Antakya

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(än-täk') pronunciation also An·ti·och (ăn'tē-ŏk')

A city of southern Turkey on the Orontes River near the Mediterranean Sea. Founded c. 300 B.C. by Seleucus I, it was an important military and commercial center in the Roman era and an early center of Christianity. Population: 144,000.


City (pop., 2000: 144,910), south-central Turkey. Founded in 300 by the Seleucid dynasty, Antioch was the centre of the Seleucid power until 64 , when it became the capital of the province of Syria under the Roman Republic and Empire. An early centre of Christianity, the city was the headquarters of St. Paul 4755. Despite being briefly occupied by the Persians in the 6th and 7th centuries, it remained part of the Byzantine Empire until the Arab invasion of the 7th century. Thereafter it returned to Byzantine rule (969) and was seized by the Turkish Seljq dynasty (1084) before being captured by the Crusaders in 1098. ( Crusades.) From 1268 it was ruled by the Mamlk dynasty, and it was absorbed by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. The city remained under their control until after World War I (191418), when it was transferred to Syria. It was made part of the Republic of Turkey in 1939. The economy of the modern town is based on agriculture and light manufacturing.

For more information on Antioch, visit Britannica.com.

1. Antioch of Pisidia (sometimes referred to as Pisidian Antioch) in southwest Asia in the border zone between Pisidia and Phrygia. The ruins of ancient Antioch are located near Yalvac in modern Turkey. The city was founded by Seleucus I c. 301 B.C. Under Roman rule it became a free city (188 B.C.), and was later incorporated into the Roman province of Galatia (c. 25 B.C.). It was on the trade route between Ephesus and Cilicia. Apart from the Greek-speaking inhabitants and Roman colonists, Antioch contained a large Jewish community.

Paul and Barnabas visited the city twice on their missionary journeys and Paul preached in the synagogue (Acts 13:14-44). The interest aroused angered the Jewish leaders who had them expelled from the city (Acts 13:45-52). In his Second Epistle to Timothy, Paul recalls his persecution at Antioch (II Tim 3:11).

2. Antioch on the Orontes in Syria, modern Antakya (Hatay). The city was founded by Seleucus I in 300 B.C. and like Antioch of Pisidia, he named it after his father, Antiochus. It became the capital of the Seleucids who developed it lavishly. The city was about 16 miles (26 km) from the sea. Seleucia, at the mouth of the Orontes River, founded at the same time, was its port. The original population consisted of Macedonian and Athenian settlers. Josephus writes that the Seleucids encouraged Jews to settle in Antioch and gave them full citizen rights, thus establishing a sizeable Jewish population. Antioch's economy was based on its fertile hinterland and on commerce. It rose to be the third great city of the Roman empire after Rome and Alexandria. Pompey made it the capital of the new province of Syria in 64 B.C.

The first mention of Antioch in the Bible is in connection with a certain Nicolas of Antioch, a proselyte, who became a Christian and was at Jerusalem at the time of Stephen's martyrdom (Acts 6:5). Following Stephen's death and the persecution of Christians in Jerusalem, some of the disciples were scattered as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus and Antioch, preaching to Jews (Acts 11:19). In Antioch, they also began preaching to "Hellenists" ("Greeks", i.e., most likely Gentiles interested in Judaism). When the Christian congregation in Jerusalem heard that many people were becoming believers of Christ in Antioch, they dispatched Barnabas, who seeing the great interest shown there, brought Paul from Tarsus to help. Paul and Barnabas stayed there a whole year, making many converts. The disciples were first called "Christians" in Antioch (Acts 11:21-26). When the congregation heard of the famine which occurred at the time of the emperor Claudius c. A.D. 46, as predicted by Agabus, they generously sent financial aid to their brethren in Jerusalem through paul and Barnabas (Acts 11:27-30).

Paul's second missionary journey began from Antioch and ended there (Acts 18:22). Christianity made great progress in Antioch and the city rivaled Jerusalem as its center. Its great importance to Christianity comes from the fact that here the first Gentile church was founded.

Concordance
ANTIOCH 1: Acts 13:14; 14:19, 21, 26. II Tim 3:11
ANTIOCH 2: Acts 6:5; 11:19-20, 22,26-27; 13:1; 15:22-23, 30,35; 18:22. Gal 2:11


[ʹæntē͵äk]

City in S Turkey, near the Syrian border. Population: 123,871. Antioch was the ancient capital of Syria under the Seleucid kings, who founded it. Turkish name Antakya.

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Antioch (ăn'tēŏk') or Antakya (äntäk'), city (1990 pop. 124,443), capital of Hatay prov., S Turkey, on the Orontes (Asi) River, near the Mediterranean Sea, at the foot of Mt. Silpius. Antioch is the trade center for a region where grains, cotton, grapes, olives, and vegetables are grown. The city's manufactures include processed foods, textiles, and leather goods. There is an archaeological museum.

