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Armed merchantman

 
US History Encyclopedia: Armed Merchantmen
 
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Absence of International Law at sea in the colonial and early national periods motivated American shipping interests to arm their vessels against piracy and privateering. Freedom of the seas was essential to the young republic's economic survival. Merchant ships like the Ranger, engaged in West Indian trade in 1782, carried seven guns, plus muskets and pikes.

To limit the possibility of international incident, Congress on 3 March 1805 required such ships to pledge that their ordnance would be used for defense only. During the War of 1812, U.S. merchant ships, typically armed with six-pounders, sailed clandestinely in and out of British ports, and traded in China, the West Indies, and South America.

The Declaration of Paris (16 April 1856) abolished privateering. This action, coupled with the gradual disappearance of piracy, obviated the need for armed merchantmen. Nevertheless, in 1877 and 1894, the U.S. Department of State, responding to threats against U.S. merchant ships, authorized ships to arm for self-defense.

During World War I, Germany announced on 31 January 1917 a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. Consequently, President Woodrow Wilson approved the arming of U.S. merchant ships with naval gun crews. Just prior to American entrance into World War II, German submarines had attacked U.S. ships in the Atlantic; on 13 November 1941 Congress authorized the use of naval armed guards aboard merchant ships similar to those of World War I. The convoy routes to Murmansk and to the Mediterranean were continually harried by German U-boats and bombing aircraft. The Allied combat campaigns would never have succeeded without the merchant ship convoys.

Bibliography

Bunker, John. Heroes in Dungarees: The Story of the American Merchant Marine in World War II. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1995.

Felknor, Bruce L., ed. The U.S. Merchant Marine at War, 1775– 1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1998.

Safford, Jeffrey J. Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy, 1913–1921. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1978.

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Wikipedia: Armed merchantman
 
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Armed Merchantman is a term that has come to mean a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail, piracy and privateers, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in long distance and high value trade. The most famous of this type were the East Indiamen which were known to be able to defeat regular warships in battle.

Contents

Pre-20th century

Main article: East Indiaman

East Indiamen of various European countries were heavily armed for their long journeys to the Far East. In particularly dangerous times, such as when the home countries were at war, a convoy system would be used whereby the ships were escorted by a warship. However, many East Indiamen also travelled on their own, and therefore were armed to the same standard as a ship of the line in order to defend themselves against pirates and privateers.

Development of Auxiliary Cruisers[1]

  • 1856 - Privateering (or seizure of a belligerent country's merchant ships as a private enterprise) lost international sanction under the Declaration of Paris.
  • 1861-65 - Europe built high speed ships to run the American Civil War Union Blockade. Some were armed and served as Confederate States Navy raiders.
  • 1877 - Russia purchases three ships of 6,000 tons (5,440 tonnes) armed with 6 in (15 cm) guns for use as auxiliary cruisers for a Russian Volunteer Fleet. Germany and the United Kingdom respond to the precedent by asking their shipping companies to design their fast steamers with provision for mounting guns in time of war.
  • 1890 - German and British shipyards have built new civilian ships designed for wartime conversion, and France, Italy, Japan, Austria-Hungary, and the United States have made similar agreements with their shipyards.
  • 1892 - Russia builds two more auxiliary cruisers.
  • 1895 - The Imperial German Navy mobilizes the provisional auxiliary cruiser Normannia for a 15 day trial armed with eight 6 in (15 cm) guns, two 3.5 in (9 cm) guns, six 37 mm (1.46 in) guns, and two torpedo boats.

20th century

These were used in both World Wars by both Germany and the United Kingdom. Whilst the British used armed passenger liners for protecting their shipping, the German approach was to use them to attack enemy shipping.

Armed merchant cruisers

The Armed Merchant Cruisers (AMC) of the British Navy were employed for convoy protection against enemy warships. They were found to be of limited usefulness because they lacked warship armour and used local control of guns rather than director fire-control systems. Many were converted into troopships.

One famous AMC of World War I was the British RMS Carmania which, after a heated battle which caused heavy damage on both sides, succeeding in sinking the German auxiliary cruiser Cap Trafalgar near the Brazilian island of Trinidade in 1914.[2] By ironic coincidence the "Carmania" was disguised as the "Cap Trafalagar" while the "Cap Trafalagar" was disguised as the "Carmania".[citation needed]

In World War II, the Jervis Bay, the sole escort for convoy HX 84, stood off the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer, when the German ship attacked the convoy. Though she was sunk, this enabled the convoy to escape. Her master, Acting Captain Edward Fegan was awarded the Victoria Cross (posthumous) for his actions.

