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Medical Encyclopedia:

Athlete's Foot

Definition

A common fungus infection between the toes in which the skin becomes itchy and sore, cracking and peeling away. Athlete's foot (also known as tinea pedis or foot ringworm) can be treated, but it can be tenacious and difficult to clear up completely.

Description

Athlete's foot is a very common condition of itchy, peeling skin on the feet. In fact, it's so common that most people will have at least one episode at least once in their lives. It's less often found in women and children under age 12. (Symptoms that look like athlete's foot in young children most probably are caused by some other skin condition).

Because the fungi grow well in warm, damp areas, they flourish in and around swimming pools, showers, and locker rooms. Tinea pedis got its common name

because the infection was common among athletes who often used these areas.

— Carol A. Turkington


 
 
Dictionary: ath·lete's foot  (ăth'lēts)
n.

A contagious fungal skin infection caused by a species of Trichophyton or Epidermophyton that usually affects the feet, especially the skin between the toes, and is characterized by itching, blisters, cracking, and scaling; ringworm of the foot. Also called tinea pedis.


 
Hoover's Profile: The Athlete's Foot
Contact Information
The Athlete's Foot
1412 Oakbrook Dr., Ste. 100
Norcross, GA 30093
GA Tel. 770-514-4500
Toll Free 800-524-6444
Fax 770-514-4903

Type: Subsidiary
On the web: http://www.theathletesfoot.com

The Athlete's Foot is itching to expand and leave a footprint in athletic footwear. The Georgia-based firm sells footwear online and in 600-plus company-owned and franchised stores in some 45 countries worldwide. The Athlete's Foot wants to distinguish itself from other footwear retailers by catering to serious athletes. Store employees are specially trained to measure the foot's length, arch, and width to find the right shoe brand and style. The company was founded in 1971 in Pittsburgh and was formerly owned by France's Groupe Rallye. In late 2004 the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Two years later, it was acquired by NexCen Brands (formerly Aether Holdings) for more than $51 million.

Officers:
President and CEO: Robert J. (Bob) Corliss
CFO: Don Camacho
VP Franchise: Martin (Marty) Amschler

Competitors:
Finish Line
Foot Locker
NIKE

 
Food and Fitness: athlete's foot

If you have itchy, sore feet and the skin is peeling from between your toes (usually the 4th and 5th), you are likely to be suffering from athlete's foot. This is a contagious infection caused by a fungus, Tinea pedis. It may be rampant where there is poor hygiene and communal washing, such as in changing rooms in sports centres. The condition can be avoided by scrupulous care in washing the feet and the application of antifungal ointments, powders, and creams.

 
Word Origin: athlete's foot

Origin: 1928

Otherwise known as tinea pedis, at least among doctors, it can be the scourge of the locker-room showers. Athlete's foot spread into the American English vocabulary in a 1928 issue of Literary Digest: "Athlete's foot...is a popular name for ringworm of the foot, from which more than ten million persons in the United states are now suffering."

The association of athletes and this variety of ringworm had to wait until the twentieth century, when Americans, including athletes, finally began to take a serious interest in hygiene. Occasional baths had been the limits of American cleanliness in previous centuries. Now, not only did athletes have running water in their locker rooms (itself a term of the first decade of the twentieth century), they had communal showers. Floors in the locker-room environment are usually wet, making ideal conditions for lurking fungi.

In fact, medical authorities say, the association with athletes is unfounded. Most people already carry the fungi; one recent estimate is that 70 percent of the population may be afflicted to one degree or another. The little organism thrives in moist and airless environments, like that created by wet feet in shoes. If the skin between the toes is kept healthy and dry, we rarely have problems with athlete's foot.


 
Alternative Medicine Encyclopedia: Athlete's Foot

Definition

Athlete's foot is a common fungus infection in which the skin of the feet, especially on the sole and toes, becomes itchy and sore, cracking and peeling away. Athlete's foot, also known as tinea pedis, can be difficult to clear up completely.

