Aristotle Onassis

For more information on Aristotle Socrates Onassis, visit Britannica.com.

Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis (1906 - 1975) earned his fortune by building supertankers that carried oil around the globe, but he also engineered a number of other savvy business deals that gave him a personal wealth estimated to be in the billions when he died in Paris, France, in March of 1975. Sometimes called the "Golden Greek" for his Midas touch in business, Onassis is perhaps best remembered for marrying one of the most elusive woman of the twentieth century, Jacqueline Ken nedy, the widow of slain American president John F. Kennedy.

Fled Hometown of Smyrna

Onassis was born on January 15, 1906, in Smyrna, a thriving, ancient port in Turkey that was later renamed Izmir. The city was home to a large Greek population at the time, including his family, and his father, Socrates, was a well-to-do tobacco merchant. Penelope, his mother, died when Onassis was six, leaving him and an older sister; Socrates then remarried and had several more children. An indifferent student, he was ejected from several schools during his teens, and by 1919 was working in his father's office. That year, Greek forces invaded Smyrna, but in August of 1922 the Turks again seized control, and ethnic tensions between the two sides erupted. Several members of Onassis's extended family died, and his father was jailed on charges of conspiring with previous Greek occupiers. The teen managed to help his family escape to Greece, and arrived there himself with his father's savings taped to his legs.

When Socrates was released and rejoined the family, he treated his son harshly, and Onassis decided to make his fortune elsewhere. He sailed for Argentina in 1923 with some $250 in savings, using a so-called Nansen permit, which allowed a one-way trip for refugees on their way to a country of resettlement. In Buenos Aires, he held a series of menial jobs before finding work as an electrician with the British United River Plate Telephone Company. The boss, he was told, was an Briton who had been stationed in the Greek city of Salonika during World War I, and it was suggested that Onassis say he was from that city to improve his chances of hire. The information made it onto an official application that was used for his Argentine citizenship papers, and would later prove troublesome.

Earned First Fortune in Argentina

Starting out as an electrician at the phone company, Onassis became a night-shift telephone operator for it, and improved his English by listening in on calls made to London and New York. He also overheard information about upcoming business deals, and invested some of his own savings in the ventures. With his first small windfall, Onassis acquired some good suits and joined a posh rowing club to cultivate further contacts in Buenos Aires. He also became romantically involved with Claudia Muzio, an Italian soprano several years his senior. Restoring his relationship with his father, he began a successful tobacco-importing business and earned his first million from it. When a proposed tariff threatened to cut into the business's profits, Onassis brought Greek and Argentine politicians together to hammer out a trade agreement that kept the tax from being imposed. By 1931, his status and influence among the Greek expatriate community in Argentina was so impressive that the Greek government made him its deputy consul in Buenos Aires.

Onassis, however, hoped for greater prestige, and set his sights on the shipping industry. Several Greek names had been dominant over the past century, such as the powerful Livanos clan, but their operations were generally closed to newcomers. After returning to Athens for his father's funeral, he then went to London, where he heard a rumor that several Canadian freighters near Montreal were about to go up for sale. They were owned by the Canadian National Steamship Company, which was in severe financial trouble due to the Great Depression and the worldwide economic repercussions. Onassis struck a deal and bought six of them at the bargain price of $20,000 each. He renamed the first two he put in the water the Onassis Socrates and the Onassis Penelope in honor of his late parents.

Struck Wartime Deal

The fleet began carrying cargo across the Atlantic, and Onassis divided his time between the London and Buenos Aires offices of Olympic Maritime S.A., as he called his company. His ships were registered under the Panamanian flag, which saved on taxes and soon became common practice for sea-going commercial vessels. Onassis also began an affair with a wealthy heiress to a Swedish shipping fortune, Ingeborg Dedichen, which helped him secure a deal with a Göteborg ship-builder to build a 15,000-ton tanker at its yards, the world's largest at the time. When it was launched in 1938, he named it the Ariston, a Greek word for "the best."