Modern Antioch occupies only a fraction of the area of the ancient city, most of which is buried under alluvial deposits. Important archaeological finds in the area include the Great Chalice of Antioch (see chalice), said by some to be the Holy Grail, and, at Daphne, an ancient suburban resort, splendid Roman mosaics (1st-6th cent. A.D.), mostly copies of lost paintings and held to represent the height of mosaic art.

History

The city was founded c.300 B.C. by Seleucus I, king of Syria, and named for his father Antiochus, a Macedonian general. Situated at the crossing of north-south and east-west trade routes, the city soon became a rich commercial center. Antioch was occupied by Pompey in 64 B.C. and quickly became an important Roman military, commercial, and cultural center. The Romans built great temples, a forum, a theater, baths, aqueducts, and other public buildings. The two main streets, at right angles to each other, were lined with marble colonnades and adorned with temples, palaces, and statues.

Antioch was an early center of Christianity; Peter and Paul preached there. It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first called Christians after they severed themselves from the synagogue about 20 years after Jesus' death. Antioch is one of the three original patriarchates (see patriarch). Aurelian, who recovered the city from Shapur I of Persia, erected (3d cent.) more magnificent buildings and churches. The city played a significant role in the theological controversies of the early Christian church (see Christianity). St. John Chrysostom estimated its population (4th cent.) at 200,000, excluding children and slaves.

In 526 the city suffered a severe earthquake. It was again captured by Persia in 540 and taken by the Arabs in 637. Nicephorus II reconquered it (969) for the Byzantine Empire, but in 1085 it fell, through treason, to the Seljuk Turks. The army of the First Crusade (see Crusades) captured Antioch in 1098 after a half-year siege. Bohemond I was made prince of Antioch. His principality, which extended from Iskenderun (Alexandretta) southward beyond Latakia, was one of the most powerful of the Crusaders' states. In 1268 the Mamluks captured and sacked the city; it was further damaged by Timur in 1401.

In 1516 Antioch, by then much reduced in importance, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. The city was held (1832-40) by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and in 1872 it was badly damaged by an earthquake. After World War I, Antioch was held as part of French Syria under a League of Nations mandate. In 1939 it was restored to Turkey.


Ancient Antioch and capital of Hatay province, Turkey.

Antakya (Antioch in English) was the capital of Hellenistic and Roman Syria and remained an important commercial, cultural, manufacturing, political, and religious center for more than a thousand years, until it was looted and destroyed by Mamluk armies in 1268. The city never recovered from this devastation, although after it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 it reemerged as an important regional trade center. French forces occupied Antakya in 1918 and subsequently incorporated it as part of the French mandate of Syria on the grounds that its population was largely Arab Christian and Armenian rather than Turkish. The Republic of Turkey contested this action, and for several years the status of Antakya and nearby Alexandretta was a source of tension in Franco-Turkish relations. In 1939, France, against the wishes of Syrian nationalist politicians in Damascus, ceded Antakya back to Turkey, a move that prompted most of the city's Armenian population to depart.

Antakya has grown rapidly since 1950 and is a prosperous commercial center for Turkey's southernmost province of Hatay. It has a well-known archaeological museum and the extensive ruins of its ancient walls, as well as its old churches, are important tourist attractions. In 2000, the city's population of approximately 175,000 was diverse, both ethnically (Arabs, Kurds, and Turks) and religiously (Alevis, Christians, and Sunni Muslims).

Bibliography

Sansal, Burak. "Hatay (Antioch)." Available from http://www.allaboutturkey.com/hatay.htm.

— ERIC HOOGLUND

Antakya
Antakya is located in Turkey
Antakya
Location of Antakya within Turkey.
Coordinates: 36°12′N 36°09′E / 36.2°N 36.15°E / 36.2; 36.15Coordinates: 36°12′N 36°09′E / 36.2°N 36.15°E / 36.2; 36.15
Country  Turkey
Region Mediterranean
Province Hatay
Elevation 67 m (220 ft)
Population 2008
 • Total 213,581
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 31
Area code(s) (0)326
Licence plate 31

Antakya (Arabic: انطاكية‎, Anṭākyä from Syriac: ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ, Anṭiokia; Greek: Ἀντιόχεια, Antiókheia or Antiócheia) is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern Turkey, near the border with Syria. The mayor is Lütfü Savaş.

Known as Antioch in ancient times, the city has historical significance for Christianity, as it was the place where the followers of Jesus Christ were called Christians for the first time. The city and its massive walls also played an important role during the Crusades.

Contents

History

Antiquity

Antioch has been occupied by humans since the Calcolithic era (6th millennium BC), as revealed by archeological excavations of the mound of Tell-Açana, among others.