Athlete's foot received its common name because the infection is often found among athletes. This is because the fungi flourish best in the around swimming pools, showers, and locker rooms.

Description

Athlete's foot is very common, so common that most people will have at least one episode with this fungal infection at least once in their lives. It is found more often in adult males. In fact, symptoms that appears to be athlete's foot in young children are probably caused by some other skin condition.

Causes & Symptoms

Athlete's foot is caused by a fungal infection that especially affects the skin between the toes. The fungi that cause athlete's foot include Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum. These fungi live exclusively on dead body tissue, such as hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nails. The fungus grows best in moist, damp, dark places with poor ventilation. The problem is rare in children and those who customarily go barefoot.

Most people carry fungus on their skin. However, it will only flourish to the point of causing athlete's foot if conditions are right. The fungi multiply on the skin when it is irritated, weakened, or continuously moist. Sweaty feet, tight shoes, synthetic socks that do not absorb moisture well, a warm climate, and not drying the feet well after swimming or bathing, all contribute to the overgrowth of the fungus. Symptoms include itchy, sore skin on the toes, with scaling, inflammation, and blisters. Blisters that break, exposing raw patches of tissue, can cause pain and swelling. The infected feet also may have an unpleasant smell. As the infection spreads, itching and burning may worsen. In severe cases, the skin cracks and seeps fluid. Sometimes a secondary bacterial infection is also present.

If it is not treated, athlete's foot can spread to the soles of the feet and toenails. Stubborn toenail infections, called tinea unguium, may appear at the same time, with crumbling, scaling, and thickened nails, and nail loss. The infection can spread further if patients scratch and then touch themselves elsewhere (especially in the groin or under the arms). It is also possible to spread the infection to other parts of the body via contaminated bed sheets, towels, or clothing. Athlete's foot is more severe and more common in people taking antibiotics, corticosteroids, birth control pills, drugs to suppress immune function, and in people with obesity, AIDS, and diabetes mellitus.

Diagnosis

A dermatologist can diagnose the condition by physical examination and by examining a preparation of skin scrapings under a microscope. Not all foot rashes are athlete's foot, which is why a physician should diagnose the condition before any remedies are used. In order to properly diagnose the infection, the physician may do a fungal culture. Using nonprescription products on a rash that is not athlete's foot could worsen the rash, therefore, proper diagnosis is important.

Treatment

The infected foot should be kept well ventilated. A foot bath containing cinnamon has been shown to slow down the growth of certain molds and fungi, and is said to be very effective in clearing up athlete's foot. Eight to ten broken cinnamon sticks are boiled in four cups of water, simmered for five minutes, and then steeped for 45 minutes. The mixture can be then placed in a basin and used daily to soak the feet.

Herbal remedies used externally to treat athlete's foot include goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), tea tree oil (Melaleuca spp.), myrrh (Commiphora molmol), garlic (Allium sativa), oregano oil (though its smell is quite pungent), and calendula. The affected area should be swabbed with an herbal mixture twice daily or the feet should be soaked in a herbal footbath. Pau d'arco, also called taheebo or lapacho, can be used for athlete's foot as well. The tea bags can be soaked in water for about 10 minutes and then placed on the affected areas, or by making a tincture and directly rubbing the tea onto the toes.

Aromatherapy may be helpful. Several drops of the essential oils of tea tree, peppermint (Mentha piperita), or chamomile (Matricaria recutita), can be added to the bath water. Chamomile may be applied directly to the toes.

Allopathic Treatment

Simple cases of athlete's foot usually respond to antifungal creams or sprays, such as tolnaftate (Aftate or Tinactin), clotrimazole, miconazole nitrate (Micatin products), or Whitfield's tincture made of salicylic acid and benzoic acid. Athlete's foot may be resistant to topical medication and should not be ignored. If the infection is resistant, the doctor may prescribe an oral antifungal drug such as ketoconozole or griseofulvin. Untreated athlete's foot may lead to a secondary bacterial infection in the skin cracks.

