attachment

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To link a file to an e-mail message so that they travel together to their destination. File attachments are a very common way of sending a file to someone. See e-mail attachment and how to transfer a file over the Internet.

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1. writ authorizing seizure of property after a court approved judgment in favor of a creditor. After the court adjudicates its claim, the creditor must obtain a property execution authorizing garnishment of wages or seizure of personal assets, such as bank accounts, in a jurisdiction where the borrower resides, usually a municipality or county.

2. Creditor's lien, which is said to attach to the borrower's assets in exchange for a loan or advance against a line of credit. See also Security Interest.

Legal seizure of property to force payment of a debt.


Example: The landlord obtained an attachment that created a lien on the tenant’s property to enforce payment of back rent.

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noun

1. The condition of being closely tied to another by affection or faith: affection, devotion, fondness, liking, love, loyalty (used in plural). See connect.
2. A subordinate element added to another entity: accessory, adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, supplement. See increase/decrease.

n

Definition: addition
Antonyms: detachment, estrangement

n

Definition: affection, high regard
Antonyms: alienation, animosity, aversion, dislike, divorce, enmity, estrangement, hate, hatred, opposition

The term attachment is used in contemporary scientific literature in four distinct senses: a form of behavior whose goal is to maintain proximity to the other person (smiles, vocalization, tears, approach behavior); the bonds of attachment that are related to the affiliation between parents and children; the system of attachment, in which the child's goal is to seek proximity with the attachment figure and obtain an internal feeling of security; and, finally, relationships that involve the offer of attention, emotional availability, and the search for comfort in parent-child relations.

Attachment is a behavioral control system of biological origin, which involves the use of the attachment figure by the child as a "secure base" from which it can explore the environment. In John Bowlby's theory, the form assumed by the child's attachment is based on its actual interactive experiences with its attachment figures and not with the fantasies they arouse. These feelings of security or insecurity (anxious attachment, resistant attachment, avoidance attachment, disorganized attachment) about the parental figures are organized during the first year of life in the form of an "internal model of work" that will give rise to stable forms of reaction in the face of distress and novelty.

From the start of the twentieth century, the medical literature was cognizant of the effects of the lack of maternal care of infants (Chapin, 1916; Spitz, R., 1945). In 1951 Bowlby wrote a monograph on maternal care and mental health. In 1959 Harlow, working with primates, provided experimental proof of the independence of attachment and the satisfaction of physiological needs. This led Bowlby to propose, in 1969, the concept of "attachment behavior" and to emphasize its importance for normal development. Bowlby's student Mary Ainsworth proposed the experimental paradigm of the "strange situation," which could be used, in the laboratory or at home, to study the reactions of infants over a year old to the presence of a stranger, followed by a short separation and reunion. It was used to classify attachment behavior with either of the parents into types: secure attachment (type B) against various insecure attachments (anxious-avoidant, or type A; anxious-resistant, or type C; and disorganized, or type D). The work of Mary Main focused on describing parents' speech about their children and in classifying it into coherent, avoidant, involved, or disorganized types. Longitudinal studies show a clear correlation between the speech category of the parent most directly involved with the child and the type of attachment formed by the child. The relation appears clearly during experiences of absence and abuse and the phenomenon of disorganized attachment.

Attachment is not a psychoanalytic concept; it is part of ethology. However, the concept was developed and applied within the context of psychopathology and the study of infant development by a psychoanalyst, a leading member of the British Society of Psychoanalysis, who had been responsible for training for many years. To the great regret of its inventor, the concept of attachment, although it underwent considerable development in the field of developmental research, was not extensively used in clinical practice, at least, not until recently. Of course, the concept of attachment clashes with the classical theory of anaclisis. It is also true that from the point of view of attachment theory, infantile sexuality is of little importance and the emphasis is on the real and repeated experiences of early childhood. However, contemporary psychoanalysts would be wrong to neglect this essential dimension of human relations, important because of its development in the first year of life, the formation of the different styles of attachment described by Main and observable after the first year of infancy in Ainsworth's "strange situation," as well as the persistence of attachment in adolescent and adult life. Attachment theory clarifies the development of early parent-infant relations and the modes of organizing representations.