Auxiliary cruisers

Main article: merchant raider

The German practice was to arm merchantmen with hidden weapons and use them as commerce raiders. An auxiliary cruiser - Hilfskreuzer or Handels-Stör-Kreuzer (HSK) - usually approached her target under a false flag with guns concealed, and sometimes with her appearance altered with fake funnels and masts and often a fake paint job. The victim was thus engaged at point-blank range and had no chance to escape. In World War I, the Imperial German Navy initially used fast passenger ships (such as past holders of the Blue Riband for fastest North Atlantic crossings), but they made obvious and easy targets because of their very familiar silhouettes. The Germans therefore soon moved on to using captured and refitted Allied vessels, but principally only modified transport ships. These were slower, but less recognizable. In both world wars, these ships were found to be vulnerable to attack, and were withdrawn before the war ended. Many were sunk after being caught by regular warships - an unequal battle since auxiliary cruisers had poor fire control and no armor. There were, however, a few success stories. The Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse was a former passenger liner that sank two freighters in 1914 before being caught by HMS Highflyer. Her sister ship, the Kronprinz Wilhelm, had a legendary journey, sinking or capturing a total of 15 ships in 1914 and 1915, before finally running out of supplies and having to put into port in Virginia, where she was interned by the Americans and eventually converted into a US Navy troop transport (as the renamed USS Von Steuben). The most famous German commerce raider of World War I probably was SMS Seeadler, a sailing ship commanded by the legendary Count Felix von Luckner.

However, both Wolf and Moewe were both much more successful than Seeadler.

The concept was revived in World War II. In one incident, the German Kormoran (ex-merchantman Steiermark) managed to surprise and sink the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney, which approached too close, though the Kormoran herself was also sunk in the engagement. This was the only occasion in history when an armed merchantman managed to sink a modern warship; in most cases auxiliary cruiser raiders tried to avoid confrontation with warships.

It should be noted that Kormoran's attack upon Sydney was motivated by desperation. She was not the most successful German raider of World War II (both Atlantis and Pinguin scored higher kill tonnages).

Out of interest, the only encounters between allied and axis auxiliary cruisers in World War II were focused around the raider Thor. This vessel, otherwise unremarkable in her genre, encountered three British auxiliaries in her career, defeating the first two and sinking the last.

In World War II, the German Navy operated ten very successful auxiliary cruisers which ranged in tonnage from 3,860-9,400; typically these vessels were equipped with:

  • Floatplanes
  • 6 in (15 cm) guns
  • Smaller armaments (typically hidden away behind specially designed and hinged bulwarks, or beneath fake deckhouses and/or skylights)
  • Torpedoes
  • Mines

To preserve their cover, these ships flew the flags of neutral or occasionally Allied nations. They were re-fuelled and provisioned by special supply ships and from Japanese island bases, or they simply reprovisioned themselves from prizes they had taken.

To counter the effectiveness of these disguises the Allies introduced the check-mate system in 1942 to identify individual ships on a one-by-one basis with the Admiralty in London.

During World War II, German auxiliary cruisers are believed to have either sunk or captured some 800,000 tons (726,000 tonnes) of Allied shipping.

Compare to the Q-ship, which was a disguised merchantman for anti-submarine operations.

Others

The CAM Ship (from catapult armed merchantman) was a British merchantman fitted with a catapult that could launch, but not recover, a single fighter aircraft.

The Merchant Aircraft Carrier or MAC was a British or Dutch cargo ship with a flight deck that could carry a small number of aircraft.

CAM and MAC ships remained as civilian ships operated by civilian crews, with Fleet Air Arm or Royal Netherlands Navy "air parties".

Ship lists

Spanish-American War

American auxiliary cruisers

Russo-Japanese War

Japanese merchant cruisers
Russian merchant cruisers

Note: This listing is incomplete.

World War I

Allied merchant cruisers


Royal Navy
Royal Australian Navy
French Navy

German auxiliary cruisers

Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Nationalist, whose navy was substantially outnumbered by the Republicans, made an extensive use of auxiliary cruisers during the Spanish civil war, two of them lend from Italy:

World War II

Allied merchant cruisers

The Armed merchant cruisers were made by requisitioning large ships and providing them with guns and other equipment. They ranged from 6,000 tons (5,440 tonnes) to 22,000 tons (19,960 tonnes). The armament varied but six 6 in (152 mm) guns with 3 in (76 mm) guns as secondary was usual. From 1941, many served as troopships.

