The Artuqid dynasty (Artuklu in Turkish, sometimes also spelled as
Artukid or Ortokid; Turkish plural: Artukoğulları) was an Oghuz Turkish dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia and Northern
Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Two main branches of the dynasty ruled from Hasankeyf
(Hısn-ı Keyf, Hısnkeyfa) between 1102-1231 and
Mardin between 1106-1186 (and until
1409 as vassals). There was also a third branch that acquired Harput in 1112 and was independent between 1185-1233.
The dynasty was founded by Artuq, son of Eksük, a general originally under Malik Shah I
and then under the Seljuk emir of Damascus,
Tutush I. Tutush appointed Artuq governor of Jerusalem in 1086. Artuq died in 1091, and his sons Sokman and
Ilghazi were expelled from Jerusalem by the Fatimid vizier
al-Afdal Shahanshah in 1098; the Fatimids lost the
city to the crusaders the following year.
Sokman and Ilghazi set themselves up in Diyarbakır, Mardin, and Hasankeyf in the
Jezirah, where they came into conflict with the sultanate of Great Seljuk. Sokman,
bey of Mardin, defeated the crusaders at the Battle of
Harran in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sokman in Mardin and imposed his control over
Aleppo at the request of the qadi Ibn al-Khashshab in 1118. In 1119 Ilgazi defeated the crusader Principality of Antioch at the
Battle of Ager Sanguinis.
In 1121 a Seljuk-Artuqid alliance, commanded by Mehmed I of Great Seljuk and Ilghazi, was defeated by Georgia at the Battle of Didgori. Ilghazi died in
1122, and although his nephew Balak nominally controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by
Ibn al-Khashshab. Al-Kashshab was assassinated in 1125, and
Aleppo fell under the control of Zengi of Mosul. After the death of
Balak, the Artuqids were split between Diyarbakır, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son Davud, bey of
Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son Kara Aslan. Kara Aslan allied with
Joscelin II of Edessa against the Zengids, and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured Edessa, the first of the Crusader states to fall (see
Siege of Edessa). Hasankeyf became a vassal of Zengi as well.
Kara Aslan's son Nur ad-Din Muhammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan Saladin against the Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II, whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In a peace settlement with Kilij
Arslan, Saladin gained control of Artuqid territory, although the Artuqids were still technically vassals of Mosul, which Saladin did not yet control. With Artuqid support Saladin eventually took control of Mosul as
well.
The Artuklu dynasty still nominally controlled the upper Mesopotamia but their power declined under Ayyubid rule.
Art
Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuklu dynasty left brilliant architectural monuments.
They made the most significant additions to Diyarbakır City Walls. Urfa Gate was rebuilt by
Muhammad, son of Kara Arslan. In the same area of the western wall, south of Urfa Gate, two imposing towers, Ulu Beden and Yedi
Kardeş were commissioned in 1208 by the Artuklu ruler Salih Mahmud who designed the Yedi Kardeş tower himself and apposed the
Artukid double-headed eagle on its walls.
A large caravanserai in Mardin as well as the civil
engineering feat of Malabadi Bridge are still in regular use in our day. The
partially standing Hasankeyf Bridge was built in 1116 by Kara Arslan.
The Great Mosques of Mardin and Silvan were possibly but in
any case considerably developped over the 12th century by several Artuklu rulers on the basis of existing Seljuk edifices. The
congregational mosque of Dunaysir (now Kızıltepe) was commissioned by Artuklu Bey Yülük Arslan
(1184-1203) and completed after his death in 1204 by his brother Artuk Arslan (1203-1239).
See also
External links
Sources
- (limited preview) Clifford Edmund Bosworth (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical
Manual ISBN 0748621377 (in English). Edinburgh University
Press.
- Carole Hillenbrand, A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times: The Early Artuqid
State. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1990.
- Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Routledge, 2000.
- (Book cover) Oktay Aslanapa (1991). Anadolu'da ilk Türk
mimarisi: Başlangıcı ve gelişmesi (Early Turkish architecture in Anatolia: Beginnings and development) ISBN
975-16-0264-5 (in Turkish). AKM Publications, Ankara.
- P.M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517. Longman, 1989.
- Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. II. Cambridge University Press, 1952.
- Kenneth Setton, ed., A History of the Crusades. Madison: 1969–1989 (available online).