Finally, there is remarkable convergence between the concept of attachment and psychoanalytic theory in the work of John Bowlby and Mary Main on the transgenerational transmission of styles of attachment through the consistency of parents' speech concerning their own infancy. Starting from the "secure base" represented by the analyst, the patient can explore the disturbances in his earliest relationships and eliminate their continuation in his interpersonal relations and their transmission to his own children through the expression, in narrative form, of his emotional experience, which is re-expressed in the transference. The concept of attachment assumes its place in psychopathology as a tool for analyzing early development and exploring its structure in the psychoanalytic experience.

Bibliography

Ainsworth, Mary; Blehar M.C.; Waters E.; et al. (1978), Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation, Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Bowlby, John. (1969). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1). London: Hogarth Press.

——. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.

Holmes, J. (1993). John Bowlby and attachment theory. London: Routledge.

Main, Mary, Kaplan, N., Cassidy, Jude. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2), 66-104.

Spitz, René. (1945). In R. S. Eissler, (Ed.), The psychoanalytic study of the child (Vol. I). New York: International Universities Press.

Chapin, H.D. (1916). A scheme of state control for dependent infants. Medical Record, 84, 1081-1084.

—ANTOINE GUÉDENEY

This entry contains information applicable to United States law only.

The legal process of seizing property to ensure satisfaction of a judg- ment.

The document by which a court orders such a seizure may be called a writ of attachment or an order of attachment.

Originally, the main purpose of attachment was to coerce a defendant into appearing in court and answering the plaintiff's claim. The court's order pressured the sheriff to take the defendant's property into custody, depriving the individual of the right to use or sell it. If the defendant obstinately refused to appear, the property could be sold by the court to pay off any monetary judgment entered against him or her. Today, the process of attachment has two functions, as a jurisdictional predicate and as a provisional remedy.

Attachment of property within reach of the court's jurisdiction gives the court authority over the defendant to the extent of that property's value even if the court cannot reach the defendant personally. For example, a court must have some connection with the defendant in order to require that person to appear and defend himself or herself in an action before that court.

A variety of different facts are sufficient to give the court jurisdiction over the defendant's person; for example, the defendant's residence within the state, the defendant's commission of a wrongful act within the state, or the defendant's doing business within the state.

If none of these kinds of facts exist to give the court jurisdiction over the defendant's person, the court may nevertheless assert its authority over property that the defendant owns within the state. In such a case, the plaintiff cannot recover a monetary judgment for an amount larger than the value of the property nor can the individual reach the defendant's property outside the state, but this sort of jurisdiction, called jurisdiction in rem or quasi in rem, may be the best the plaintiff can get. Before the court can exercise jurisdiction over the property, the plaintiff must obtain a writ of attachment to bring it into custody of the court.

Attachment may also be a provisional remedy, that is, relief that temporarily offers the plaintiff some security while pursuing a final judgment in the lawsuit. For example, a plaintiff who has good reason to believe that the person he or she is suing is about to pack up and leave the state will want the court to prevent this until the plaintiff has a chance to win the action and collect on the judgment. The plaintiff can apply for an order of attachment that brings the property into the custody of the court and takes away the defendant's right to remove it or dispose of it.

Attachment is considered a very harsh remedy because it substantially interferes with the defendant's property rights before final resolution of the overall dispute. For this reason, there have been a number of challenges to the attachment procedures in different states, and the Supreme Court has established standards that are the least that due process requires. For example, for centuries attachment of a defendant's property was granted ex parte, that is, without first allowing the defendant to argue against it. The theory was that any defendant was likely to leave the state if he or she knew beforehand that his or her property was about to be attached. This collides with the individual's right to be free of interference with his or her rights unless the individual is given notice and an opportunity to be heard in the matter. States, therefore, now generally provide that notice must be given to the defendant before the seizure of property whenever practical, and the defendant must be given a hearing promptly after the seizure. Furthermore, a court cannot sanction a seizure that is made without a court order of attachment. To obtain the order, the plaintiff must swear to a set of facts that justify such a drastic interference with the defendant's property.

The process of attachment varies in detail from state to state, but it is not overly complicated. The plaintiff submits an application to the court describing the cause of action against the defendant and the grounds for seeking an attachment. The plaintiff may have to include documents or other evidence to support the claim that he or she will probably win the lawsuit, and the individual usually is required to make the application under oath. States generally require that the plaintiff post a bond or undertaking in an amount sufficient to secure payment of damages to the defendant if it turns out that the plaintiff was not in fact entitled to the attachment.