Expected Results

Athlete's foot usually responds well to treatment, but it is important to complete the recommmended treatment, even if the skin appears to be free of fungus; otherwise, the infection could return. Tinea unguium may accompany athlete's foot. It is typically very hard to treat effectively.

Prevention

A healthy diet should be maintained. Foods with a high sugar content should be avoided, including undiluted fruit juice, honey, and maple syrup.

Good personal hygiene and a few simple precautions can help prevent athlete's foot. These include:

  • The feet should be washed daily; care should be taken to avoid contact with other parts of the body.
  • The feet should be kept dry, especially between toes.
  • Tight shoes and shoes made of synthetic material should not be worn.
  • The feet need to be kept well ventilated, especially in the summer; bare feet and sandals are recommended.
  • Absorbent polypropylene or white cotton socks are recommended; they should be and changed often.
  • Bathing shoes should be worn in public bathing or showering areas.
  • A good quality foot powder should be used to keep the feet dry.
  • If anyone in the family has athlete's foot, towels, floors, and shower stalls should be washed with hot water and disinfectant after use.

Resources

Books

Donahue, Peggy Jo. Relief from Chronic Skin Problems. New York: Dell Publishing, 1992.

Orkin, Milton, Howard Maibach, and Mark Dahl. Dermatology. Connecticut: McGraw–Hill Professional Publishing, 1991.

Stoffman, Phyllis. The Family Guide to Preventing and Treating 100 Infectious Illnesses. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.

Thompson, June, et al. Mosby's Clinical Nursing. St. Louis: Mosby, 1998.

Organizations

American Podiatric Medical Association. 9312 Old Georgetown Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814.

[Article by: Patience Paradox]

 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: athlete's foot

Form of ringworm that affects the feet. In the inflammatory type, the infection may lie inactive much of the time, with occasional acute episodes in which blisters develop, mostly between the toes. The dry type is a chronic condition marked by slight redness of the skin and dry scaling that may involve the sole and sides of the foot and the toenails, which become thick and brittle.

For more information on athlete's foot, visit Britannica.com.

 
Sports Science and Medicine: athlete's foot

tinea pedis

A contagious infection caused by the fungus Tinea pedis and characterized by peeling skin and an itchy, sometimes sore, feeling between the toes. It may be rampant where there is poor hygiene and communal washing, such as in changing rooms. The condition can be avoided by taking scrupulous care in washing feet, and the use of anti-fungal ointments and powders.

 
Health Dictionary: athlete's foot

An infection of the skin that usually attacks the feet, causing itching, peeling, and redness. Athlete's foot is caused by a kind of fungus that thrives in damp places.

 
Wikipedia: athlete's foot
Athlete's foot or tinea pedis
Classification & external resources
Athletes.jpg
Pale, flaky & split skin of athlete's foot in a toe web space
ICD-10 B35.3
ICD-9 110.4
DiseasesDB 13122
MedlinePlus 000875
eMedicine derm/470 

Athlete's foot or Tinea pedis[1] is a parasitic fungal infection of the epidermis of the foot. It is typically caused by a mold[2] (but in some cases a yeast) that grows on the surface of the skin and then grows into the living skin tissue itself, causing the infection. It usually occurs between the toes, but in severely lasting cases may appear as an extensive "moccasin" pattern on the bottom and sides of the foot. The malady more commonly affects males than females.[3] Tinea pedis is estimated to be the second most common skin disease in the United States, after acne.[4] Up to 15% of the U.S. population may have tinea pedis.[5]

