Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Schlesinger, Arthur M(eier); and Schlesinger, Arthur M(eier), Jr.

(born Feb. 27, 1888, Xenia, Ohio, U.S. — died Oct. 30, 1965, Boston, Mass.) (born Oct. 15, 1917, Columbus, Ohio — died Feb. 28, 2007, New York, N.Y.) U.S. historians. The elder Schlesinger taught at Harvard University for three decades beginning in 1924. He helped to broaden the study of U.S. history by emphasizing social and urban developments. His books include The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution, 1763 – 1776 (1917) and Rise of the City, 1878 – 1898 (1933), and he coedited (with Dixon Ryan Fox) the series A History of American Life (1928 – 43). His son taught at Harvard (1946 – 61) and the City University of New York (1966 – 94). Long active in liberal politics, he was an adviser to Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy during their presidential campaigns and served as Kennedy's special assistant. His books include The Age of Jackson (1946, Pulitzer Prize), The Age of Roosevelt, 3 vol. (1957 – 60), A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (1965, National Book Award, Pulitzer Prize), The Imperial Presidency (1973), The Cycles of American History (1986), and War and the American Presidency (2004).

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Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr. (born 1917) was an outstanding historian of the United States and an influential activist in the Democratic Party. What was unique was the extent to which he brought his scholarship to bear upon his partisan politics.

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. was born in 1917 with the name Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger, later changed by dropping his mother's maiden name and taking his father's full name. This emulation was one of many in the most famous father-son combination in the history of American historians, for Schlesinger Jr. was raised in the home of one of the leading historians of the 1920s and 1930s. Arthur Schlesinger, Sr. taught one of the first college courses in American social and cultural history (in the early 1920s), pioneered in the scholarship of social history, and, as a professor at Harvard between the two world wars, directed the graduate work of several students who became distinguished social and intellectual historians.

Precocious Arthur Jr. graduated from Harvard College summa cum laude at age 20 and published his honor's thesis one year later, Orestes A. Brownson: A Pilgrim's Progress (1939). He spent a year studying in England, but did not pursue further formal academic training. Membership in the Society of Fellows at Harvard allowed him to do the research for The Age of Jackson, published when he was only 27 in 1945. (After 1942 Schlesinger Jr. had been involved in the World War II effort in Washington, D.C. and overseas.) The Pulitzer Prize was awarded The Age of Jackson, and Schlesinger Jr. was appointed to the Harvard history department, where his father was still a professor.

Schlesinger Jr. moved his scholarly focus from the pre-Civil War period to that of the New Deal while he was a Harvard professor. Teaching American intellectual history from the colonies to the present, he concentrated his research upon the Age of Roosevelt and published the first three volumes covering the years to 1936: The Crisis of the Old Order (1957); The Coming of the New Deal (1958); and The Politics of Upheaval (1960). In the mid-1980s he resumed work on his multi-volume history of the New Deal.

If Schlesinger Jr. had only published these historical works he would be known to the educated public as well as to historians, for all of his books are well written and widely read. But it was his political involvements and the relation of his writing to these involvements which made Schlesinger a public figure of unusual interest.

He became the Albert Schweitzer Professor of Humanities at the City University of New York in 1966 and president of the American Institute of Arts and Letters in 1981.

Actively Supported Stevenson

Though Schlesinger Sr. (1888-1965) was a liberal, a Democrat throughout the 1920s, and a supporter of the New Deal, his scholarship did not visibly manifest his political views and his partisan political activity was slight. Schlesinger Jr. was more active personally in partisan politics, and his scholarship seemed to cast votes. The Age of Jackson, written during FDR's fourth term, argued that the pre-Civil War reform era was one of a series of alternating liberal cycles which followed conservative periods, each of which failed to address the nation's political, economic, and social problems. Schlesinger attempted to demonstrate that Jacksonian democracy was a conscious social movement emanating mainly from "have-nots" in the eastern and southern parts of the country. The alleged class conscious eastern radicalism and the regional alignment suggested, of course, links with the New Deal, and it was said that The Age of Jackson "voted" for Roosevelt, as well as Jackson.

