For something to be a clause, it must contain a subject and a verb. An appositive phrase does contain a verb. It's a phrase, associated with a noun, which provides more information about that noun (note that in this sentence, "associated with a noun" is an appositive phrase).
Another example of a sentence with an appositive phrase is this:
"Johnny, my neighbor, planted a tree."
A similar sentence with an adjective clause is this:
"Johnny, who lives next door to me, planted a tree."