Subsequent rulers of the area include King of Macedonia Alexander the Great who, after defeating the Persians in 333 BC, followed the Orontes south into Syria. The city of Antioch was founded in 300 BC, after the death of Alexander, by the Seleucid King Seleucus I Nicator. It had an important role as one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire and Byzantium, and was a key location of the early years of Christianity, the Antiochian Orthodox Church, the rise of Islam and the Crusades.

Crusader era

The Crusaders' Siege of Antioch conquered the city and caused significant damage during the First Crusade. Although the city had a large Christian population, it was betrayed by Islamic allies of Bohemund, prince of Taranto. Following the defeat of the Turkish garrison, he became its overlord. It remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries.

In 1268 it fell to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baibars after another siege. Baibars proceeded to massacre the Christian population.[1] In addition to suffering the ravages of war, the city lost its commercial importance because trade routes to the Far East moved north following the thirteenth-century Mongol conquests. Antioch never recovered as a major city, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta (Iskenderun). An account of both cities as they were in 1675 appears in the diary of the English naval chaplain Henry Teonge.

Ottoman city

In 1822 (and again in 1872), Antakya was hit by an earthquake and damaged. When Egyptian general Ibrahim Pasha established his headquarters in the city in 1835, it had only some 5,000 inhabitants. Supporters hoped the city might develop thanks to the Euphrates Valley Railway, which was supposed to link it to the port of Sueida (now Samandağı). However, such plans were doomed to come to naught. The city suffered repeated outbreaks of cholera due to inadequate infrastructure for sanitation. Later the city developed and rapidly resumed much of its old importance when a railway was built along the lower Orontes Valley.

Densely-built Antakya in 1912: the traditional Muslim city shows no trace of its Hellenistic planning. To the east, orchards (green) fill the plain.

The Republic of Hatay and modern Turkey

See Hatay Province for the history of the region during the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the short-lived Republic of Hatay (in 1938), and the area's incorporation into the Republic of Turkey in 1939.

The city of Antakya today

Mount Habib Neccar and the city walls which climb the hillsides symbolise Antakya, making the city a formidable fortress built on a series of hills running north-east to south-west. Antakya was originally centred on the east bank of the river. Since the 19th century, the city has expanded with new neighbourhoods built on the plains across the river to the south-west, and four bridges connect the old and new cities. Many of the buildings of the last two decades are styled as concrete blocks, and Antakya has lost much of its classic beauty.[citation needed] The narrow streets of the old city can become clogged with traffic.

Although the port of Iskenderun has become the largest city in Hatay, Antakya is a provincial capital still of considerable importance as the centre of a large district. The draining of Lake Amik and development of land has caused the region's economy to grow in wealth and productivity. The town is a lively shopping and business centre with many restaurants, cinemas and other amenities. This district is centred on a large park opposite the governor's building and the central avenue Kurtuluş Caddesı. The tea gardens, cafes and restaurants in the neighbourhood of Harbiye are popular destinations, particularly for the variety of meze in the restaurants. The Orontes River can be malodorous when water is low in summer. Rather than formal nightlife, in the summer heat, people will stay outside until late in the night to walk with their families and friends, and munch on snacks.

Its location near the Syrian border makes Antakya more cosmopolitan than many cities in Turkey. It did not attract the mass immigration of people from eastern Anatolia in the 1980s and 1990s that radically swelled the populations of Mediterranean cities such as Adana and Mersin. Both Turkish and Arabic are still widely spoken in Antakya, although written Arabic is rarely used. A mixed community of faiths and denominations co-exist peacefully here. Although almost all the inhabitants are Muslim, a substantial proportion adhere to the Alevi and the Arab Nusayri traditions, in 'Harbiye' there is a place to honour the Nusayri saint Hızır. Numerous tombs of Muslim saints, both Sunni and Alevi, are located throughout the city. Several small Christian communities are active in the city, with the largest church being St Peter and St Paul on Hurriyet Caddesi. With its long history of spiritual and religious movements, Antakya is a place of pilgrimage for Christians. It has a reputation in Turkey as a place for spells, fortune telling, miracles and spirits.

Local crafts include a soap scented with the oil of bay tree.

Geography

Antakya is located on the banks of the Orontes River (Turkish: Asi Nehri), approximately 22 km (14 mi) inland from the Mediterranean coast. The city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, the Nur Mountains (ancient Amanos) to the north and Mount Keldağ (Jebel Akra to the south, with the 440 m high Mount Habib Neccar (ancient Silpius) forming its eastern limits. The mountains are a source of a green marble. Antakya is at the northern edge of the Dead Sea Rift and vulnerable to earthquakes.

