asana

 

Asana, Sanskrit for "sitting posture" (asanam is 'sitting' or 'ass' / aste is 'he sits'), is a body position, typically associated with the practice of Yoga, intended primarily to restore and maintain a practioner's well-being, improve the body's flexibility and vitality, and promote the ability to remain in seated meditation for extended periods.^[1] In the context of Yoga practice, asana refers to two things: the place where a practitioner (yogin (general usage); yogi (male); yogini (female)) sits and the manner (posture) in which s/he sits.^[2] In the Yoga sutras, Patanjali suggests that asana is "to be seated in a position that is firm, but relaxed".^[3] As the repertoire of postures has expanded and moved beyond the simple sitting posture over the centuries, modern usage has come to include variations from lying on the back and standing on the head, to a variety of other positions.^[1]In the Yoga sutras, Patanjali mentions the execution of an asana as the third of the eight limbs of Classical or Raja yoga.^[4]

The word asana in Sanskrit does appear in many contexts denoting physical position, although, as noted, traditional usage is specific to the practice of yoga. Traditional usage defines asana as both singular and plural. In English, plural for asana is defined as asanas. In addition, English usage within the context of yoga practice sometimes specifies yogasana or yoga asana, particularly with regard to the system of the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga. That said, yogasana is also the name of a particular posture that is not specifically associated with the Vinyasa system, and that while "ashtanga" (small 'a') refers to the eight limbs of Yoga delineated below, Ashtanga (capital 'A') refers to the specific system of Yoga developed by Sri Krishnamikurti at the Mysore Palace.

Third of the Eight Limbs

In the Yoga Sutra, Patanjali describes asana as the third of the 8 limbs of classical, or Raja Yoga. Asanas are the physical movements of yoga practice and, in combination with pranayama or breathing techniques constitute the style of yoga referred to as Hatha Yoga.^[5] In the Yoga Sutra, Patanjali describes asana as a "firm, comfortable posture", referring specifically to the seated posture, most basic of all the asanas. He further suggests that meditation is the path to samadhi; transpersonal self-realization. ^[6]

The eight limbs are, in order, the yamas (restrictions), niyamas (observances), asanas (postures), pranayama (breath work), pratyahara (sense withdrawal or non-attachment), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation), and samadhi (realization of the true Self or Atman, and unity with Brahma (the Hindu and Vedantic interpretation of god, also the Taoist Supreme Ultimate, the Judaic Yahweh, the Islamic Allah, or simply the Godhead, etc.)).^[4][6]

Variety of asanas

In his Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga, Swami Vishnu-devananda published a compilation of 66 basic postures and 136 variations of those postures. ^[7] Sri Dharma Mittra suggested that "there are an infinite number of asanas." ^{[citation needed]}, when, in 1975, he set out to catalogue the vast number of asanas in the Master Yoga Chart of 908 Postures, as an offering of devotion to his guru, Swami Kailashananda Maharaj. Through this effort, he compiled 1300 variations, derived from gurus, and yogis, as well as both ancient and contemporary texts.^[8] Although it is impossible to establish a complete and exact set of yoga postures, this work is considered a leading collection by students and yogis alike.^[9][10]

Common practices

In the Yoga Sutra, Patanjali suggests that the only requirement for practicing asanas is that it be "steady and comfortable".^[4] The body is held firm, and relaxed, with the practitioner experiencing no discomfort.

When control of the body is mastered, practitioners free themselves from the duality of heat/cold, hunger/saiety, joy/grief, which is the first step toward the unattachment that relieves suffering. ^[11] This non-dualistic perspective comes from the Sankya school of the Himalayan Masters. ^[12]

Listed below are traditional practices for performing asana: ^{[citation needed]}

• A glass of fresh water should be taken before performing asanas.
• The stomach should be relatively empty.
• Force or pressure should not be used while performing asanas.
• Lower the head and other parts of the body slowly; in particular, raised heels should be lowered slowly.
• The breathing should be controlled. The benefits of asanas increase if the specific pranayama to the yoga type is performed.
• If the body is stressed, perform Corpse Pose or Child Pose
• Some claim that asanas, especially inverted poses, are to be avoided during menstruation.^[13] Others deny this view.
• Nowadays, asanas are generally not performed on floor, but on Yoga mats instead.