In 1949 Schlesinger Jr. published The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom, a history of American social thought organized around the political issues of the post-World War II years. The Vital Center voted retrospectively for Truman in the election of 1948, both in terms of domestic New Deal programs and in the formulation of opposition to totalitarianism, whether of fascism on the right or communism on the left. Written for the moment, The Vital Center remains a remarkably enduring testament for the mainstream of the Democratic Party almost 40 years after it was published.

An active supporter of Adlai Stevenson in his unsuccessful bids for the presidency in 1952 and 1956, Schlesinger Jr. switched his speech-writing to John Kennedy for the election of 1960. Kennedy or Nixon: Does it Make Any Difference (1960) made his case for JFK. After serving in the White House as a special assistant to Kennedy and resigning his Harvard faculty position, Schlesinger wrote A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (1965), for which he was again awarded a Pulitzer Prize.

His political visibility obscured the fact that Schlesinger Jr. remained an acute scholarly commentator in book reviews on the monographic works of other historians in American intellectual, political, and social history. In addition, he served as editor of the History of American Presidential Elections (4 volumes, 1971) and in 1986 wrote 14 stylish essays describing The Cycles of American History.

Old Ideals Recycled

Following Bill Clinton's proclamation of a new covenant in his 1992 presidential acceptance speech, Schlesinger asserted that a new era had begun. He based his assertion on the cycles of American history theory put forth by his father. The elder Schlesinger predicted in 1939 that the New Deal would run out of steam in the mid-1940s. It would give way to a conservative tide, he predicted, which in turn would yield a new liberal epoch starting in 1962. The next conservative phase would begin around 1978.

On the strength of this record, it was logical to predict, as the younger Schlesinger did in 1986, that at some point, shortly before or after the year 1990, there should come a sharp change in the national mood and direction. The reason each phase recurred at roughly 30-year intervals, Schlesinger asserted, was because generational change was the cycle's mainspring. But because each generation kept faith with its youthful dreams, Schlesinger argued, the forward momentum was guaranteed.

During the 1990s, Schlesinger was among an increasing number of writers, analysts and political observers who recognized that all was not well with multiculturalism and politically correct trends.

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. in the early 1960s
Born	October 15, 1917(1917-10-15) Columbus, Ohio
Died	February 28, 2007 (aged 89) Manhattan, New York
Occupation	Historian, writer
Nationality	American
Writing period	1939 - 2006
Subjects	Politics, Social issues, History
Literary movement	American liberal theory

Early Life and Career

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Schlesinger was born in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Arthur M. Schlesinger (1888 – 1965), who was an influential social historian at Ohio State University and Harvard University.^[2] He attended the Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire and received his first degree at the age of twenty from Harvard, where he would graduate summa cum laude. In 1940, at the age of twenty-three, he was appointed to a three-year fellowship at Harvard. His fellowship was interrupted by the United States' entry into World War II. After failing his military medical examination Schlesinger joined the Office of War Information. From 1943-1945 he served in a spy ring operated by the Office of Strategic Services, a precursor to the CIA; In Garry Wills's 1970 book, "Nixon Agonistes", he mentions Schlesinger's background in the OSS.^[3] Dr. Schlesinger's full involvement was very openly and publicly discussed in the media in 2008, along with other well known personalities such as chef Julia Child.^[4]^[5]

Schlesinger's service in the OSS allowed him time to complete his first Pulitzer prizewinning book, The Age of Jackson, in 1945. From 1946-1954 he was an Associate Professor at Harvard, becoming a full professor in 1954.

Political Activities Prior to 1960

In 1947 Schlesinger became a founding member of the Americans for Democratic Action organization along with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, future Vice-President Hubert Humphrey and economist and long-time friend John Kenneth Galbraith, acting as National Chairman from 1953-1954. After President Harry S. Truman announced he would not run for a second term in 1952, Schlesinger became the primary speechwriter and ardent supporter of Illinois Governor Adlai E. Stevenson for President of the United States. In 1956 he served on Stevenson's campaign staff (along with 26-year-old Robert Kennedy) and supported the nomination of Senator John F. Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) as Stevenson's vice-president, which eventually went to Senator Estes Kefauver. Schlesinger had known John Kennedy since attending Harvard and increasingly socialized with Kennedy and his wife in the 1950s. Kennedy had also protested against Schlesinger being falsely accused as a "Harvard Communist" by reporter John Fox in 1954. During the 1960 campaign Schlesinger supported Kennedy, causing much consternation to Stevenson loyalists. At the time, however, Kennedy was an active candidate while Stevenson refused to run unless he was drafted by the Democratic National Convention. After Kennedy won the nomination, Schlesinger helped the campaign as a (sometime) speechwriter, speaker, and member of the ADA. He also wrote the book Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference? in which he lauded Kennedy's abilities and scorned Vice-President Richard Nixon as having "no ideas, only methods...He cares about winning." ^[6]