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Landmarks of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate and Turkish Beyliks |
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Anatolian Turkish Beyliks |
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Ahlatshahs (1100 - 1207) |
Founder: Sökmen el Kutbi • Capital: Ahlat
Important centers and extension: Silvan • Malazgirt •
Erciş • Adilcevaz • Başkale •
Eleşkirt • Van • Tatvan •
Bitlis • Muş • Hani
Dynasty: Sökmen el Kutbi (1100-1112) • İbrahim bin Sökmen
(? - ?) • Ahmed bin İbrahim (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second
(1128 - 1185) • Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185 - 1193) • Aksungur (1193
- 1197) • Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185 - 1207)
1207: Submitted to the Ayyoubids
Important works: Ahlat Tombs
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Artuklu (1102 - ) |
Ancestors: Eksük and his son Artuk, commander of Alparslan, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder: Muinüddin Sökmen Bey • Capitals: Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension: Diyarbekir • Hasankeyf • Silvan • Mardin • Midyat • Harput • Palu • Aleppo (temporarily as of 1117)
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102-1104) •
Sökmenli İbrahim Bey (1104 - 1131)
Mardin Dynasty or İlgazi Dynasty: Necmeddin İlgazi (1106-1122) • Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122 - 1154) • Necmeddin Alp (1154 - 1176)
Harput Dynasty: Belek Bey (1112-1124) • Nureddin Muhammed
(? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
Important works: Artuklu Palace in Diyarbakır
• Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls • Malabadi
Bridge • Hasankeyf Bridge • Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center
(Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) • Emineddin (brother of İlgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between (1122) • Great
Mosque of Silvan • Great Mosque of Mardin • Older Great Mosque of
Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) • Great Mosque of Kızıltepe • Great
Mosque of Harput • Artuklu Caravanserai in Mardin •
İbrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between
Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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Saltuklu (1072-1202) |
Founder: Saltuk Bey • Capital: Erzurum
Important centers and extension: Erzurum • Tercan
Dynasty: Saltuk Bey (1072-1102) • Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım
(1102 - ~ 1124) • Ziyâüddin Gazi (~ 1124-1132) • İzzeddin Saltuk
(1132-1168) • Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168-1191) • Mama
Hatun (1191-1200) • Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200-1202)
1202: Incorporation into the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
Important works: Great Mosque of Erzurum • Emir Saltuk
Tomb in Erzurum • Mama Hatun Caravanserai in
Tercan • Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan • Kale Mosque in Erzurum • Erzurum
Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
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Aydınoğlu (1307 - 1425) |
Founder: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey • Capitals: Birgi,
later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension: Tire • İzmir •
Alaşehir • Aydın • Sakız/Chios (between 1336-1344)
Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307 - 1334) • Aydınoğlu Umur
Bey (1334-1348) • Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) • Aydınoğlu
İsa Bey ( - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under
Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by
Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402-1403) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403 - 1405) • İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405 -
1425 with intervals) • 1425: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under
Murad II
Important works: İsabey Mosque in Selçuk
(1375)
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Candaroğlu (~1300 - 1461) |
Founder: Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Anatolian
Seljuk Sultanate • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Sinop • Eflani •
Çankırı • Kalecik • Tosya • Araç • Samsun (temporarily)
Dynasty: Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~ 1340) • Candaroğlu
İbrahim Bey (1340-1345) • Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340-1361) • Celaleddin Bayezid (1361-1385) • Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second
(1384-1392)
1392: Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire
under Bayezid I
Sinop Dynasty or İsfendiyaroğlu Dynasty: İsfendiyar Bey (1385-1440) • Taceddin İbrahim Bey (1440-1443) • Kemaleddin İsmail Bey (1443-1461)
1461: Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under
Mehmed II
Important works:
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Çobanoğlu (1227-1309) |
Founder: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı
Oghuz clan of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate • Capital:
Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Kastamonu • Taşköprü
Dynasty: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) • Alp Yürek
(? - ?) • Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?) • Çobanoğlu
Mahmud Bey (? - 1309) •
1309: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Candaroğlu
Important works:
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Dulkadir (1348- ~ 1525) |
Ancestor: Hasan Dulkadir • Founder: Zeyneddin Karaca
Bey • Capital: Elbistan
Important centers and extension: Maraş • Malatya •
Harput • Kayseri • Antep
Dynasty: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348-1348) • Dulkadiroğlu Halil
Bey (1348-1386) • Sûli Bey (1386-1396) • Nâsıreddin Mehmed
Bey (1396-1443) • Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443-1454) • Melik
Arslan (?-?) • Shah Budak (?-1492) • Şahsuvar (?-?) •
Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492-1507) • Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507-
~ 1525)
1443-1525: Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman
Empire
Important works:
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Eretna (1328 - 1381) |
Founder: Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid
governor for Anatolia, Demirtaş• Capital: Sivas, later
Kayseri
Important centers and extension: Sivas • Kayseri •
Niğde • Tokat • Amasya •
Erzincan • Şarkikarahisar • Niksar
Dynasty: Eretna Bey (1328-1352) • Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey
(1352-1365) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365-1380) • Mehmed Bey the
Second (1380-1381)
1326: Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
Important works:
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Eşrefoğlu (1288 - 1326) |
Founder: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate •• Capital: Beyşehir
Important centers and extension: Beyşehir •• Akşehir ••
Bolvadin
Dynasty: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288 - 1302) •• Eşrefoğlu Mehmed
Bey (1302-1320) •• Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320-1326)
1326: Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş, the Ilkhanid
governor for Anatolia
Important works: Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir (1299)
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Germiyan (1300 - 1429) |
Ancestor:: Kerimüddin Alişir • Founder: Germiyanlı
Yakub Bey the First • Capital: Kütahya
Important centers and extension: Kula (District), Manisa • Simav • Yenicekent • Yenicekent
(Beylik of Lâdik between 1300-1368)
Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300 - 1340) • Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340-1361) • Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361 -
1387)
1390: First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under
Murad I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402-1429) • 1414:
Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I • 1429: Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under
Murad II
Important works:
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Hamidoğlu (~ 1280 - 1374) |
Ancestors:: Hamid and his son İlyas Bey, frontier rulers under Anatolian Seljuks • Founder: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar
Bey • Capital: Isparta
Important centers and extension: Eğirdir • Uluborlu •
Gölhisar • Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Dynasty: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~ 1280 - 1324) • Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324-1330) • Hamidoğlu Necmeddin İshak Bey (? - ?)
• Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu
Hüsameddin İlyas Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
1374: Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under
Murad I and also partially to Karamanoğlu dynasty.
Important works:
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Karamanoğlu (~ 1250 - 1487) |
Ancestor:: Nure Sûfi from Avşar Oghuz clan • Founder: Kerimüddin Karaman Bey • Capitals:
successively Ereğli • Ermenek • Larende (Karaman) • Konya • Mut
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty: Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256-1261) • Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261-1283) • Güneri Bey (1283-1300) •
Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300-1308) • Yahşı Han Bey (1308-1312) •
Bedreddin İbrahim Bey (1312-1333) • Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey
(1333-1348) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348-1349) • Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349-1350) • Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350-1351) •
Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351-1356) • Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
(1356-1357) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357-1398) • Nasreddin Mehmed Bey
(1398-1399) • Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418-1424) • Damat İbrahim
Bey (1424-1464) • Sultanzade İshak Bey (1464) • Sultanzade Pir
Ahmed Bey (1464-1469) • Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469-1483) • Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483-1487)
1398-1402: First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under
Bayezid I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane • 1414-1487: Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman
Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.
Important works:
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Karesi (1303 - 1360) |
Ancestor:: Melik Danişmend Gazi • Founder: Karesi
Bey • Capital: Balıkesir
Important centers and extension: Aydıncık • Bergama • Edremit • Bigadiç • Ezine
Dynasty: Karesi Bey (1307 - 1328) • Demir Han (1328-1345)
• Yahşı Han (1328-1345) • Süleyman Bey (1345-1360)
1374: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan I and Murad I
Important works:
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Ladik (İnançoğlu) (~ 1300 - 1368) |
Ancestor:: Germiyanlı Ali Bey • Founder: İnanç
Bey • Capital: Denizli
Important centers and extension: Denizli
Dynasty: İnanç Bey (~ 1300 - ~ 1314) • Murad Arslan (~
1314 - ?) • İnançoğlu İshak Bey (? - ~ 1360) • Süleyman Bey
(1345-1368)
1368: Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
Important works:
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Menteşe (~1261 - 1424) |
Founder: Menteşe Bey • Capitals: Beçin castle
and nearby Milas, later also Balat
Important centers and extension: present-day Muğla Province • Muğla • Finike • Kaş • Çameli • Acıpayam • Tavas • Bozdoğan • Çine • temporarily Aydın and
Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300-1314
Dynasty: Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) • Menteşeoğlu Mesud
Bey (~1282 - ~1320) • Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340) • Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
1360: Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed • 1390: First period of
incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu İlyas Bey • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman
sovereignty under Mehmed I • 1424: Second and last incorporation (by submission) into
the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas • İlyas Bey Mosque in Balat • Great Mosque of
Muğla (1344) • Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath)
in Muğla (1334)
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Pervâne (1261 - 1322) |
Ancestor: Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the
Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate) • Founder: Süleyman
Pervâne • Capital: Sinop
Important centers and extension: Sinop
Dynasty: Süleyman Pervâne (1261-1277) • Pervâneoğlu Mehmed
Bey (1277-1296) • Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296-1300) • Pervâneoğlu
Gazi Çelebi (1300-1326)
1516: Incorporation into the Beylik of Candaroğlu
Important works: Muîneddin Pervâne Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Tokat (1276) •
Pervâne Medrese in Sinop • Durağan
Han caravanserai in Durağan (1266) • Eğret Han caravanserai near İhsaniye
(1278) • Pervâne Bey Medrese in Closed Bazaar in Kayseri • Mosque in Merzifon
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Ramazanoğlu (1352 - 1516) |
Founder: Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan •
Capitals: Adana
Important centers and extension: Adana • Tarsus
Dynasty: Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey (1344-?) • Ramazanoğlu Ahmed
Bey (? -1416) • Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey the Second (1416-1417) • Ramazanoğlu Hamza Bey (1417-1427) • Ramazanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1427-?) •
Ramazanoğlu Eylük Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Dündar Bey (?
- ?) • Ramazanoğlu Ömer Bey (?-1490) • Gıyaseddin Halil Bey
(1490-1511) • Ramazanoğlu Mahmud Bey (1511-1516) • Ramazanoğlu Selim
Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Kubad Bey (1517-?)
1516: Icorporation (by submission) into the | |
