Arak

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Coordinates: 34°05′N 49°42′E / 34.08°N 49.7°E / 34.08; 49.7

Arak اراک
—  City  —
Arak
Coordinates: 34°5′30″N 49°42′00″E / 34.09167°N 49.7°E / 34.09167; 49.7
Country	Iran
Province	Markazi
Elevation	1,718 m (5,636 ft)
Population (2005)
- Total	511,127
Time zone	IRST (UTC+3:30)

Arāk, (in Persian: اراک) previously known as Soltan-abad, is the center of Markazi province, Iran. It had an estimated population of 511,127 in 2005.^[1]

History

Arak is built on the ruins of a small town called Daskerah, which was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Persia. Modern Arak is a relatively new city on fertile lands, reestablished in 1795 with primary construct ending in 1852. The new city was founded and financed during the Qajar era by an Iranian Georgian Yusef Khan Gorji, a pro-Iranian Georgian warlord given refuge by Agha Mohammad Khan (Persian: محمد خان قاجار)‎‎ (1742-1797) following a territorial dispute with his cousins who were supported by Imperial Russian Empress Catherine the Great. In the period between 1795 and 1797, Yusef Khan-e Gorji, renamed Yusef Khan-e Sepahdar by the Shah, settled his army in the fertile though poorly-controlled territory that would become modern Arak. Hostile tribes in this region had operated autonomously from Qajar rule. With the Persian Shah’s approval, Yusuf Khan diverted the main river to drive out the hostiles and built the Soltan Abad fortress, or Baladeh, a war fortress to act as a buffer and serve as the foundation of what would become modern Arak. Yusuf Khan’s organized military force was established in this region aptly named (or more accurately, re-named) "Persian Iraq" (Iraq-e ajam) (عراق عجم) from ancient times meaning 'smooth land'. According to historians, Yusef Khan built Arak from his own personal income and with the aid of affluents. The town would remain a military base and fortress until 1892. The Soltan Abad fortress had a thick wall surrounded by great moats, 7 meters deep. Eight towers were constructed around the town and the governmental building was established in its northern part. In 1891 deputy governor, Etemadol Saltaneh Mirza Hasan, repaired all of the shops, gardens and all government buildings in Soltan Abad’s greater town and with the owners of industries from other towns, settled in Arak. Large portions of the town were annexed as personal property to the pre-existing army commanders though these were ultimately turned over to the state from 1918-1922. The evolution of the modern town name is from Soltan Abad fortress, to Soltan Abad, to Iraq-e Ajam (Persian Iraq), and finally to its current name, Arak, in 1938.

Under the rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi, main railways crossed along the city and later the south-north oil pipe line passed through the city, which lead to rapid growth. Great attention to the building of Arak during the Pahlavi dynasty led many to speculate its intended designation as the future capital of Iran^{[citation needed]}.

Historical Buildings and Architecture

• Baazar
• Hammame Charfasl
• Borje shishe (glass tower) This Building was in the adabjoo street and now was Damaged.
• Baghe nezam lashgar (Esmaeili)
• Saraye Mehr (In the Bazaar)
• Soltan Abad Museum

Attractions

• Shahre-bazi Laleh
• Sofre-khane Kouhestan
• Park Amirkabir
• Park Jangali
• Bagh-e-Vahsh
• Pol-e-doab
• Darrh-e-Gerdou
• Mouze-ie-Charfasl
• Sara-ie-Mehr
• Mouse-ie Sanaie Dasti
• Mojtama-e Tafrihi-ie Amirkabir
• chepeghli mineral water
• senejane city
• [sherkat-e-Ideh Parvare Imen][1]

Location and climate

Arak is located at 34°05′N 49°42′E / 34.08°N 49.7°E / 34.08; 49.7 . The city is surrounded by mountains in the south, west, and east. Arak is located in adjacency two important cities: Qom and Isfahan. Its average altitude is 1750m above sea level and is 260 km from the capital, Tehran.