Kennedy Administration

After the election, the president-elect offered Schlesinger an ambassadorship and Assistant Secretary of State for Cultural Relations before Robert Kennedy proposed that he serve as a "sort of roving reporter and troubleshooter." Schlesinger quickly accepted, and on January 30, 1961 he resigned from Harvard and was appointed Special Assistant to the President. He worked primarily on Latin American Affairs and as a speechwriter during his tenure in the White House.

In February of 1961, Schlesinger was first told of the "Cuba operation" that would eventually become the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He opposed the plan in a memorandum to the President, stating that "at one stroke you would dissipate all the extraordinary good will which has been rising toward the new Administration through the world. It would fix a malevolent image of the new Administration in the minds of millions."^[7] During the Cabinet deliberations he "shrank into a chair at the far end of the table and listened in silence" as the Joint Chiefs and CIA representatives lobbied the president for an invasion. Along with his friend, Senator William Fulbright, Schlesinger sent several memos to the President opposing the strike^[8]; however, during the meetings he held back his opinion, reluctant to undermine the President's desire for a unanimous decision. Following the overt failure of the invasion, Schlesinger later lamented "In the months after the Bay of Pigs, I bitterly reproached myself for having kept so silent during those crucial discussions in the cabinet room . . . I can only explain my failure to do more than raise a few timid questions by reporting that one's impulse to blow the whistle on this nonsense was simply undone by the circumstances of the discussion."^[9] After the furor died down, Kennedy joked that Schlesinger "wrote me a memorandum that will look pretty good when he gets around to writing his book on my administration. Only he better not publish that memorandum while I'm still alive!"^[7] During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Schlesinger was not a member of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) but helped UN Ambassador Stevenson draft his presentation of the crisis to the UN Security Council.

After President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, Schlesinger resigned his position in January of 1964. He wrote a memoir/history of the Kennedy Administration called A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, which won him his second Pulitzer in 1965.

Later career

Schlesinger returned to teaching in 1966 as the Albert Schweitzer Professor of the Humanities at The Graduate Center of The City University of New York. He retired in 1994, but remained an active member of the Graduate Center community as an emeritus professor until his death. He continued to be a Kennedy loyalist for the rest of his life, campaigning for Robert Kennedy's tragic presidential campaign in 1968 and for Senator Edward M. Kennedy in 1980. Upon the request of Robert Kennedy's widow, Ethel Kennedy, he wrote the biography Robert Kennedy And His Times. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, he greatly criticized Richard Nixon as both a candidate and president. His outspoken disdain of Nixon and prominent status as a liberal Democrat led to his placement on the "master list" of Nixon's Enemies List. Ironically, Nixon would become his next-door neighbor in the years following the Watergate scandal. He retired from teaching in 1994 but remained involved in politics for the rest of his life through his books and public speaking tours.

Personal life

Schlesinger's name at birth was Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; his mother was Elizabeth Bancroft and the family has long assumed (without hard evidence) that there is a blood connection to America's first great historian George Bancroft. Since his mid-teens, he had instead used the signature Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (Schlesinger 2000, pp. 6-7 and 57)

He had five children, four from his first marriage, to author Marian Cannon, and a son and stepson from his second, to Alexandra Emmet. His son, Stephen Schlesinger, is a social scientist, former director of the World Policy Institute at The New School University in New York City and contributor to the Huffington Post; son Robert Schlesinger and stepson Peter Allan also blogged on Huffington Post, as did Arthur Schlesinger himself.

