"Mad" Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 -
December 15, 1796), was a United States Army general and statesman. Wayne adopted a military career at the outset of the
American Revolutionary War, where his military exploits and fiery personality
quickly earned him a promotion to the rank of brigadier general and the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony."
Early life
Wayne was born to Isaac Wayne in Easttown Township, Chester County,
Pennsylvania, near present-day Paoli, and
educated as a surveyor at his uncle's private academy in Philadelphia. He
was sent by Benjamin Franklin and some associates to work for a year surveying land
they owned in Nova Scotia, after which he returned to work in his father's tannery, while
continuing his surveying. He became a leader in Chester County and served in the Pennsylvania legislature in 1774-1780.
American Revolution
At the onset of the war in 1775, Wayne raised a militia and, in 1776, became colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania troops. He and his regiment were part of the Continental Army's unsuccessful invasion of Canada,
during which he commanded the distressed forces at Fort Ticonderoga. His service
resulted in the promotion to brigadier general on February 21, 1777.
Later, he commanded the Pennsylvania line at Brandywine, Paoli, and Germantown. After winter quarters at
Valley Forge, he led the American attack at the Battle
of Monmouth. During this last battle, Wayne's forces were pinned down by a numerically superior British force, and was
abandoned by General Lee. However, Wayne held out until relieved by reinforcements sent by Washington. This scenario would play
out again years later, in the Southern campaign.
The highlight of Wayne's Revolutionary War service was probably his victory at Stony
Point. On July 15, 1779, in a nighttime, bayonets-only
assault lasting thirty minutes, light infantry commanded by Wayne overcame
British fortifications at Stony
Point, a cliffside redoubt commanding the southern Hudson
River. The success of this operation provided a boost to the morale of an army which had at that time suffered a series of
military defeats. Congress awarded him a medal for the victory.
Subsequent victories at West Point and Green Spring in Virginia, increased his popular reputation as a bold commander. After the British
surrendered at Yorktown, he went further south and severed the British alliance with
Native American tribes in Georgia. He then negotiated peace treaties with both the Creek
and the Cherokee, for which Georgia rewarded him with the gift of a large rice plantation. He
was promoted to major general on October 10,
1783.
Political career
After the war, Wayne returned to Pennsylvania and served in the state legislature for a
year in 1784. He then moved to Georgia and settled upon the tract of land granted him by that state for his military service. He
was a delegate to the state convention which ratified the Constitution in
1788.
In 1791, he served a year in the Second United States Congress as a
U.S. Representative of Georgia but lost his seat during a debate over his residency qualifications and declined running
for re-election in 1792. United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results confirms the seat was
declared vacant on March 21, 1792.
Northwest Indian War
President George Washington recalled Wayne from civilian life in order to lead an
expedition in the Northwest Indian War, which up to that point had been a disaster
for the United States. Many American Indians in the
Northwest Territory had sided with the British in the Revolutionary War. In the
Treaty of Paris (1783) that had ended the conflict, the British had ceded this
land to the United States. The Indians, however, had not been consulted, and resisted annexation of the area by the United
States. A confederation of Miami, Shawnee, Delaware (Lenape), and Wyandot Indians achieved major victories over U.S. forces
in 1790 and 1791 under the leadership of Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Little Turtle of the Miamis. They were encouraged (and supplied) by the British, who had refused to
evacuate British fortifications in the region, as called for in the Treaty of Paris.
Washington placed Wayne in command of a newly-formed
military force called the "Legion of the United States." Wayne established a
basic training facility at Legionville to prepare professional soldiers for his force. He
then dispatched a force to Ohio to establish Fort
Recovery as a base of operations.
Chief Little Turtle, presumed leader of the Native American coalition, warned that General Wayne "never sleeps" and that
defeat by him was inevitable. He counseled negotiation rather than battle. Perhaps for this reason, Blue Jacket was chosen to
lead the Native warriors in battle. On August 20, 1794, Wayne
mounted an assault on Blue Jacket's confederacy at the Battle of Fallen
Timbers, in modern Maumee, Ohio (just south of present-day Toledo), which was a decisive victory for the U.S. forces, ending the war. Although a relatively small
skirmish, many warriors were disheartened and abandoned the camp. Soon after, the British abandoned their Northwest Territory
forts in the Jay Treaty. Wayne then negotiated the Treaty of Greenville between the tribal confederacy and the United States, which was signed on
August 3, 1795.
Wayne died of complications from gout during a return trip to Pennsylvania from a military post
in Detroit, and was buried at Fort Presque Isle (now Erie, Pennsylvania). His body was disinterred in 1809 and, after boiling the body to remove the
remaining flesh where the modern Wayne Blockhouse stands, was relocated to the family plot in St. David’s Episcopal Church
Cemetery in Radnor, Pennsylvania. A legend says that many bones were lost along the
roadway that encompasses much of modern PA-322, and that every January 1st (Wayne's birthday), his ghost wanders the highway
searching for his lost bones.
Legacy
Wayne's was the first attempt to provide basic training for regular Army recruits
and Legionville was the first facility established expressly for this purpose.
The war was procured due to Wayne's military successes against the tribal confederacy and gave most of what is now Ohio to the
United States, and cleared the way for that state to enter the Union in 1803.
Although it is often attributed to his recklessness and daring in battle, General Wayne received the nickname "Mad Anthony"
because he was struck in the skull by a musket ball during the Battle of Stony Point in 1779. Military surgeon Absalom Baird
removed the broken fragmants of his skull and replaced them with a steel plate in an operation called a cranioplasty which was pioneered by Meekeren in the 17th century. A side
effect of the operation was occasional epileptic-like seizures which would cause Wayne to fall on the ground spastically and foam
at the mouth. Hence the nickname.