Onassis's growing empire was threatened by world war in 1939. Some of his ships were seized by governments of the ports in which they sat, or by governments-in-exile. The following year, his business interests imperiled, he left a London under fire from German Luftwaffe bombs and sailed for New York, sleeping with an attaché case that contained the deeds to all of his vessels. In New York and Washington, he managed to cut deals to save his fleet, and for the rest of the war rented them out to the Allied forces fighting German and Japanese; some were lost at sea, but an agreement he reached with the U.S. government included providing him with war-surplus ships after the end of the conflict at a favorable price.

Wed Shipping Heiress

During the war years, Onassis lived in Centre Island, a village on Long Island, with Dedichen, and spent time in Hollywood, where he dated actresses Veronica Lake and Paulette Goddard. In 1942, he returned to Buenos Aires for business, and on his visa application for re-entry into the United States he used the information on his Argentine passport. Back on Long Island, his romance with Dedichen disintegrating, Onassis began romancing Athina (Tina) Livanos, the teenage daughter of shipping magnate Stavros Livanos. He competed for her affections with Stavros Niarchos, a young friend and business rival who was the maritime attaché to the Greek Embassy in Washington at the time. The two men would engage in a lifelong rivalry that involved both Livanos daughters - Niarchos wed Tina's sister, Eugenie - and their fleets. Tina's ardor for Onassis overcame her father's objections, and the two were wed in a ceremony at the New York's Greek Orthodox Cathedral on December 28, 1946.

After the war, with the purchase of the surplus American ships, Onassis controlled one of largest privately owned merchant fleets in the world, and press reports began to refer to him as the "golden Greek." Olympic Maritime S.A.'s increasingly immense oil tankers ruled the oceans, and its owner was known for cutting business deals that seemed prescient in their predictions about the next boom or bust in world shipping trends. He ran into trouble in the early 1950s with the U.S. government, which seized some of his ships and launched a Department of Justice investigation. The deal he had cut with the war for the surplus ships required them to be in control of U.S.-based companies, and Onassis skirted the regulations by a series of legal and registry maneuvers; the 1942 visa application, which contained false information about his birthplace, also landed him in trouble. The Federal Bureau of Investigation began compiling a 4,000-page dossier on him, and he eventually paid a $7 million fine for the return of his ships.

Founded Olympic Airways

In 1956, when Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal - a vital shipping channel that brought Middle Eastern oil to the rest of the world - Onassis's immense super-tankers carried it instead and he reportedly earned an extra $1 million extra daily during the crisis. He also began dabbling in other non-shipping ventures, including the purchase of a majority stake in Monaco's Société des Bains de Mer de Monte Carlo (SBM), which controlled the posh Monte Carlo casinos and hotels. The deal angered Monaco's Prince Rainier, and a bitter battle between the two endured for several years. Onassis was eventually forced to sell his SBM shares. He had better luck with a deal to operate the Greek national airline, Olympic Airways, which proved a money-losing investment for a number of years; still, the agreement he had reached with the Greek government protected his personal fortune from any financial losses.

Onassis and Tina had two children, Alexander and Christina. They lived lavishly, and commuted to and from their various European homes by means of a fabulously opulent yacht, the Christina. The marriage faltered when Onassis began an affair with Greek opera singer Maria Callas, one of the most famous women in the world at the time, and he and Tina divorced in 1960. Callas left her husband as well, but the pair never married; it was said he lost interest when he began courting Jacqueline Kennedy. Onassis met Kennedy in 1963, just months before her husband's assassination. He was friendly with her sister, Lee Radziwill, and invited both to an Aegean cruise on board the Christina. Kennedy had recently suffered the trauma of a difficult childbirth which the infant, a boy they christened Patrick, had not survived, and accepted the invitation.

Family Torn by Strife

Onassis and the former First Lady were wed in October of 1968 on a small chapel on Skorpios, the Greek Island owned by Onassis. The news shocked the world, for Kennedy was a devout Roman Catholic, and as such was forbidden to marry a divorced person under church law. The wedding came just months after the assassination of her brother-in-law, Democratic presidential hopeful Robert F. Kennedy, and it was said that she sought the isolation and safety that only extreme wealth like Onassis's might provide for her and her two young children.

