Antiparasitic

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Skeletal formula of metronidazole

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Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases such as nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, infectious protozoa, and amoebas.

Contents

1 Antinematodes
2 Anticestodes
3 Antitrematodes
4 Antiamoebics
5 Antiprotozoals
6 See also

Antinematodes

Ancylostoma caninum, a type of hookworm, attached to the intestinal mucosa.

Mebendazole (for most nematode infections)
Pyrantel pamoate (for most nematode infections)
Thiabendazole (for roundworm infections)
Diethylcarbamazine (for treatment of Lymphatic filariasis)
Ivermectin (for prevention of river blindness)

Anticestodes

Niclosamide (for tapeworm infections)
Praziquantel (for tapeworm infections)
Albendazole (broad spectrum)

Antitrematodes

Praziquantel

Antiamoebics

Antiprotozoals

Melarsoprol (for treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei)
Eflornithine (for sleeping sickness)
Metronidazole (for vaginitis caused by Trichomonas)
Tinidazole (for intestinal infections caused by Giardia)
Miltefosine (for the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, currently undergoing investigation for Chagas disease)

v d e Pharmacology: major drug groups

Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism (A)	stomach acid (Antacids, H₂ antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors) • Antiemetics • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives • Anti-obesity drugs • Anti-diabetics • Vitamins • Dietary minerals

Blood and blood forming organs (B)	Antithrombotics (Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics) • Antihemorrhagics (Platelets, Coagulants, Antifibrinolytics)

Cardiovascular system (C)	cardiac therapy/antianginals (Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulants) Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Beta blockers • Calcium channel blockers • renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors) Antihyperlipidemics (Statins, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants)

Skin (D)	Emollients • Cicatrizants • Antipruritics • Antipsoriatics • Medicated dressings

Genitourinary system (G)	Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • SERMs • Sex hormones

Endocrine system (H)	Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones • Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids) • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents

Infections and infestations (J, P, QI)	Antimicrobials: Antibacterials (Antimycobacterials) • Antifungals • Antivirals • Antiparasitics (Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics, Ectoparasiticides) • IVIG • Vaccines

Malignant disease (L01-L02)	Anticancer agents (Antimetabolites, Alkylating, Spindle poisons, Antineoplastic, Topoisomerase inhibitors)

Immune disease (L03-L04)	Immunomodulators (Immunostimulants, Immunosuppressants)

Muscles, bones, and joints (M)	Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants • Bisphosphonates

Brain and nervous system (N)	Analgesics • Anesthetics (General, Local) • Anorectics • Anti-ADHD Agents • Antiaddictives • Anticonvulsants • Antidementia Agents • Antidepressants • Antimigraine Agents • Antiparkinson's Agents • Antipsychotics • Anxiolytics • Depressants • Entactogens • Entheogens • Euphoriants • Hallucinogens (Psychedelics, Dissociatives, Deliriants) • Hypnotics/Sedatives • Mood Stabilizers • Neuroprotectives • Nootropics • Neurotoxins • Orexigenics • Serenics • Stimulants • Wakefulness-Promoting Agents

Respiratory system (R)	Decongestants • Bronchodilators • Cough medicines • H₁ antagonists

Sensory organs (S)	Ophthalmologicals • Otologicals

Other ATC (V)	Antidotes • Contrast media • Radiopharmaceuticals • Dressings

Antiparasitics – antiprotozoal agents – Excavata antiparasitics (P01)

Discicristata

Trypanosomiasis	African trypanosomiasis: ornithine (Eflornithine^#) • arsenical (Melarsoprol^#) • benzamidine (Pentamidine^#) • naphthalenesulfonate (Suramin^#) Chagas disease: nitroimidazole (Benznidazole^#) • nitrofuran (Nifurtimox^#)

Leishmaniasis	macrolide (Amphotericin B^#) Pentavalent antimonials (Meglumine antimoniate^#, Sodium stibogluconate) benzamidine (Pentamidine^#) • phosphorylcholine (Miltefosine) • neomycin (Paromomycin)

PAM	macrolide (Amphotericin B)

Trichozoa

Giardiasis	nitroimidazole (Metronidazole^#, Tinidazole) • benzimidazole (Albendazole) thiazole (Nitazoxanide) • nitrofuran (Furazolidone) aminoacridine (Quinacrine)

Trichomoniasis	nitroimidazole (Metronidazole^#, Tinidazole)

Dientamoebiasis	nitroimidazole (Metronidazole, Secnidazole) oxyquinoline (Iodoquinol) • tetracycline (Doxycycline) • neomycin (Paromomycin)

^#WHO-EM. ^‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: ^†Phase III. ^§Never to phase III