George Washington, despite his lax position on foreign entanglements, considered General "Mad Anthony" Wayne as a last resort
for the "Indian Problem".
Anthony Wayne was the father of Isaac Wayne, United States Representative from
Pennsylvania.
Places, institutions, etc. named for Wayne
There are many political jurisdictions and institutions named after Wayne, especially in Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana, the
region where he fought many of his battles. A small sample:
- Counties, cities, towns, communities, rivers
- Wayne County, Kentucky
- Wayne County, Pennsylvania
- Wayne County, Georgia
- Wayne County, Illinois
- Wayne County, Indiana
- Wayne County, Michigan
- Wayne County, Missouri
- Wayne County, Nebraska
- Wayne County, North Carolina
- Wayne County, New York
- Wayne County, Ohio
- Wayne County, West Virginia
- Wayne City, Illinois
- The Town of Waynesville, North Carolina
- The Town of Waynesville, Missouri
- The City of Waynesboro, Georgia
- The City of Fort Wayne, Indiana
- The City of Wayne, Michigan
- The City of Wayne, Nebraska
- The City of Waynesboro, Virginia
- The City of Waynesburg, Pennsylvania
- The City of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania
- The Village of Waynesfield, Ohio
- The Village of Wayne, Illinois
- The community of Wayne, Pennsylvania
- The former Wayne Township, Montgomery County, Ohio (now the City of Huber
Heights)
- The Village of Waynesville, Ohio
- Wayne Township, New Jersey
- the former Mad River Township and Mad River Township Local School District (now Riverside,
Ohio)
- the Mad River, a tributary of the Great Miami River, Dayton, Ohio
- Wayne National Forest in Ohio
- Businesses, schools, structures
- Anthony Wayne Elementary School in Defiance, Ohio
- Fort Wayne in Fort Wayne, Indiana
- Fort Wayne in Detroit, Michigan
- Anthony Wayne Recreation Area in Harriman State
Park, New York
- Anthony Wayne Suspension Bridge near downtown Toledo,
Ohio
- Anthony Wayne Trail, in Toledo, Ohio
- Wayne High School in Fort Wayne
- Anthony Wayne School District in
Whitehouse, Ohio, whose high stepping marching band is known as the Generals.
- The Anthony Wayne Movie Theater in Wayne, Pennsylvania
- The former Anthony Wayne Bank in Fort Wayne
- Wayne State College, Wayne,
Nebraska
- Wayne State University, Detroit
- Wayne High School, Huber Heights,
Ohio
- Waynesfield-Goshen Schools, Waynesfield, Ohio
- Wayne Middle School Erie, Pennsylvania
- Anthony Wayne Drive, in Detroit, Michigan
- Anthony Wayne Middle School, in Wayne, New Jersey
- Anthony Wayne Restaurant, defunct, in Wayne, New Jersey
- (Anthony)Wayne Avenue, Ticonderoga, NY
- Anthony Wayne Avenue in Cincinnati, Ohio
- North & Souh Wayne Avenues in Lockland, Ohio
- Anthony Wayne Barber Shop in Maumee, Ohio
- General Wayne Elementary School, in Paoli, Pennsylvania
- Mad Anthony Ale, a product of the Erie Brewing Company
- Wayne Corporation defunct school bus
manufacturer, originally Wayne Agricultural Works, then Wayne Works
- AWS, formerly Anthony Wayne
Rehabilitation Center for the Handicapped and Blind, Inc. in Fort Wayne IN
- General Wayne Inn in Merion,
Pennsylvania
- Major General Anthony Wayne, US Army tug based at Southampton, UK
- The Fort Wayne Mad Ants, a basketball team
in the NBA Development League-The city (Fort Wayne, Indiana) is named in his
honor, and the nickname (Mad Ants), in addition to winning the name-the-team contest, is a salute to his nickname ("Mad
Anthony")
Popular culture
Wayne's legacy has extended to American popular culture in the following ways:
- Actor Marion Robert Morrison was initially given the stage name of Anthony Wayne, after the general, by Raoul Walsh who
directed The Big Trail (1930), but Fox Studios changed it to John Wayne, instead. John
Wayne was leading man in 142 of his 153 movies, more than any other actor.
- Comic book writer Bill Finger named Batman's
alter ego, Bruce Wayne, after the general. In at least some versions of the DC continuity, Gen. Wayne is depicted as Bruce's
ancestor.
- In The Catcher in the Rye, Mr. Spencer, one of the teachers at
fictitious Pencey Prep , lives across the street from campus on "Anthony Wayne Avenue."
- Anthony Wayne is one of the main characters in Ann Rinaldi's historical novel
A Ride into Morning.
- The Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne, a side-wheel steamboat, sank in April 1850 in Lake Erie while en route from the Toledo area to Buffalo, New York. 38 out of 93 passengers and
crew on board died. On June 21, 2007, it was announced that it was rediscovered by Thomas Kowalczk, an amateur shipwreck
hunter.
- Mad Anthony is a rock band out of Cincinnati, Ohio. (www.myspace.com/madanthonyband)
- NASCAR driver Tony Stewart is named Anthony Wayne Stewart.
- The Fort Wayne NBA Development team (basketball) is called the Fort Wayne Mad Ants.
- A beer named after him by the Erie Brewing Company 'Mad Anthony's Ale'
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External links
References
- United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results, by Michael J. Dubin (McFarland and Company,
1998)
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