antiphon

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(ăn'tə-fŏn') pronunciation
n.
  1. A devotional composition sung responsively as part of a liturgy.
    1. A short liturgical text chanted or sung responsively preceding or following a psalm, psalm verse, or canticle.
    2. Such a text formerly used as a response but now rendered independently.
  2. A response; a reply: "It would be truer . . . to see [conservation] as an antiphon to the modernization of the 1950s and 1960s" (Raphael Samuel).

[Late Latin antiphōna, sung responses. See anthem.]


In the Roman rite, a liturgical chant with a prose text associated with psalmody sung by two choirs in alternation. It is usually a refrain to psalm or canticle verses and its melodies are often simple and syllabic. Categories include antiphons from the psalter, antiphons of Matins, Lauds and Vespers, antiphons to the Benedictus and Magnificat, and Mass antiphons for the Introit and Communion. Marian and processional antiphons are not associated with psalmody and rhymed antiphons evolved a style of their own during the 13th century. The Latin antiphona was borrowed from the Greek, where it meant the octave; it had appeared in the West by the 4th century.



antiphon [an‐tif‐ŏn‐ăl]. , a song, hymn, or poem in which two voices or choruses respond to one another in alternate verses or stanzas, as is common in verses written for religious services.

Adjective: antiphonal

See also amoebean verses, anthem.
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antiphon (ăn'tĭfən), in Roman Catholic liturgical music, generally a short text sung before and after a psalm or canticle. The main use is in group singing of the Divine Office in a monastery. However, the sung introit, offertory, and communion verses of the Mass are also antiphons, whose psalms have for the most part disappeared. Certain festival chants, sung preparatory to the Mass itself, are called antiphons. There are also the four antiphons of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which are in the nature of office hymns and are sung by alternating choirs (i.e., antiphonally), each one belonging to a certain portion of the year. The best known of these is Salve Regina, of whose text there are many polyphonic settings. Modern antiphons are set to composed music rather than plainsong. These are independent choral works for which the English term anthem was derived from antiphon.


  See crossword solutions for the clue Antiphon.
The Liber responsorium, showing on the right hand page the antiphons for the first night office of Christmas. The associated psalm tones are indicated by number and ending pitch, and the pitches for the ending of the doxology are indicated by vowels:et in secula seculorum amen.
This article is about the musical term. See Antiphon (person) the orator of ancient Greece.

An antiphon (Greek ἀντίφωνον, ἀντί "opposite" + φωνή "voice") in Christian music and ritual, is a "responsory" by a choir or congregation, usually in Gregorian chant, to a psalm or other text in a religious service or musical work.

This gives rise to the general term 'antiphony', which may be used for any call and response style of singing such as the kirtan and the sea shanty. Particularly, any piece of music performed by two semi-independent choirs in interaction, often singing alternate musical phrases, is known as 'antiphonal'.[1] Antiphonal psalmody is the singing or musical playing of psalms by alternating groups of performers.[2]

Contents

Origins

The "mirror" structure of the Hebrew psalms renders it probable that the antiphonal method was present in the services of the ancient Israelites. According to the historian Socrates of Constantinople, it was introduced into Christian worship by Ignatius of Antioch (died 107) who, in a vision, had seen angels singing in alternating choirs.[3]

Antiphons have remained an integral part of the worship in the Greek Orthodox church[4] and the Eastern Catholic churches.[5] The practice was not found in the Latin Church until more than two centuries later. Ambrose, bishop of Milan and Gregory the Great, known for their contribution to the formulation of Gregorian chant, are credited with 'antiphonaries', collections of works suitable for antiphon, that are still in use in the Roman Catholic Church today.[6]

Polyphonic votive antiphons

Polyphonic votive antiphons emerged in England in the fourteenth century as settings of texts honouring the Virgin Mary separately from the mass and office, often after compline.[7] Towards the end of the fifteenth century English composers produced expanded settings for as many as nine parts with increasing complexity and vocal range.[7] The largest collection of such antiphons is the late fifteenth century Eton choirbook.[8] As a result antiphony remains particularly common in the Anglican musical tradition: the choir, often divided into two equal halves on opposite sides of the quire, is then regarded as two, termed Decani and Cantoris.[9]