The Onassis-Kennedy union seemed ostensibly happy for the first few years, but rumors circulated that Onassis had resumed his affair with Callas, or that Kennedy-Onassis spent immense amounts of money on clothes and antiques, and sometimes refused to let him stay in her Fifth Avenue apartment when he arrived in New York. Long-simmering family rivalries also played out inside the family: Onassis's children had been devastated when their parents divorced, and were reportedly cool to their new stepmother. Onassis's ex-wife Tina eventually married Stavros Niarchos after the death of her sister Eugenie. Furthermore, Onassis proved intractable regarding the romantic intrigues of his grown children. Onassis objected strenuously to Alexander's romance with Fiona Thyssen, the ex-wife of a steel baron several years his senior, and attempted to thwart it via various means. He had less luck with his Christina's 1971 marriage to Joseph Bolker, a Los Angeles real-estate mogul 27 years her senior - which Tina had encouraged - but the union proved short-lived.

Devastated by Son's Death

Onassis was reportedly planning a divorce from Kennedy-Onassis when his son, Alexander, then age 24, died; the small plane he was piloting crashed on an Athens, Greece, runway. An experienced aviator, Alexander ran a division of Olympic Airways, but he was planning to leave the company, return to earn his university degree, and move in with Thyssen and her children. A father devastated by the loss of his son, Onassis never believed that the crash was an accident, and hinted that either the Central Intelligence Agency or the Greek military junta in power at the time was behind it.

The grief-stricken Onassis rapidly declined in health. He suffered from myasthenia gravis, a muscular disease, and died on March 15, 1975 in Paris, France. His daughter Christina inherited the bulk of his fortune as well as control of the companies, and proved herself an able successor to her legendarily deal-making father. She died, however, in November of 1988 at the age of 37, leaving her three-year-old daughter Athina in the care of her ex-husband, French pharmaceutical heir Thierry Roussel. Athina became the world's wealthiest teenager on her eighteenth birthday in January of 2003, coming into a fortune estimated at $2.7 billion as the last direct descendant of a grandfather she never met.

Books

Davis, L. J., Onassis, Aristotle and Christina, St. Martin's Press, 1986.

Evans, Peter, Ari: The Life and Times of Aristotle Socrates Onassis, Summit Books, 1986.

Periodicals

Times (London, England), March 17, 1975; January 25, 2003.

Quotes:

"After a certain point, money is meaningless. It ceases to be the goal. The game is what counts."

"Don't worry about your physical shortcomings. I am no Greek god. Don't get too much sleep and don 't tell anybody your troubles. Appearances count: Get a sun lamp to keep you looking as though you have just come back from somewhere expensive: maintain an elegant address even if you have to live in the attic. Never nickel when short of cash. Borrow big, but always repay promptly."

"The secret of business is to know something that nobody else knows."

"If women didn't exist, all the money in the world would have no meaning."

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (June 2008)

Aristotelis Socrates Onassis
Born	15 January 1906(1906-01-15) Smyrna, Ottoman Empire
Died	15 March 1975 (aged 69) Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Occupation	Shipping
Spouse(s)	Athina Livanos (m. 1946–1960) «start: (1946)–end+1: (1961)»"Marriage: Athina Livanos to Aristotle Onassis" Location: (linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis) Jacqueline Kennedy (m. 1968–1975) «start: (1968)–end+1: (1976)»"Marriage: Jacqueline Kennedy to Aristotle Onassis" Location: (linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis)
Children	Alexander Christina
Relatives	Socrates (father) Penelope (mother) Artemis Garofalidi (sister) Kalliroi (half-sister) Merope (half-sister)

