skirts the capital to the south and west.

After independence in 1960 the pace of growth increased rapidly. The city's population reached 1.4 million by the end of the 20th century. Industries include food products, cigarettes, and textiles.

The city is guarded by two forts built on hills to the east. Including an Anglican and a Roman Catholic cathedral, there are more than 5,000 churches in the city and its suburbs, built in 2008. Antananarivo hosts a campus of the University of Madagascar and the Collège Rural d'Ambatobe. Ivato Airport serves the city with several regional routes and flights to and from Paris, Johannesburg and Nairobi among other cities.

Michele Ratsivalaka^[1] succeeded Andry Rajoelina as mayor, who replaced Marc Ravalomanana as president during the 2009 Malagasy political crisis.

Climate

Antananarivo has a temperate climate. Under the Koppen climate classification, Antananarivo features a Subtropical highland climate. Owing to its high elevation of 1,300 meters to 1,400 meters above sea level, the city is known for its mild climate. Antananarivo receives practically all of its average annual 1.400 millimeters (55 in) of rainfall between November and April. The dry season is pleasant and sunny, although somewhat chilly, especially during the nights, and in the mornings and evenings. Although frosts are rare in Antananarivo, they are common at higher elevations. Antanarivo seldom exceeds 26 degrees Celsius even during the warmest part of the year.

Sister cities

Antananarivo seen from the North-East

• Yerevan, Armenia
• Suzhou, China
• Seattle, USA
• Fontenay-aux-Roses, France

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• FallingRain Map - elevation = 1288m (Red dots are railways)

Gallery

Anosy lake	The upper city	Houses	Monument to the soldiers who died for France
Antananarivo	Staircases leading to the Independence square	Independence avenue	Independence avenue

External links

Africa portal

• Antananarivo Renivohitra Official website.
• Keelonga, keelonga is an organisation dedicated to assisting rural primary schools with infrastructures and teachers

Coordinates: 18°56′S 47°31′E / 18.933°S 47.517°E / -18.933; 47.517