The plain of Amik to the north-east of the city is fertile soil watered by the Orontes, the Karasu and the Afrin rivers; the lake in the plain was drained in 1980 by a French company. At the same time channels were built to widen the Orontes and let it pass neatly through the city centre. The Orontes is joined in Antakya by the Hacı Kürüş stream to the north-east of the city near the church of St Peter, and the Hamşen which runs down from Habib-i Neccar to the south-west, under Memekli Bridge near the army barracks. Flora includes the bay trees and myrtle. There is a Jewish community.[2]

Climate

The city enjoys a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers, and mild and wet winters; however due to its higher altitude, Antakya has slightly cooler temperatures than the coast.

Climate data for Antakya
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 51
(11)
57
(14)
64
(18)
71
(22)
78
(26)
82
(28)
86
(30)
87
(31)
86
(30)
80
(27)
68
(20)
55
(13)
71
(22)
Average low °F (°C) 39
(4)
41
(5)
46
(8)
51
(11)
59
(15)
68
(20)
73
(23)
75
(24)
68
(20)
57
(14)
46
(8)
41
(5)
55
(13)
Precipitation inches (mm) 7.5
(191)
6.5
(165)
5.6
(142)
4.2
(107)
3.2
(81)
1.3
(33)
0.3
(8)
0.2
(5)
1.1
(28)
3.5
(89)
4.3
(109)
7.5
(191)
45.1
(1,146)
Source: Weatherbase [3]

Education

The main campus of the Mustafa Kemal University, Tayfur Sökmen Campus, is located in Serinyol area 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Antakya. Established in 1992, it has around 24,900 students as of 2010 enrolled in eleven faculites and several colleges and institutes.[4]

Main sights

The long and varied history has created many architectural sites of interest. There is much for visitors to see in Antakya, although many buildings have been lost in the rapid growth and redevelopment of the city in recent decades.

  • Hatay Archaeology Museum has the second largest collection of Roman mosaics in the world.
  • The rock-carved Church of St Peter, with its network of refuges and tunnels carved out of the rock, a site of Christian pilgrimage. There are also tombs cut into the rock face at various places along the Orontes valley.
  • The seedy Gündüz cinema in the city centre was once used as parliament building of the Republic of Hatay.
  • The waterfalls at the Harbiye / Daphne promenade.
  • The Ottoman Habib-i Neccar Camii, the oldest mosque in Antakya and one of the oldest in Anatolia.
  • The labyrinth of narrow streets and old Antakya houses in the old market area
  • Titus/Vespasianus Tunnel
  • Beşikli Cave and Graves (the antique city of Seleukeia Pierria)
  • St. Simon Monastery
  • Bakras Castle
  • The panoramic view of the city from the heights of the Habib-i Neccar Mountain

With its rich architectural heritage, Antakya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions [1]. The Roman bridge (thought to date from the era of Diocletian) was destroyed in 1972 during the widening and channelling of the Orontes.[citation needed]

Antakya panaroma from Saint Pierre Church

Cuisine

The cuisine of Antakya is renowned. Its cuisine is considered levantine rather than Turkish. Popular dishes include the typical Turkish kebab, served with spices and onions in flat unleavened bread, or with yoghurt as ali nazik kebab. Hot spicy food is a feature of this part of Turkey, along with Turkish coffee and local specialties including:

Sweets
  • Künefe - a hot cheese, kadaif-based sweet. Antakya is Turkey's künefe' capital; the pastry shops in the centre compete to claim being kings Turkish: kral of the pastry. The secret is in the light yellow cheese which they use.
  • Müşebbek - rings of deep fried pastry.
Savories
  • Pomegranate syrup, used as a salad dressing, called debes ramman, a traditional Levantine Arabic dressing.
  • Semirsek, a thin bread with hot pepper, minced meat or spinach filling
  • Içli köfte and other oruk varieties: varieties of the Arabic kibbeh, deep-fried balls of bulgur wheat stuffed with minced meat.
  • Spicy chicken, a specialty of Harbiye
  • Za'atar (Zahter) a traditional Levantine Arabic paste of spiced thyme, oregano, and sesame seeds, mixed with olive oil, spread on flat (called pide or in English pita) bread.
  • Fresh chick peas, munched as a snack.
  • Hirise, boiled and pounded wheat meal.
  • Aşur, meat mixed with crushed wheat, chickpea, cumin, onion, pepper and walnut
Meze

Twin towns

Antakya is twinned with:

Notable people

References

  1. ^ Vahan M. Kurkjian, "New Scourge from Egypt", in A History of Armenia
  2. ^ Avotaynu: the international review of Jewish genealogy, Volume 14, G. Mokotoff, 1998, p. 40.
  3. ^ "Weatherbase: Weather for Antakya, Turkey". Weatherbase. 2011. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=173702&refer=&units=us.  Retrieved on November 22, 2011.
  4. ^ "About Mustafa Kemal niversity (MKU)". MKU. http://dib.mku.edu.tr/en/aboutMKU.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-26. 

External links

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 


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