Aristotle Sokratis "Ari"/"Aristo" Onassis (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης, Aristotelēs Ōnasēs) (15 January 1906 – 15 March 1975) was a very prominent Greek shipping magnate of the 20th century.^[1][2] Some sources claim he was born in 1900 but that he later changed his date of birth so as to avoid deportation from Turkey.^[3]

Contents 1 Early life 2 Business 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Success 2.3 Whaling 2.4 The Greek Colonel affair 3 Personal life 3.1 Genealogy 3.2 Marriages and family 3.2.1 Athina Livanos 3.2.2 Maria Callas 3.2.3 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis 3.3 Sexuality 3.4 Death and legacy 4 Popular culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

Early life

Onassis was born in Karatass, a suburb of Smyrna, Ottoman Empire (now İzmir, Turkey) to Socrates and Penelope Onassis. At the time of his birth, Smyrna had a very significant and prosperous Greek population. Aristotle had one full-sister, Artemis, and two half-sisters, Kalliroi and Merope, who were products of his father's second marriage (after Penelope's death) in 1912.

Aristotle's father had a fleet of 10 ships with 40 sailors. This enterprise was a financial success enabling him to send Onassis and his sisters to prestigious schools. At the age of 16, Aristotle spoke four languages: Spanish, Turkish, English and Greek.^[4]

After being briefly occupied by Greece (1919–1922) in the aftermath of the allied victory in World War I, Smyrna was re-captured by Turkey; the Onassis family substantial holdings were lost, causing them to become refugees fleeing to Greece after the Great Fire of Smyrna. During this period Aristotle lost three uncles and one aunt with her husband Chrysostomos Konialidis and their daughter, who were burned to death when the Turks set fire to a church in Thyatira where 500 Christians were seeking shelter at the Great Fire of Smyrna.

In 1923, Aristotle Onassis left his home country for Buenos Aires, Argentina^[5] reportedly, carrying just $60 in his pocket and got his first job with the British United River Plate Telephone Company.

Business

Argentina

After hearing from an Argentine film distributor and a senior executive at Paramount in New York reporting the film star Rudolph Valentino saying that everything from the Orient was in evidence at that moment, Onassis had the idea of importing tobacco from Turkey with help from his father Socrates. The tobacco was softer than the Cuban variety, and he was sure it would appeal to women more. After the failure of a contract with Juan Gaona, the director of a huge Argentine company, he turned to making his own cigarettes. After some time managing this business and his job in British United River, he made a considerable amount of money.

His power and influence increased rapidly; he frequently attended important social events, and in 1925 he received both Argentine and Greek citizenship.

According to Peter Evans (his official biographer) and Christian Cafarakis (a former employee)^[6] a considerable part of the tobacco was smuggled,^[7] which would explain the speed with which he made his first million dollars. In 1928, Onassis traded with Greece US$2,800,000 just four years after his arrival in Argentina. This was due to other illegitimate activities he undertook, like sabotaging his competitor and using the same name of a famous cigarette company: Bis. This last was profitable but ended once the real Bis company sued him.^[8]

In 1929 the Greek government announced a 1000% increase in tax of imported products from countries with no trade agreement with their country; this could have ruined Onassis' South American business, as Argentina had little commercial relationships with Greece. With the help of his confidante, Costa Gratsos, a former student of the London School of Economics and descendant of a rich family - the Dracoulis - he wrote a letter to the prime minister of Greece Eleutherios Venizelos. The text was a warning about the damage that the increase in tax could cause to the Greek merchant navy, once 80% of it was used in transport between Europe and Argentina.^[9]

The letter made a good impression on the prime minister and he sent Onassis to speak with the foreign minister Andreas Michalakopoulos.^[9] The meeting, however, did not go well. Michalakopoulos, who purportedly brushed his nails throughout the meeting, simply rejoindered:

Mr. Onassis, I'm listening to what you say, but this type of thing needs time. I will strongly consider what you have said. You can count on that.^[9]

During the next few weeks, Onassis and Michalakopoulos met several times more, and Onassis's hospitality, which usually included generous bribes, finally won Michalakopoulos's support. Onassis once said never to trust a person who did not accept a bribe.^[9]