M: PRO

ambz, excv, chrm (strc)

ambz, excv, chrm

Antiparasitics – antiprotozoal agents – Chromalveolate antiparasitics (P01)

Alveo-
late

Apicom-
plexa

Conoidasida/
(Coccidiostats)

Cryptosporidiosis	thiazole (Nitazoxanide)

Isosporiasis	Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole^#

Toxoplasmosis	Pyrimethamine • Sulfadiazine

Aconoidasida

Malaria

Individual
agents

Hemozoin
inhibitors

Aminoquinolines	(4-): Amodiaquine^# • Chloroquine^# • Hydroxychloroquine (8-): Primaquine^# • Pamaquine

4-methanolquinolines	Mefloquine^#• Quinine^# • Quinidine

Other	Lumefantrine (combined with artemether) Halofantrine Pyronaridine

Antifolates

DHFR inhibitors (antifols)	2,4-Diaminopyrimidines (pyrimethamine) biguanides (proguanil^# • chlorproguanil)

Sulfonamides	Sulfadoxine • sulfamethoxypyrazine

Coformulation	Fansidar^# (sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine)

Sesquiterpene
lactones

Artemether^# • Artesunate^#• Dihydroartemisinin •
Arteether/Artemotil • Artemisinin

Other

Atovaquone (as Malarone)
Tetracycline • Doxycycline^#
Clindamycin

Combi-
nations

Fixed-dose (coformulated) ACTs	artemether-lumefantrine^# artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) artesunate-mefloquine (ASMQ) dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine artesunate-pyronaridine

Other combinations (not co-formulated)	artesunate/SP • artesunate/mefloquine • quinine/tetracycline • quinine/doxycycline • quinine/clindamycin

Babesiosis

Clindamycin

Cilio-
phora

Balantidiasis: Tetracycline

Hetero-
kont

Blastocystosis: Metronidazole

^#WHO-EM. ^‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: ^†Phase III. ^§Never to phase III

M: PRO

ambz, excv, chrm (strc)

ambz, excv, chrm

Antiparasitics – antiprotozoal agents – agents against amoebozoa/amebicide (P01)

Entamoeba

Tissue amebicides

Nitroimidazole derivatives	Metronidazole^# • Tinidazole • Ornidazole • Nimorazole • Secnidazole • Azanidazole • Propenidazole

Other	isoquinoline (Emetine/Dehydroemetine)

Luminal amebicides

Hydroxyquinoline derivatives	Cl (Chlorquinaldol) • Br (Tilbroquinol, Broxyquinoline) • I (Diiodohydroxyquinoline) • I,Cl (Clioquinol) related: Chiniofon

Dichloroacetamide derivatives	Diloxanide^# • Clefamide • Etofamide • Teclozan

Aminoglycoside	Paromomycin

Other/ungrouped

arsenic (Arsthinol, Difetarsone, Glycobiarsol) • phenanthroline (Phanquinone) • aminoacridine (Mepacrine) • quinazoline (Trimetrexate) • thiazole (Tenonitrozole) • sesquiterpene (Fumagillin)

Acanthamoeba

Propamidine • Chlorhexidine

^#WHO-EM. ^‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: ^†Phase III. ^§Never to phase III

M: PRO

ambz, excv, chrm (strc)

ambz, excv, chrm

Antiparasitics – Anthelmintics (P02)

Antiplatyhelmintic agents

Antitrematodals
(schistosomicides)

Binds tubulin	benzimidazole (Triclabendazole^#)

AI	phosphonic acid (Metrifonate)

Other/unknown	quinoline (Praziquantel^#, Oxamniquine^#) • phenol (Bithionol) • thiazole (Niridazole) • arylsulfonate (Stibophen)

Anticestodals
(taeniacides)

Binds tubulin	benzimidazole (Albendazole^#)

Other/unknown	salicylanilide (Niclosamide)^# • aminoacridine (Quinacrine) • butyrophenone (Desaspidin) • chlorophenol (Dichlorophen)

Antinematodal agents
(including
macrofilaricides)

Binds tubulin	benzimidazole (Mebendazole^#, Albendazole^#, Thiabendazole, Fenbendazole, Ciclobendazole, Flubendazole)

Chloride channel	macrolide (Ivermectin^#)

NMDA	tetrahydropyrimidine (Pyrantel^#, Pyrantel pamoate, Oxantel)

Other/unknown	piperazine (Piperazine • Diethylcarbamazine^#) • thiazole (Levamisole^#) • quinolinium (Pyrvinium) • benzylammonium (Bephenium) • naphthalenesulfonate (Suramin^#) • Tribendimidine

^#WHO-EM. ^‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: ^†Phase III. ^§Never to phase III

M: IFT

helm,arth (acar)

helm, arth (lice), zoon

helm, arth

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