Causes

The body normally hosts a variety of saprotrophic microorganisms that rapidly cause infection. Athlete's foot is a layman's description of a skin fungal infection. It may be associated with several different fungi, including yeasts. The most common fungi causing tinea pedis are Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Fungal infections of the skin are called dermatophytosis. Dermatophytes may be spread from other humans (anthropophilic), animals (zoophilic) or may come from the soil (geophilic). Anthropophillic dermatophytes are restricted to human hosts and produce a mild, chronic inflammation. Zoophilic organisms are found primarily in animals and cause marked inflammatory reactions in humans who have contact with infected cats, dogs, cattle, horses, birds, or other animals. Geophilic species are usually recovered from the soil but occasionally infect humans and animals. They cause a marked inflammatory reaction, which limits the spread of the infection and may lead to a spontaneous cure but may also leave scars. Infections or infestations occur when dermatophytes grow and multiply in the skin.

Symptoms

Intertrigo between toes
Enlarge
Intertrigo between toes

Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking and itching of the affected skin. Blisters and cracked skin may also occur, leading to exposed raw tissue, pain, swelling and inflammation. Secondary bacterial infection can accompany the fungal infection, sometimes requiring a course of oral antibiotics.[6][7]

The infection can be spread to other areas of the body, such as the armpits, knees, elbows, and the groin, and usually is called by a different name once it spreads (such as tinea corporis on the body or limbs and tinea cruris (jock itch) for an infection of the groin).

Tinea pedis most often manifests between the toes, with the webspace between the fourth and fifth digits most commonly afflicted .[8] [9] [10]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis can be performed by a general practitioner or by a specialist (either a dermatologist or podiatrist).

Although athlete's foot can usually be diagnosed by visual inspection of the skin, the diagnosis should always include direct microscopy of a potassium hydroxide preparation (known as a KOH test) at the start of treatment to rule out other possible causes, such as eczema or psoriasis.[11] A KOH preparation is performed on skin scrapings from the affected area. The KOH preparation has an excellent positive predictive value, but occasionally false negative results may be obtained, especially if treatment with an anti-fungal medication has already begun.[12]

A microbiological culture of skin scrapings can be used in diagnosis, but the process takes several weeks and can often give false negative results.

Tinea infections are sometimes misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis or allergic eczema,[12] underscoring the importance of a KOH preparation or microbiological culture being performed before treatment is initiated.

If the above diagnoses are inconclusive or if a treatment regimen has already been started, a biopsy of the affected skin (i.e. a sample of the living skin tissue) can be taken and histological examination of the tissue performed.

A Wood's lamp, although useful in diagnosing fungal infections of the hair (Tinea capitis), is not usually helpful in diagnosing tinea pedis since the common dermatophytes that cause this disease do not fluoresce under ultraviolet light [12]. However, it can be useful for determining if the disease is due to a non-fungal source.


Transmission

Transmission from person to person

Athlete's foot is caused by a parasitic fungus and is a communicable disease.[13] It is typically transmitted in moist environments where people walk barefoot, such as showers, bath houses, and locker rooms. [14][3][13] It can also be transmitted by sharing footwear with an infected person, or less commonly, by sharing towels with an infected person.

Transmission to other parts of the body

The various parasitic fungi that cause athlete's foot can also cause skin infections on other areas of the body, most often under toenails (Onychomycosis) or on the groin (tinea cruris).

Prevention

The practices given in this section not only help prevent spread of the disease, they can also help greatly in managing and curing the disease in an individual by reducing or eliminating re-exposure to the fungus in one's home environment.

The fungi that cause Athlete's foot can live on showers floors, wet towels, and footwear. Athlete's foot is caused by a fungus and can spread from person to person from shared contact with showers, towels, etc. Hygiene therefore plays an important role in managing an Athlete's foot infection. Since fungi thrive in moist environments, it is very important to keep feet and footwear as dry as possible.

Prevention measures in the home

The fungi that cause athlete's foot live on moist surfaces and can be transmitted from an infected person to members of the same household through secondary contact.[15] By controlling the fungus growth in the household, transmission of the infection can be prevented.

