hypothesis

A qualifier in an argument is a word or phrase that is used to limit the scope or strength of a claim. It indicates the degree of confidence or certainty the arguer has in their assertion. Qualifiers such as "some," "often," or "probably" help to acknowledge exceptions or limitations to the argument.

You need a degree in persuading and argument's. Also you need to know how to stick up

A counter argument is an argument made against another argument.

Passing an argument by value means that the method that receives the argument can not change the value of the argument. Passing an argument by reference means that the method that receives the argument can change the value of the incoming argument, and the argument may be changed in the orignal calling method.