Royal Australian Navy
Royal New Zealand Navy
Royal Canadian Navy
Royal Navy
French Navy (Marine Nationale)

French auxiliary cruisers were armed with 138 mm, 152 mm or 150 mm guns, 75 mm and 37 mm AA guns and 13.2 mm or 8 mm AA HMG

  • Aramis (X01)
  • Ville D'Alger (X03)
  • Cap des Palmes (X03)
  • Ville d'Oran (X05)
  • El Mansour (X06)
  • Victor Scoelcher (X07) (lost on 06 May 1942)
  • Colombie (X10)
  • Charles Plumier (X11)
  • Djenné (X13)
  • El Kantara (X16)
  • El Djezair (X17)
  • Eridan (X18)
  • Barfleur (X19)
  • Quercy (X20)
  • Esterel (X21)
  • Mexique (X22) (lost on 19 June 1940)

German auxiliary cruiser raiders

At the outbreak of war, the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) requisitioned a number of fast merchantmen and immediately sent them into naval shipyards to be converted into offensive auxiliary cruisers. These ships had at the time of building been fitted with extra strong decks specifically to facilitate the installation of military equipment when required, but this was the only difference between them and other merchantmen of the period. No precise plans had been drawn up for the conversion of these ships into warships, and consequently the conversion process was painfully long. Compared to the diversity of British auxiliary cruisers, the Hilfskreuzer were standardized insofar as possible. The ships themselves averaged approximately 7,000 tons (6,350 tonnes). Armament usually consisted of six 6 in (15 cm) guns, between two and six torpedo tubes, and an assortment of 40 mm, 37 mm, and 20 mm automatic weapons. Most of these merchant raiders carried an Arado Ar 196 seaplane for reconnaissance. Kormoran, Komet, and Michel were also equipped with small motor torpedo boats. In addition to armament, increased fuel, water, and coal storage had to be provided for as well. Furthermore, the raiders could not abandon the crews of their captures, so space had to be provided for prisoners. The first Hilfskreuzer got under way in March 1940, shortly before the Norwegian campaign.

Japanese armed merchant cruisers

See also Japanese raiders in Indian Ocean Campaign and List of Japanese Auxiliary Cruiser Commerce Raiders.

Japan converted fourteen merchant ships to "armed merchant cruisers." But, by the end of 1943, five had been sunk and seven had been converted back to merchant ships.

  • Aikoku Maru
  • Akagi Maru
  • Asaka Maru
  • Awata Maru
  • Bangkok Maru
  • Gokoku Maru
  • Hokoku Maru
  • Kinryu Maru
  • Kiyozumi Maru
  • Kongo Maru
  • Noshiro Maru
  • Saigon Maru
  • Ukishima Maru

Italian armed merchant cruisers

Unlike the Germans and the Japanese, none of the armed merchant cruisers (or auxiliary cruisers) of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) were deployed to destroy or capture Allied merchant ships.

  • Ramb I - Lost on 27 February 1941
  • Ramb II - Never active as an Italian armed merchant cruiser and, after being chartered by the Japanese as the Calitea II, lost on 12 January 1945
  • Ramb III - Converted into an escort vessel and never served as an armed merchant cruiser
  • Ramb IV - Converted into a hospital ship and never served as an armed merchant cruiser

21st century

Despite a rise in modern piracy, it is very unusual for modern merchant ships to be armed, save for maybe a number of small arms and the use of the ship's fire hoses to repel boarders. One exception to this are the ships of PNTL [7] used to transport spent nuclear fuel and reprocessed uranium on behalf of BNFL. Transporting enough fissile material between them to produce 50-60 nuclear weapons, these ships, beginning with the Pacific Pintail and Pacific Teal, became armed in 1999 to avoid the cost of a Royal Navy escort.[8] Travelling together in convoy during these ships intermittent voyages, they have an onboard escort of armed police from the UKAEAC and its successors [9] and are equipped with two to three automatic cannons of 30 mm caliber.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Schmalenbach, Paul (1977). German Raiders. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85059-351-4. 
  2. ^ Carmania I
  3. ^ a b c d "Armed Merchant Cruisers - Royal Navy". Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk. 28 July 2008. http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/armed_merchant_cruisers.htm. Retrieved on 2009-06-24. 
  4. ^ "Record for HMS Bayano". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. 19 June 2007. http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/102639/details/hms+bayano+north+channel/. Retrieved on 2009-06-15. 
  5. ^ SS Mount Temple#Capture and Sinking
  6. ^ Dittmar, Frederick James (20 Oct 1972) (in English), British warships, 1914-1919, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, ISBN 0711003807 
  7. ^ PNTL Fleet
  8. ^ "Nuclear fuel ship docks in Japan". BBC. 27 September 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/458551.stm. Retrieved on 2008-08-27. 
  9. ^ Brown, Paul (20 January 1999). "Nuclear fuel ships to be armed with heavy guns". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1999/jan/20/paulbrown. Retrieved on 2008-08-27. 
  10. ^ "UK British nuclear fuel ships armed". BBC. 8 July 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/389545.stm. Retrieved on 2008-08-27. 
  • Duffy, James P., Hitler's Secret Pirate Fleet, 2001, Praeger, Westport (Connecticut) and London, ISBN 0-275-96685-2
  • The Oxford Companion to World War II (2005) ISBN -X
  • Alfred von Niezychowski, The Cruise of the Kronprinz Wilhelm, 1928, published by Doubleday

External links


This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

 
 

 

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