Climate

Arak in general has a relatively cold and dry climate. Its weather is warm and dry in summer, windy and cool in autumn, cold and snowy in winter, and mild in spring. The maximum temperature may raise up to 35 degrees Celsius in summer and may fall to below -25 degrees Celsius in winter. The average rainfall is around 300mm and the annual relative humidity is 50%.^{[citation needed]}

Industries

Arak is one of the main industrial cities of Iran, possessing many plants for heavy industries especially for the metal and machinery industries, including:

• Machin Sazi Arak (MSA) and AZAR AB factories (producing heavy machinery such as boilers and chemical reactors)
• Shiva Pardazeh partners Shiva Softwares
• Wagon Pars (train manufacturer)
• Iranian Aluminium Company (IrAlCo)
• HEPCO (heavy road construction vehicles)
• Petrochemical factories and oil refineries
• Navard Aluminum
• Iran Combine Manufacturing Company (Combine-sazi-e Iran)
• Arak Oil Refinery Company, (Palayesh gaahe nafte arak)
• Arak Petrochemical Company (ARPC)
• a heavy water production plant 34°22′12″N 49°14′42″E / 34.370°N 49.245°E / 34.370; 49.245
• a fossil fuel power plant and a low power (less than 40 megawatts) heavy water nuclear power plant (IR-40).^[1]34°22′24″N 49°14′27″E / 34.37341°N 49.24078°E / 34.37341; 49.24078

Universities

• Arak University of Medical Sciences
• Iran University of Science and Technology,Arak Campus
• University of Arak
• Islamic Azad University of Arak

Demography

There is a diversity in the Iranian ethnic living in this city. It includes Persians and Lurs. Also, in the Safavid era, Armenians had settled in Arak [2], but their numbers have declined due to migration to Tehran.^{[citation needed]}

Agriculture and handicrafts

The main agricultural products are grain, barley, and fruits which are grape, apple, walnut and almond. Arak also exports hand-knotted carpets which are generally referred to as Sarouk (Saruk or Sarough) rugs. Sarouk is a small village outside of Arak, and its name is used when exporting carpets so consumers do not get confused with rug from Iraq.

Notable people from Arak

• Mansour Bahrami, famous tennis player.
• Ezatollah Bayat, who was Mossadegh's son in law and Arak's member of parliament during the Shah regime.
• Amir Kabir (1807 - January 11 , 1852), Prime Minister, relative of Ghaem Magham, was born in Arak, in a northern region known as Hezaveh
• Ghaem Magham Farahani (1779 –1835), Prime Minister, was born in Arak, in a Northern region named Farahan
• Fakhreddin Araghi
• Ata'ollah Mohajerani, He was one of Khatami's cabinet ministers during the power of reformists.
• Kader Abdolah, laureated Dutch writer.
• Ayatollah Araki

References

External links

• Markazi Foreign Commercial Centre
• Iranian e-trading company
• Arãk entries in the Encyclopaedia Iranica
• Armenian Iranian's web site
• Arak history in carpet and rug weaving

• FallingRain Map - elevation = 1743m (Red dots are railways)

v • d • e Markazi Province Capital Arak Counties and Cities Ashtian County Ashtian · Arak County Arak · Davodabad · Senjan · Karahroud · Delijan County Delijan · Naragh · Khomein County Khomein · Ghorchibashi · Khondab County Khondab  · Komeijan County Komeijan · Millajerd · Mahallat County Mahallat · Nimvar · Saveh County Saveh · Gharghabad · Noubaran · Shazand County Shazand · Astaneh · Toureh · Hendudar · Tafresh County Tafresh · Farmahin · Zarandieh County Zarandieh · Parandak · Razeghan · Zaviyeh · Mamouniyeh · Sights Chal nakhjir cave, Delijan · Khorheh · Atashkoh fire temple, Nimvar · Mausoleum of Mahmoud Hessaby ,Tafresh · Arak's grand Bazzar · Mahallat's flower and plant festival · Aveh ancient cite, Saveh · Chaharfasl bath museum, Arak · Khomeini's house, Khomein · Hezaveh village · Panzdah khordad dam · Emarat lake, Shazand · Azadkhan cave, Mahallat · Mostufi-al-mamalek's castle, Ashtian · Dudahak caravansary, Delijan · Naragh's historical complex · Sepahdar school, Arak · Sheshnaveh mosque · Mahdiabad's Yakhchal ·