Greater Advent antiphons

The Greater Advent or O Antiphons are antiphons used at daily prayer in the evenings of the last days of Advent in various liturgical Christian traditions.[10] Each antiphon is a name of Christ, one of his attributes mentioned in Scripture. In the Roman Catholic tradition, they are sung or recited at Vespers from December 17 to December 23.[11] In the Church of England they have traditionally been used as antiphons to the Magnificat at Evening Prayer.[12] More recently they have found a place in primary liturgical documents throughout the Anglican Communion, including the Church of England's Common Worship liturgy. Use of the O Antiphons was preserved in Lutheranism at the German Reformation and continues to be used in Lutheran churches.[13]

Polychoral antiphony

When two or more groups of singers sing in alternation the style of music can also be called 'polychoral'. Specifically, this term is usually applied to music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque. Polychoral techniques are a definitive characteristic of the music of the Venetian school, exemplified by the works of Giovanni Gabrieli; this music is often known as the Venetian polychoral style.[14] The Venetian polychoral style was an important innovation of the late Renaissance, and this style, with its variations as it spread across Europe after 1600, helped to define the beginning of the Baroque era. Polychoral music was not limited to Italy in the Renaissance; it was popular in Spain and Germany, and there are examples from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, from composers as diverse as Hector Berlioz, Igor Stravinsky and Karlheinz Stockhausen.[15]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ E. Foley and M. Paul, Worship music: a concise dictionary (Liturgical Press, 2000), p. 18.
  2. ^ J. McKinnon, Music in early Christian literature (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 10.
  3. ^ A.C. Zenos, ed., 'The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus,' book VI, chapter VIII, vol 2, p 144. In A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series, P. Schaff and H. Wace, eds (Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1957).
  4. ^  "Antiphon (in the Greek Church)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
  5. ^  "Antiphon (in Greek Liturgy)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
  6. ^ G. Wainwright, K. B. W. Tucker. The Oxford history of Christian worship (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 244.
  7. ^ a b R. H. Fritze and W. Baxter Robison, Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272-1485 (Greenwood, 2002), p. 363.
  8. ^ H. Benham, John Taverner: His Life and Music (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2003), pp. 48-9.
  9. ^ R. Bray, 'England i, 1485-1600' in J. Haar, European Music, 1520-1640 (Boydell, 2006), p. 498.
  10. ^ A. Nocent and M. J. O'Connell, The liturgical year (Liturgical Press, 1977), p. 162.
  11. ^ A. Nocent and M. J. O'Connell, The liturgical year (Liturgical Press, 1977), p. 163-80.
  12. ^ J. H. Blunt, The Annotated Book of Common Prayer: Being an Historical, Ritual, and Theological Commentary on the Devotional System of the Church of England (Rivingtons, 1866), p. 76.
  13. ^ C. B. Brown, Singing the Gospel: Lutheran hymns and the success of the Reformation (Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 61.
  14. ^ C. Parrish, A Treasury of Early Music: Masterworks of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque Era (Courier Dover Publications, 2000), p. 138.
  15. ^ Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Oxford University Press.

Samples

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Antiphon". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. 


Translations:

Antiphon

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - antifon, svar

Nederlands (Dutch)
beurt-/tegenzang (antifoon), antwoord, echo

Français (French)
n. - (Relig) antienne

Deutsch (German)
n. - (Mus.) Antiphon, Wechselgesang

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (θρησκ.) αντίφωνο

Italiano (Italian)
antifona

Português (Portuguese)
n. - antífona (f), responso (m)

Русский (Russian)
молитва или распевание вполголоса, повторяя слова за поющим

Español (Spanish)
n. - antífona

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - antifoni (mus.)

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
交互轮唱的歌, 轮唱赞美诗

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 交互輪唱的歌, 輪唱讚美詩

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 응답 합창, 성가

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 合唱詩歌, 交唱, 応答頌歌

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) الترنيمه التجاوبيه : ترنيمه ترتل بالمناوبه التجاوبيه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮מזמור כנסייתי שחלקיו מושרים או מדוקלמים לחלופין ע"י שתי קבוצות, מענה, שירה לסירוגין, אנטיפון‬


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Antiphon (Athenian orator)
Dirge (music)
Fonteyns (Classical Band)