Due to this new friendship Onassis returned to Argentina with a new passport and the encouragement to move his business forward. The Greek government promised not to apply heavy taxes to Argentine trades.^[9]

In 1931 again with Michalakopoulos's help, Onassis' connections in Argentina were recognized and he was granted, along with the tax exemptions for the freight ships, the title of Vice Consul.^[9]

This title greatly increased the status of Onassis as well as his business. Evans also claims that at the same time Onassis got access to large amounts of money that he exchanged in the black market, in spite of Gratsos' disapproval.^[9]

Success

Statue of Onassis at Nydri, Lefkada.

In 1954, the FBI investigated Onassis for fraud against the U.S. government.^{[citation needed]} He was charged with violating the citizenship provision of the shipping laws which require that all ships displaying the U.S. flag be owned by U.S. citizens. Onassis entered a guilty plea and paid $7 million.^{[citation needed]} He founded Olympic Airways (today Olympic Airlines), the Greek national carrier, in 1957.

To finance his ships he used a method that he, in his own words, described as utilizing the formula OPM (other people's money).^{[citation needed]} And, much in the same way, he closed contracts to transport ore in ships he did not yet have, and closed several contracts to transport oil via tankers that had not yet been built.^{[citation needed]}

Onassis made large profits when the big petroleum companies like Mobil, Socony, and Texaco signed long-term contracts at fixed prices with him for the use of his fleet, while having trouble managing their own fleet which operated under US flags and thus at high cost.

Onassis' fleet had Panamanian flags and sailed tax-free while operating at low cost. Because of this, Onassis could turn a profit in every transaction, even though he charged one of the lowest prices in the merchant navy market. He could recoup the cost of a tanker with a simple six-month contract.^{[citation needed]} The rest of the service life of the tanker, usually 20 years, yielded high profits.^{[citation needed]}

Whaling

Between 1950 and 1956 Onassis had much success whale fishing off the Peruvian coast. His first expedition made a net profit of US$4.5 million (US$120 milions in 2009 using a rate of return of 6% a year). That business ended when the Norwegian Whales Gazette made serious accusations based on sailor testimonials, like this one from Bruno Schalaghecke that worked on Olympic Challenger: "Pieces of fresh meat from the 124 whales we killed yesterday still remains on the deck. Among them all, just one could be considered adult. All animals that passes the range of the harpoon are killed in cold blood"^[9]

The venture come to an end after the business was sold to Kyokuyo Hogei Kaisha Whaling Company, one of the biggest Japanese whaling companies, for a sum of US $8.5 million

The Greek Colonel affair

According to the Evans biography, four days after his marriage with Jacqueline, Onassis was in close discussions with Colonel George Papadopoulos. In the same biography, it is claimed that Papadopoulos was on Onassis' extensive bribe list.^[10]

Onassis and Papadopoulos were planning what they referred to as the "greatest business" in Greece. This project involved building an oil refinery, shipyards, power plants, and several aluminum facilities. The project was officially named the Omega Project. The Omega Project was heavily criticized by people like Helen Vlachos, a journalist from Athens who, at the time, declared that Greece was being sold as a "genuine bargain".^[10]

The Omega Project negotiations with the Papadopoulos government lasted for months and ended with Onassis losing part of the project to his competitor Stavros Niarchos.^[10] The failure was due partly to opposition from influential people within the junta, such as Ioannis-Orlandos Rodinos, Deputy Minister of the National Economy, who severely opposed Onassis' offers in preference to Niarchos' ones.^[10]