Bathroom hygiene

  • Spray tub and bathroom floor with disinfectant after each use to help prevent reinfection and infection of other household members.

Frequent laundering

  • Wash sheets, towels, socks, underwear, and bed clothes in hot water (at 60 °C / 140 °F) to kill the fungus.
  • Change towels and bed sheets at least once per week.

Avoid sharing

  • Avoid sharing of towels, shoes and socks between household members.
  • Use a separate towel for drying infected skin areas.

Prevention measures in public places

  • Wear shower shoes or sandals in locker rooms, public showers, and public baths.
  • Wash feet, particularly between the toes, with soap and dry thoroughly after bathing or showering.
  • If you have experienced an infection previously, you may want to treat your feet and shoes with over the counter anti-fungal sprays after using public facilities.

Personal prevention measures

  • Dry feet well after showering, paying particular attention to the web space between the toes.
  • Try to limit the amount that your feet sweat by wearing open-toed shoes or well-ventilated shoes, such as light-weight mesh running shoes.
  • Wear light-weight cotton socks to help reduce sweat.
  • Use foot powder to help reduce sweat. Some footpowders also include an antifungal ingredient.
  • Wear open-toed shoes or simply light-weight socks without shoes when at home.
  • Keep shoes dry by wearing a different pair each day.
  • Change socks and shoes after exercise.
  • Replace sole inserts in shoes/sneakers on a frequent basis
  • Replace old sneakers and exercise shoes.

Treatments

There are many conventional medications (over-the-counter and prescription) as well as alternative treatments for fungal skin infections, including athlete's foot. Important with any treatment plan is the practice of good hygiene. Several placebo controlled studies report that good foot hygiene alone can cure athlete's foot even without medication in 30-40% of the cases[16]. However, placebo-controlled trials of allylamines and azoles for athlete’s foot consistently produce much higher percentages of cure than placebo.[17]

Conventional treatments

Conventional treatment typically involves daily or twice daily application of a topical medication in conjunction with hygiene measures outlines in the above section on prevention. Keeping feet dry and practicing good hygiene is crucial to preventing reinfection. Severe or prolonged fungal skin infections may require treatment with oral anti-fungal medication.

Conventional Topical Medications

Main article: Antifungal drug

The fungal infection is often treated with topical antifungal agents, which can take the form of a spray, powder, cream, or gel. The most common ingredients in over-the-counter products are Miconazole nitrate (2% typical concentration in the United States) and Tolnaftate (1% typ. in the U.S.). Terbinafine, marketed as Lamisil is another over-the-counter drug. There exists a large number of prescription antifungal drugs, from several different drug families. These include ketaconazole, itraconazole, naftifine, nystatin, caspofungin. Studies show that Allylamines (Terbinafine, Amorolfine, Naftifine, Butenafine) cure slightly more infections than azoles (Miconazole, ketaconazole, Clotrimazole, itraconazole, sertaconazole, etc.).[17]

Topical agents only clear the infection about 30% of the time and provide mycologic cures (absence of organisms) less than 15% of the time.[citation needed] The time line for cure may be long, often 45 days or longer. The recommended course of treatment is to continue to use the topical treatment for four weeks after the symptoms have subsided to ensure that the fungus has been completely eliminated. However, because the itching associated with the infection subsides quickly, patients may not complete the courses of therapy prescribed.

Anti-itch creams are not recommended as they will alleviate the symptoms but will exacerbate the fungus; this is due to the fact that anti-itch creams typically enhance the moisture content of the skin and encourage fungal growth. For the same reason, some drug manufacturers are using a gel instead of a cream for application of topical drugs (e.g. naftin and lamisil). Novartis, maker of lamisil claims that gel penetrates the skin more quickly than cream.

Some topical applications such as castellani's Paint, often used for intertrigo, work well but in small selected areas. Carbol fuchsin red dye used in this treatment like many other vital stains is both fungicidal and bacteriocidal; however, because of the staining are cosmetically undesirable. For many years gentian violet was also used for bacterial and fungal infections between fingers or toes.