As a prominent Democrat and historian, Schlesinger maintained a very active social life. His wide circle of friends and associates included politicians, actors, writers and artists spanning several decades. Among his friends and associates were President John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Edward M. Kennedy, Adlai E. Stevenson, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, John Kenneth Galbraith, Averell and Pamela Harriman, Steve and Jean Kennedy Smith, Ethel Kennedy, Ted Sorensen, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., Hubert Humphrey, Henry Kissinger, Marietta Peabody Tree, Ben Bradlee, Joseph Alsop, Evangeline Bruce, William vanden Heuvel, Kurt Vonnegut, Norman Mailer, Philip and Katherine Graham, Leonard Bernstein, Walter Lippmann, William Paley, President Lyndon Johnson, Nelson Rockefeller, Lauren Bacall, Marlene Dietrich, George McGovern, Robert McNamara, McGeorge Bundy, Jack Valenti, William Moyers, Richard Goodwin, Al Gore, President Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton.

Career

Education

1933 Phillips Exeter Academy
1938 Harvard University - Society of Fellows, 1939-1942; he never received a Ph.D.
1938-39 Peterhouse, Cambridge - Henry Fellow

World War II service

1942–1943 Office of War Information
1943–1945 Office of Strategic Services

Educator

1946-1961 professor of history at Harvard
Elected to The American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1961.
1966 Albert Schweitzer Professor of Humanities at City University of New York Graduate Center - emeritus, 1994

Democratic activist

Among the founders of Americans for Democratic Action
Speechwriter for Adlai Stevenson's two presidential campaigns in 1952 and 1956
Speechwriter for John F. Kennedy's campaign in 1960
1961-1964 Special Assistant to the President for Latin American affairs and speechwriting.
Speechwriter for Robert F. Kennedy's campaign in 1968
Speechwriter for George McGovern's campaign in 1972
Active in the presidential campaign of Ted Kennedy in 1980
From May 2005 to his death, he was a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post.

Death

Mr. Schlesinger died on February 28, 2007, at the age of 89. According to The New York Times he experienced cardiac arrest while dining out with family members in Manhattan. The newspapers have dubbed him a "historian of power."^[10]

Writings

His 1949 book The Vital Center made a case for the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, while harshly critical of both unregulated capitalism and of those liberals such as Henry A. Wallace who advocated coexistence with communism.

He won a Pulitzer Prize for History in 1946 for his book The Age of Jackson, and another in the Biography category in 1966 for A Thousand Days.

His 1986 book The Cycles of American History was an early work on cycles in politics in the United States; it was influenced by his father's work on cycles.

He became a leading opponent of multiculturalism in the 1980s and articulated this stance in his book The Disuniting of America (1991).

Published posthumously in 2007, Journals 1952-2000 is the 894-page distillation of 6,000 pages of Schlesinger diaries on a wide variety of subjects, edited by Andrew and Stephen Schlesinger. ^[11]

This is a list of his published works:

1939 Orestes A. Brownson: A Pilgrim's Progress
1945 The Age of Jackson
1949 The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom
1950 What About Communism?
1951 The General and the President, and the Future of American Foreign Policy
1957 The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919-1933 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. I)
1958 The Coming of the New Deal: 1933-1935 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. II)
1960 The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. III)
1960 Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference?
1963 The Politics of Hope
1963 Paths of American Thought (ed. with Morton White)
1965 A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
1965 The MacArthur Controversy and American Foreign Policy
1967 Bitter Heritage: Vietnam and American Democracy, 1941-1966
1967 Congress and the Presidency: Their Role in Modern Times
1968 Violence: America in the Sixties
1969 The Crisis of Confidence: Ideas, Power, and Violence in America
1970 The Origins of the Cold War
1973 The Imperial Presidency — reissued in 1989 (with epilogue) & 2004
1978 Robert Kennedy and His Times
1983 Creativity in Statecraft
1986 Cycles of American History
1988 JFK Remembered
1988 War and the Constitution: Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt
1990 Is the Cold War Over?
1991 The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society
2000 A Life in the 20th Century, Innocent Beginnings, 1917-1950
2004 War and the American Presidency
2007 Journals 1952-2000

Schlesinger's papers will be available at the New York Public Library.^[12]

Awards

1946 Pulitzer Prize for History - The Age of Jackson
1958 Bancroft Prize - The Crisis of the Old Order
1958 Francis Parkman Prize - The Crisis of the Old Order
1965 National Book Award - A Thousand Days
1966 Pulitzer Prize for Biography - A Thousand Days
1979 National Book Award - Robert Kennedy and His Times
1998 National Humanities Medal
2003 Four Freedoms Award
2006 Paul Peck Award
2006 Medal Awarded by Elmhurst College to an individual who exemplifies the ideals of Reinhold and H. Richard Niebuhr. Schlesinger was greatly influenced by Reinhold Niebuhr.