Personal life

Genealogy

v • d • e Athina Onassis Roussel Athina Onassis Roussel's ancestors Socrates Onassis • Penelope Onassis • Aristotle Onassis Christina Onassis • Stavros G. Livanos • Arietta Zafirakis • Athina Livanos • Édouard Grinda Socrates Onassis • Penelope Dologlou Aristotle Onassis • Artemis Garofalidi Aristotle Onassis • Athina Mary Livanos Alexander Onassis, Christina Onassis Socrates Onassis • Eleni Tzortzoglou Merope Konialidi • Kallirroi Patronikola Henri Roussel • Francine Grinda Christine de Luynes • Patricia Roussel • Thierry Roussel Jean-Paul Grinda • Françoise Francine Grinda Roussel • Jean-Noël Grinda • Hélène Grinda Lejeune • Olivier Grinda Stavros George Livanos • Arietta Zafirakis Eugenia Livanos • Athina Livanos • George S. Livanos Skorpios • Christina O • Alexander S. Onassis Foundation

Marriages and family

Athina Livanos

Onassis married Athina Livanos, daughter of shipping magnate Stavros Livanos, on December 28, 1946; their son, Alexander (April 30, 1948 – January 23, 1973), and daughter Christina (December 11, 1950 – November 19, 1988), were both born in New York City.^[11]

To Onassis this marriage was more than the fulfillment of his ambitions. He also felt that the marriage dealt a blow to his father in law and the old-money Greek traditionalists who held Onassis in very low esteem due to his business tactics, such as sailing with a Panamanian flag.^[12]

In an exchange with Costa Gratsos, during the wedding, Onassis expressed his desire to prevail over his competitors.^[12]

After their divorce, Athina married John Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford. She later married Stavros Niarchos, her sister's widower and Onassis's arch shipping rival.

Onassis financed the construction of the Olympic Tower in New York.

Maria Callas

Despite the fact they were both married, Onassis and opera diva Maria Callas embarked on a notorious affair.^[13] They met each other in 1957 during a party in Venice promoted by Elsa Maxwell. After this first encounter, Ari said to Spyros Skouras: "There [was] just a natural curiosity; after all, we were the most famous Greeks alive in the world".

That Callas was really the love of his life is suggested by the short-lived happiness he experienced with Kennedy (he tried to end the marriage early but was unable to without committing an egregious offense, according to Greek law at the time), and by the many times he tried to see Callas while married to Kennedy. He flew to Paris to see Callas after the death of his son Alexander in an airplane crash. Onassis never recovered from the death of his son.

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

Onassis ended his relationship with Callas to marry Jacqueline Kennedy, widow of 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy, on October 20, 1968. It was said^{[by whom?]} that Kennedy insisted on marriage rather than an affair so as to avoid upsetting her children.

According to Peter Evans, Jacqueline received US$3 million for her and $1m for each son as an offer if she accepted marriage. Using a rate of return of 8% a year, from 1968, it would be equivalent to US$65m and US$22m respectively in 2008 value. After Onassis's death she would receive US$150,000 ($3.25m using the same calculus) each year until the end of her life. The whole marital contract was discussed with Ted Kennedy and later reviewed by André Meyer, Jacqueline's financial consultant.

Christina, Onassis's daughter, made clear that she didn't like Jacqueline, and after Alexander's death, she convinced his father that Jacqueline had some kind of curse due to John and Robert Kennedy's murders. The relations between Aristotle and Jacqueline that were already unbalanced came to an end.^[14]

Sexuality

In a 2007 interview, director Franco Zeffirelli said that Onassis was bisexual, allegedly making a pass at him.^[15] Peter Evans in his 1986 version of Onassis' biography (a project halted when the latter married Jacqueline Kennedy, and revived right before Onassis' death in 1975), mentions a similar occurrence during Onassis' early life in Smyrna, where he supposedly got sexually involved with a male lieutenant from the Turkish army ^[16]

Death and legacy

Onassis died at age 69, on March 15, 1975 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, of bronchial pneumonia, a complication of the myasthenia gravis that he had been suffering from during the last years of his life.^[17] According to his will, his daughter Christina was to inherit 55% of the Onassis fortune while the other 45% were used as funds for the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation set up to honor his son Alexander Onassis.^[18] This 45% was the share that his son Alexander would have inherited, had he not died in 1973. Jackie Kennedy also received her share of the estate settling for a reported $10,000,000 ($26 million according to other sources) which was negotiated by her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy (this amount would later grow to several hundred million under the financial stewardship of her companion Maurice Tempelsman). Christina's share has since passed to her only child Athina, making her one of the wealthiest women in the world.