Undecylenic acid (Castor oil derivative) is known fungicide that can be used for fungal skin infections such as athlete's foot.

If the fungal invader is not a dermatophyte but a yeast, other medications such as fluconazole may be used. Typically fluconazole is used for candidal vaginal infections moniliasis but has been shown to be of benefit for those with cutaneous yeast infections as well. The most common of these infections occur in the web spaces (intertriginous) of the toes and at the base of the fingernail or toenail. The hall mark of these infections is a cherry red color surrounding the lesion and a yellow thick pus.

Oral Medications

Oral treatment with griseofulvin was begun early in the 1950s. Because of the tendency to cause liver problems and to provoke aplastic anemia the drugs were used cautiously and sparingly. Over time it was found that those problems were due to the size of the crystal in the manufacturing process and microsize and now ultramicrosize crystals are available with few of the original side effects.[citation needed]

For severe cases, the current preferred oral agent in the UK,[18] is the more effective terbinafine.[19] Other prescription oral antifungals include itraconazole and fluconazole[6].

Alternative treatments

Topical oils

Symptomatic relief from itching may be achieved after topical application of tea tree oil or crocodile oil, probably due to its involvement in the histamine response,[20] however the efficacy of Tea tree oil in the treatment of athlete's foot (achieving mycological cure) is questionable.[21][22]

Onion extract

A study of the effect of 3% (v/v) aqueous onion extract was shown to be effective in laboratory conditions against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum.[23]

Household bleach (sodium hypochlorite)

The use of household bleach as a direct topical application or soak for tinea pedis is not recommended, as it is a well documented irritant (clearly labelled in the United Kingdom as "Harmful" by COSHH). It is used diluted as an environmental decontaminatant to prevent the spread of detmatophytes between animals, and from animals to humans.[24]

Rubbing alcohol and hydrogen peroxide

Direct application of rubbing alcohol and/or hydrogen peroxide after bathing can aid in killing the fungus at the surface level of the skin and will help prevent a secondary (bacterial) infection from occurring.

Hair dryer

Since fungi grow in moist conditions, it is very important to dry the feet well after bathing. A hair dryer can be used to aid the drying process.

Urination

Although not a very typical or well known treatment, urinating on the affected area during showers helps to kill the bacteria that cause athletes foot.[citation needed]

Origin of the term "athlete's foot"

W. F. Young, Inc. claims that the term "athlete's foot" was originated during an advertising campaign for Absorbine Jr. during the 1930s.[25] However, the Oxford English Dictionary documents the first known written usage as occurring in 1928 (1928 Lit. Digest 22 December. 16/1), making the claim doubtful.