Pranayama & asana

Main article: Pranayama

Pranayama, or breath control, is the Fourth Limb of ashtanga, as set out by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutra. The practice is an integral part of both Hatha Yoga and Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga in the execution of asanas.

Patanjali discusses his specific approach to pranayama in verses 2.49 through 2.51, and devotes verses 2.52 and 2.53 of the Sutra, explaining there the benefits of the practice.^[14] Patanjali describes pranayama as the control of the enhanced "life force" that is a result of practicing the various breathing techniques, rather than the exercises themselves.^[15][16] The entirety of breathing practices, those classified as pranayama, and other is called svarodaya, or the science of Breath. It is a vast practice that goes far byond the limits of pranayama as applied to asana. ^[17]

Surya Namaskara

Main article: Surya Namaskara

Surya Namaskara, or the Sun Salutation, is a form of worshiping Surya, the Hindu solar deity by concentrating on the Sun, for vitalization. The physical aspect of the practice links together twelve asanas in a dynamically expressed series. A full round of Surya namaskara is considered to be two sets of the twelve poses, with a change in the second set where the opposing leg is moved first. The asanas included in the sun salutation differ from tradition to tradition.

Hasta Uttanasana Raised Hands Pose Sun Salutation no. 2, 11

Adho Mukha Svanasana Downward Facing Dog Sun Salutation no. 5, 8

Urdhva Mukha Svanasana Upward Facing Dog Sun Salutation no. 7

Benefits of practice

The physical aspect of yoga, the asanas, has been much popularized in the West, and devoted celebrity practitioners like Madonna and Sting have contributed to the increased visibility of the practice. Physically, of the practice of asanas is considered that it promotes:

• muscle flexibility
• tendon strength.
• internal massage of internal body functions ^{[citation needed]}

The emphasis on the physical part has given rise to the perception that yoga consists only of asana practice. A more esoteric intention is to facilitate the flow of prana (vital energy; qi in Chinese; ki in Japanese) to aid in balancing the koshas (sheaths) of the physical and metaphysical body.

Some common asanas

Main article: list of hatha yoga postures

Uttanasana Standing Forward Bend	Paschimottanasana Intense stretch of the west	Adho Mukha Svanasana Downward Facing Dog	Bhujangasana Cobra
Dhanurasana Bow	Halasana Plow	Urdhva Dhanurasana Upward Bow	Sarvangasana Shoulder Stand
Shirsasana Head Stand	Shavasana Corpse Pose	Vajrasana Hero Pose	Vrksasana Tree Pose

See also

• Yoga
• Raja Yoga
• Pranayama
• Mudra
• Kriya
• Majick

References

Topics in Yoga
Yogas	Agni Yoga · Anahata Yoga · Anusara Yoga · Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga · Bikram Yoga · Hatha yoga · Integral yoga · Iyengar Yoga · Kriya yoga · Kundalini yoga · Natya Yoga · Sahaja Yoga · Satyananda Yoga · Sivananda Yoga · Six yogas of Naropa (Tummo) · Surat Shabd Yoga · Viniyoga · Yoga in Daily Life · Yoga Nidra
Texts	Bhagavad Gita · Yoga Sutras · Hatha Yoga Pradipika · Gheranda Samhita · Shiva Samhita
Hinduism paths	Bhakti yoga · Karma Yoga · Jnana Yoga · Raja Yoga
Raja Yoga limbs	Yama · Niyama · Asana · Pranayama · Pratyahara · Dharana · Dhyana · Samadhi
Lists	Yoga schools and their gurus · Hatha yoga postures
Related topics	Ayurveda · Chakra · Mantra · Tantra · Vedanta · Yoga (alternative medicine) · Yoga as exercise · Nadi

ru-sib:Асана

Donate to Wikimedia