Popular culture

During his lifetime Onassis was one of the richest men in the world and one of the most famous. Just like Rockefeller his name has become synonymous with wealth. He is referenced in the Tintin album Flight 714, where billionaire Lazlo Carreidas is bidding (over the telephone) up against Onassis at an art auction. In The Simpsons episode "Homer Defined", Mr. Burns introduces Homer to his Greek billionaire friend Aristotle "Ari" Amadopoulos, another reference to Onassis. Greek author Panos Karnezis modelled the protagonist of his 2007 novel The Birthday Party, Marco Timoleon, on Onassis.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Greek shipping
• Skorpios
• Christina O
• Stavros Niarchos

Notes

1. ^ Blyth, Myrna (12 August 2004). "Greek Tragedy, The life of Aristotle Onassis". National Review Online. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5f9H3HFrI. Retrieved 5 April 2008. 
2. ^ Smith, Helena, The Guardian, Callas takes centre stage again as exhibition recalls Onassis's life, Retrieved on 5 April 2008.
3. ^ "The Life of Aristotle Onassis". Greece.org. http://www.greece.org/poseidon/work/modern-times/onassis.html. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 
4. ^ Cafarakis, Christian (1972). Ari: O Fabuloso Onassis. Editora Expressão e Cultura. 
5. ^ "Richest People in History Aristotle Onassis". Trivia-library.com. 15 March 1975. http://www.trivia-library.com/b/richest-people-in-history-aristotle-onassis.htm. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 
6. ^ "El fabuloso Onassis - Pesquisa de Livros do Google". Books.google.com.br. http://books.google.com.br/books?id=rmRXHQAACAAJ&dq=cafarakis+onassis&ei=WE1USIjmOJOaigGC35CJDA. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 
7. ^ "Aristotle Onassis biography — The man and legend". Financial-inspiration.com. http://www.financial-inspiration.com/Aristotle-Onassis-biography.html. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 
8. ^ Evans, Peter (1986). Ari: The Life and Times of Aristotle Onassis. Summit Books. ISBN 0671465082. 
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Evans, Peter (1986). Ari: The Life and Times of Aristotle Onassis. Summit Books. ISBN 0671465082. 
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Evans, Peter (1986). Ari: The Life and Times of Aristotle Onassis. Summit Books. ISBN 0671465082. 
11. ^ The founder^{[dead link]}
12. ^ ^{a b} Evans, Peter (1986). Ari: The Life and Times of Aristotle Onassis. Summit Books. ISBN 0671465082. 
13. ^ "MARIA CALLAS Biography". Notablebiographies.com. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Callas-Maria.html. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 
14. ^ "Video Biography of Aristotles Onassis". Thebiographychannel.co.uk. 11 August 2008. http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 
15. ^ "Zeffirelli: «Onassis tentò di sedurmi»". Corriere.it. http://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/07_dicembre_04/zeffirelli_onassis_fa6cdf80-a27b-11dc-9440-0003ba99c53b.shtml. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 
16. ^ Evans, Peter (1986). Ari: The Life and Times of Aristotle Onassis. Summit Books. ISBN 0671465082. 
17. ^ "Onassis, Aristotle". Findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5229/is_2003/ai_n19152767/print. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 
18. ^ "Aristotelis (Aristotle) Onassis (1906–1975)". Eurocharity.org. http://www.eurocharity.org/en/article.php?article_id=233. Retrieved 26 April 2009. 

References

• "Onassis: Pioneer in Shipping", by George M. Foustanos, 2006.

External links

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• The True Life of Aristotle Onassis
• The Life of Aristotle Onassis
• The Onassis Foundation
• Aristotle Onassis at Find a Grave

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