Footnotes

  1. ^ The term "tinea pedis" refers to the disease and not the organism (fungus) that causes it. Several different fungi, called dermatophytes, can cause tinea pedis. Moreover, a fungi species that causes athlete's foot can also cause, for example, jock itch (tinea cruris).
  2. ^ A mold is a microscopic fungi that grows in a network of hyphae, as opposed to microscopic fungi that grow as singles cells, which are called yeasts.
  3. ^ a b [1] Risk factors for athlete's foot, at WebMD
  4. ^ Weinstein A, Berman B (2002). "Topical treatment of common superficial tinea infections". American family physician 65 (10): 2095–102. PMID 12046779. 
  5. ^ Bell-Syer SE, Hart R, Crawford F, Torgerson DJ, Tyrrell W, Russell I (2002). "Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD003584. PMID 12076488. 
  6. ^ a b Gupta AK, Skinner AR, Cooper EA (2003). "Interdigital tinea pedis (dermatophytosis simplex and complex) and treatment with ciclopirox 0.77% gel". Int. J. Dermatol. 42 (Suppl 1): 23–7. PMID 12895184. 
  7. ^ Guttman, C (2003). "Secondary bacterial infection often accompanies interdigital tinea pedis". Dermatol Times 4: S12. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-4362.42.s1.1.x. 
  8. ^ Al Hasan M, Fitzgerald SM, Saoudian M, Krishnaswamy G (2004). "Dermatology for the practicing allergist: Tinea pedis and its complications" 2 (1): 5. DOI:10.1186/1476-7961-2-5. PMID 15050029. 
  9. ^ Hainer BL (2003). "Dermatophyte infections". American family physician 67 (1): 101–8. PMID 12537173. 
  10. ^ Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (2000). "Pustular tinea pedis". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 42 (1 Pt 1): 132–3. PMID 10607333. 
  11. ^ del Palacio, Amalia; Margarita Garau, Alba Gonzalez-Escalada and Mª Teresa Calvo. "Trends in the treatment of dermatophytosis" (PDF). Biology of Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic Fungi: 148-158. Retrieved on 2007-10-10. 
  12. ^ a b c
  13. ^ a b Causes of athlete's foot, at WebMD
  14. ^ Athlete's foot. Mayo Clinic Health Center.
  15. ^ Robert Preidt. "Athlete's Foot, Toe Fungus a Family Affair" (Reprint at USA Today), HealthDay News, September 29, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-10-10. “"Researchers used advanced molecular biology techniques to test the members of 57 families and concluded that toenail fungus and athlete's foot can infect people living in the same household."” 
  16. ^ Over-the-Counter Foot Remedies (American Family Physician)
  17. ^ a b Crawford F, Hollis S (18 July). "Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot" (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): Art. No.: CD001434. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001434.pub2. 
  18. ^ National Library for Health (06/Sep/07). What is the best treatment for tinea pedis?. UK National Health Service. Retrieved on 2007-09-29.
  19. ^ Bell-Syer SEM, Hart R, Crawford F, Torgerson DJ, Tyrrell W, Russell I. (22 April 2002). "Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot." (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2: Art. No.: CD003584.. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003584. 
  20. ^ Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH (2002). "Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation". Br. J. Dermatol. 147 (6): 1212–7. PMID 12452873. 
  21. ^ Bedinghaus JM, Niedfeldt MW (2001). "Over-the-counter foot remedies". American family physician 64 (5): 791–6. PMID 11563570. 
  22. ^ Tong MM, Altman PM, Barnetson RS (1992). "Tea tree oil in the treatment of tinea pedis". Australas. J. Dermatol. 33 (3): 145–9. PMID 1303075. 
  23. ^ Shams M (May 1–4, 2004). The effect of onion extract on ultrastructure of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum -- Abstract number: 902_p517. 14th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Prague / Czech Republic. European Society of clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Retrieved on 2007-09-29.
  24. ^ Burrows, M. "Treating Ringworm in the cat". The Veternarian. Retrieved on 2007-10-10. 
  25. ^ The Story of W. F. Young, Inc. and Absorbine at the Absorbine website.

See also

External links

Links are organized by subsection, and then listed in alphabetical order.

General medical information

Photos

Organizations

Mycoses (B35-B49, 110-118)
Tinea: Dermatophytosis Tinea barbae/Tinea capitis - Tinea unguium/Onychomycosis - Tinea manuum - Athlete's foot - Tinea corporis - Tinea cruris
Tinea: Other superficial mycoses Tinea versicolor - Tinea nigra - White piedra
Dimorphic fungi Coccidioidomycosis - Histoplasmosis - Blastomycosis - Paracoccidioidomycosis - Sporotrichosis
Other Candidiasis (Oral candidiasis) - Chromoblastomycosis - Aspergillosis - Cryptococcosis - Phycomycosis/Mucormycosis - Mycetoma (Eumycetoma, Maduromycosis, Actinomycetoma) - Lobo's disease - Pneumocystis pneumonia

zh-yue:香港腳


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