Notes

^ Tanenhaus, Sam (2007-03-04). "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. - History, Written in the Present Tense". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/04/weekinreview/04tanenhaus.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
^ "WOSU Presents Ohioana Authors, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.". Ohioana Authors. WOSU. 2006. http://www.ohioana-authors.org/schlesinger/highlights.php. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
^ Wills, Garry, "Nixon Agonistes: the Crisis of the Self-Made Man", Houghton-Mifflin, 1970. Cf. Chapter 5, Section 4, "Beyond Left and Right", p.572. "The typical liberal professor of the fifties had served in the military in the forties --- usually as an officer, often in intelligence (OSS for men like Schlesinger, CIA for William Sloane Coffin, both units for men like CCF's Michael Josselson)."
^ Chef Julia Child, others, part of WWII spy network, Associated Press. CNN.com, August 14, 2008.
^ Schlesinger Robert, "Arthur Schlesinger Jr.'s Not-So-Secret Career as a Spy : My father's OSS records reveal no James Bond, but a World War II career like so many others", US News and World Report, August 20, 2008
^ [1]
^ ^a ^b A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
^ NYPL Acquires Papers of Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr
^ Google Books Reference
^ Martin, Douglas (2007-03-01). "Arthur Schlesinger, Historian of Power, Dies at 89". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/01/washington/01schlesinger.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
^ Dowd, Maureen (2007-10-07). "Social Historian". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/books/review/Dowd-t.html?_r=1&ref=review&pagewanted=all.
^ Pogrebin, Robin. "New York Public Library Buys Schlesinger Papers", New York Times, Nov. 26, 2007.

References

Diggins, John Patrick and Lind, Michael. The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and the Challenge of the American Past, Princeton University Press, 1997.
Feller, Daniel, "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.," in Robert Allen Rutland, ed. Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945-2000 U of Missouri Press. (2000) pp 156–169.
Saunders, Sue (2006-02-15). "Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.". Biographies & Profiles. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/Arthur+M+Schlesinger+Jr.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 1965. A Thousand days: John F Kennedy in the White House. Houghton Mifflin. Boston. ISBN 1579124496 ISBN 978-1579124496
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.; A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950 (2000), autobiography, vol 1.
Wills, Garry, Nixon Agonistes, Houghton Mifflin, 1970. There is significant mention of Dr. Schlesinger.
Washington Post obituary
Reference to Bay of Pigs objection
New York Times obituary

External links

Eisler, Kim. "Arthur Schlesinger Dishes Dirt", Washingtonian, March 6, 2008.
Signature of Arthur Schlesinger
An incredible writer and a proud Liberal all his life. The Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and "court philosopher" of the Kennedy administration was 89 when he died.

Persondata
NAME	Schlesinger, Arthur Meier
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Schlesinger, Arthur Bancroft
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American historian
DATE OF BIRTH	October 15, 1917
PLACE OF BIRTH	Columbus, Ohio, United States
DATE OF DEATH	February 28, 2007
PLACE OF DEATH	Manhattan, New York, United States

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1945	The Age of Jackson. The historian's controversial reevaluation of the Jackson presidency wins the Pulitzer Prize in history. Schlesinger breaks with prevailing notions, claiming that Jacksonian democracy was not a frontier or regional phenomenon but a class struggle that paved the way for a strong central government, which Schlesinger compares to Roosevelt's philosophy and New Deal practices. Fellow historian Richard Hofstadter calls the book "a major contribution to American historiography."
1965	A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Schlesinger wins the 1966 National Book Award for history and biography and the Pulitzer Prize for biography for his account of the Kennedy administration.
1978	Robert Kennedy and His Times. Schlesinger's admittedly partisan biography is a bestseller and earns the writer his second National Book Award.

“	If we are to survive, we must have ideas, vision, and courage. These things are rarely produced by committees. Everything that matters in our intellectual and moral life begins with an individual confronting his own mind and conscience in a room by himself.	„

	equal opportunity
	might-have-been
	sword of Damocles (Constant threat)

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