The court issues a writ of attachment directing the sheriff or other law enforcement officer to serve a copy of the order on the defendant and to seize property equal in value to the sum specified in the writ. This is called a levy of attachment. The defendant then has a right to challenge the seizure or to post bond for the release of the property, in effect substituting the bond for the property in the court's custody. The order of attachment is effective only for a limited period, the time necessary to wind up the lawsuit between plaintiff and defendant or a specified period intended to permit resolution of the controversy. Provisions are usually made for special circumstances or extreme hardship.

Not every kind of property owned by the defendant is subject to attachment. The laws of a state may provide exemptions for certain household items, clothing, tools, and other essentials. The defendant's salary may be subject to attachment, but a certain amount is exempt in order to allow for personal support or for family support. Property belonging to the defendant but in the hands of someone else, such as salary owed or a debt not yet paid, may also be seized, but this procedure is usually called garnishment rather than attachment.

Courts always have the discretion to exempt more property than that specified in a statute or to deny the attachment altogether under the proper circumstances. This may be done, for example, when the court believes that the property sought to be attached is worth much more than any judgment the plaintiff could hope to win, or where the property is an ongoing business that would be destroyed by attachment.

A legal term referring to the action of seizing property in anticipation of a favorable ruling for a plaintiff who claims to be owed money by the defendant.

Investopedia Says:
This is a preliminary procedure, meaning that property is seized before a final ruling is delivered. The seizure may prove unwarranted if the court rules in favor of the defendant.

Often real estate, vehicles and bank accounts are seized under these circumstances. A judge will seize such property when there is a good chance that the plaintiff will win the case and a high probability that the defendant will flee and not pay a court ordered settlement. However, if the attachment proves to have been unnecessary, the court must pay the defendant a bond to cover any damages the seizure caused.

Attachments within close relationships lie at the heart of our emotional life, and the propensity to form attachments is an integral part of human nature. In the words of John Bowlby (1907–90), 'It is characteristic of human beings to make strong affectional relationships with each other and for some of their strongest emotions to depend on how these relationships are faring. Whereas stable relationships are a source of enjoyment and security, separation, loss, or threatened loss arouse anxiety or anger, or else sadness and depression.' (Bowlby, 1st edition of this Companion, 1987, p. 57).

Bowlby produced a framework for understanding the development and implications of such close relationships, as set out in his trilogy Attachment and Loss (1969/82; 1973; 1980). His early clinical observations pointed to the adverse effects of separation or loss of a mother figure, leading him to ask, 'If the disruption of a child's relationship with mother-figure in the early years creates much distress and anxiety, what is so special about the relationship that has been disrupted?' (Bowlby 1991a: 302–3). The prevailing analytical thinking was that a special bond with the mother stemmed from her association with the provision of food. Not convinced by this, Bowlby noted the phenomenon of imprinting in precocial birds such as geese, with a bond developing in its own right, independently of being fed. He therefore turned to the scientific discipline of ethology and the writings of Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen. Within this framework, the occurrence of species-characteristic behaviour such as following the mother suggests that it may have been selected for in its own right during the course of evolution. Bowlby defined attachment behaviour as any form of behaviour that attains or maintains proximity to a caregiver in times of need or stress. In the environments in which we evolved, individuals who exhibited attachment behaviour would have been more apt to survive and leave offspring, who in turn would reproduce (i.e. would increase their 'inclusive fitness'), compared with those who did not show attachment behaviour. The presumed biological function was protection from harm. Selection for attachment behaviour could not have happened without a similar pressure on its complement, caregiving behaviour. 'During the course of time, the biologically given strategy of attachment in the young has evolved in parallel with the complementary parental strategy of responsive caregiving — the one presumes the other' (Bowlby 1991b: 293).

