Asian tiger mosquito

Asian tiger mosquito
Female at the start of feeding
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Hexapoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Endopterygota Order: Diptera Suborder: Nematocera Infraorder: Culicomorpha Superfamily: Culicoidea Family: Culicidae Genus: Aedes Species: A. albopictus
Binomial name
Aedes albopictus

This article is about the biting insect. For the article on the Southeast Asian economies, please see Four Asian Tigers.

Aedes albopictus (family Culicidae: mosquitos), the Asian tiger mosquito or forest day mosquito, is characterized by its black and white striped legs and small, black and white body. It was native to Southeast Asia, and occupied a habitat that spread from Madagascar eastward to New Guinea, and north to the latitude of Korea. They have been found in the southern USA since 1985,^[1] and in Nigeria since 2002.^[2] In 2007, the species was present in New Zealand^[3] Eastern Canada^[4], and 12 European countries including Italy and Spain where it may already be an established resident.^[5]

Description and Habitat

The typical Aedes albopictus individual has a length of about 2.0 to 10.0mm. As with other members of the mosquito family, the female is equipped with an elongated proboscis that she uses to collect blood to feed her eggs. By contrast the male member of the species primarily feeds on nectar. The female reproduces by laying her eggs near water, but not directly into it as other mosquitoes do, typically near a stagnant pool. However any open container containing water will suffice for larvae development.

Invasive species

This species is able to survive in a wide range of habitats and conditions, including cold mountainous areas. It is generally more aggressive than indigenous mosquitoes, and is outcompeting them. The asian tiger mosquito has a rapid bite that allows it to escape most attempts by people to swat it.

Other mosquitoes in North America, such as Ochlerotatus canadensis, have a similar leg pattern. Asian tiger mosquitoes were first found in North America in a shipment of used tires at the port of Houston in 1985. Since then they have spread across southern USA, and as far up the East Coast as Maine. This species is an introduced species in Hawaii as well, but has been there since before 1896.

This mosquito has become a significant pest in many communities because it closely associates with humans (rather than living in wetlands), and typically flies and feeds in the daytime rather than at night or at dusk and dawn. It is a container and puddle breeder, needing only a few ounces of water to breed. It has a short flight range (less than 200 m), so breeding sites are likely to be close by where you find this mosquito (Nishida & Tenorio, 1993).

Control

Litter in roadside ditches makes an ideal breeding ground for the Asian tiger mosquito.

Efforts to curb the spread of West Nile virus have led many government agencies to initiate programs to spray for mosquito control. This mosquito is active in the daytime, especially just after dawn and just before dusk, and so is likely the culprit if people or pets are being bitten in the daytime. Most mosquito spraying done at night will have little effect on Asian tiger mosquitoes. (Daytime spraying may be a violation of label directions if foraging bees are present on blossoms in the application area.)

It is however, possible to find and deal with the breeding spots, which are never far from where people are being bitten, since this is a weak flyer, with only about a 200-yard lifetime flying radius. Locate puddles that last more than three days, sagging or plugged roof gutters, old tires holding water, litter, bird baths, kiddie pools, and any other possible containers or pools of standing water. Flowing water will not be a breeding spot and water that contains minnows is not usually a problem, because the fish eat the mosquito larvae. Dragonflies are also an excellent method of imposing control. Dragonfly larvae eat mosquito larvae in the water, and adults will snatch adult mosquitoes as they fly. Insecticide application that also kills dragonflies may actually cause only a brief suppression of mosquitoes, followed by a long term increase in populations.

Whenever possible, all sources of standing water, even if only a quarter cup, should be dumped every three days. Litter, especially containers in ditches, can hold water after the ditch dries up, and all litter should be cleaned up. Bird baths, wading pools, and any other containers that can hold rainwater should be emptied. Rain barrels used for irrigation, floor drains in stair and window wells, and other containers that cannot be dumped can be treated with a few drops of vegetable oil, which will suffocate mosquito larvae as they try to breathe at the surface.

Any standing water in pools, catchment basins, etc, that cannot be drained, dumped, or treated with a small quantity of vegetable oil, can be periodically treated with properly labeled insecticides or Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis often formed into doughnut shaped "mosquito dunks." The BTI disease organism only affects pest insects. While floating or tied to a small weight, they slowly release a long term biological mosquito larvicide killing the larvae young mosquitos before they hatch into adults reportedly without affecting fish, plants, people or wildlife. It is readily available at farm, garden, and pool suppliers.

Footnotes

References

• Anosike, Jude C.; Nwoke, Bertram E.; Okere, Anthony N.; Oku, Ene E.; Asor, Joe E.; Emmy-Egbe, Ifeyinwa O. & Adimike, Desmond A. (2007): Epidemiology of tree-hole breeding mosquitoes in the tropical rainforest of Imo State, south-east Nigeria. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 14(1): 31-38. PDF fulltext
• Nishida, G.M. & Tenorio, J.M. (1993): What Bit Me? Identifying Hawaiʻi's Stinging and Biting Insects and Their Kin. University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu.
• Novak, R. (1992): The asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Wing Beats 3(3): 5. [http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/sp8.htm HTML fulltext

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Aedes albopictus

• Tiger mosquitoes in Spain News tracking the recent spread of the tiger mosquito to Spain

Donate to Wikimedia