Bowlby realized that an evolutionary argument could provide insight into behaviour which otherwise appeared abnormal, including the 'irrational fears of childhood'. The tendency to fear unfamiliar situations, darkness, or separation is 'to be regarded as a natural disposition of man ... that stays with him in some degree from infancy to old age ... . Thus it is not the presence of this tendency in childhood or later life that is pathological; pathology is indicated either when the tendency is apparently absent or when fear is aroused with unusual readiness and intensity' (Bowlby 1973: 84). In one of his final contributions Bowlby wrote, 'Once we postulate the presence within the organism of an attachment behavioural system regarded as the product of evolution and having protection as its biological function, many of the puzzles that have perplexed students of human relationships are found to be soluble. ... an urge to keep proximity or accessibility to someone seen as stronger or wiser, and who if responsive is deeply loved, comes to be recognised as an integral part of human nature and as having a vital role to play in life. Not only does its effective operation bring with it a strong feeling of security and contentment, but its temporary or long-term frustration causes acute or chronic anxiety and discontent. When seen in this light, the urge to keep proximity is to be respected, valued, and nurtured as making for potential strength, instead of being looked down upon, as so often hitherto, as a sign of inherent weakness' (Bowlby 1991b: 293).

1. The development of attachment
2. The quality of attachment
3. Implications

1. The development of attachment

As attachment behaviour develops, it forms the basis for an inferred attachment bond. Bowlby described particular phases of its development: pre-attachment (from birth to about 2 months), involving signalling without discriminating one person from another; attachment-in-the-making (2–6 months), where signals become directed to particular persons; clear-cut attachment (0.5–4 years), with locomotion and goal-corrected behaviour; and finally a goal-corrected partnership (4 years onwards) with perspective taking, communication skills, and sharing mutual plans. Although additional attachments may develop throughout life, early attachments endure.

Furthermore, Bowlby (1973) postulated that attachment relationships must become internalized. Internal working models may be defined as ' "operable" models of self and attachment partner, based on their joint relationship history. They serve to regulate, interpret, and predict both the attachment figure's and the self's attachment-related behavior, thoughts, and feelings' (Bretherton and Munholland, in Cassidy and Shaver 1999: 89). This definition reflects Bowlby's view of the complementary nature of an internal working model, representing both sides of the relationship. 'A working model of self as valued and competent, according to this view, is constructed in the context of a working model of parents as emotionally available, but also as supportive of exploratory activities. Conversely, a working model of self as devalued and incompetent is the counterpart of a working model of parents as rejecting or ignoring of attachment behavior and/or interfering with exploration'.

2. The quality of attachment

A wealth of empirical research within Bowlby's attachment theory was enabled by Mary Ainsworth (1913–99). Their friendship and collaboration spanned 40 years, starting from when Ainsworth worked with Bowlby in the early 1950s. Appreciating that assessments of attachment must involve how a child uses the mother (or other caregiver) as a 'secure base' when the attachment behaviour system is activated, Ainsworth developed a laboratory Strange Situation Test for infants (Ainsworth et al. 1978). This is a series of short episodes involving mother and a stranger, in which the child's attachment behaviour system is activated by the unfamiliarity of the situation and by the mother leaving. The return of the mother allows one to see how the child organizes his or her attachment behaviour to her. Ainsworth identified three patterns: Secure, Avoidant, and Ambivalent. A Secure pattern has been associated with antecedent interactions with a 'sensitively responsive' mother, as found in Mary Ainsworth's pioneering Baltimore study and subsequently in other studies (see the meta-analysis by DeWolff and van IJzendoorn 1997). The insecure patterns have been associated with different maternal styles, including Avoidance with rejection, Ambivalence with inconsistency, and a more recently documented pattern — Disorganization with fear (see Cassidy and Shaver 1999).

As for which pattern of attachment is desirable, Bowlby was concerned with what might be called 'psychological desiderata' (Hinde and Stevenson-Hinde 1991). Making an analogy with 'physical well-being', Bowlby argued that 'psychological well-being' had an absolute meaning, involving security of attachment. Research has supported this view, with security associated with self-reliance and efficacy, as opposed to dependency, anxiety, or anger. Insecure patterns are not seen as pathological in themselves, but rather as risk factors for pathology, while security is viewed as a protective factor (reviewed in Weinfield et al. in Cassidy and Shaver 1999).

In addition to behavioural assessments of attachment quality, once children reach Bowlby's 'goal-corrected partnership' stage, their verbal behaviour may be used to index their 'internal working models' of attachment. Representational methods typically involve a description of separations or other distress-provoking situations, with the child providing narratives around them (see Solomon and George in Cassidy and Shaver 1999).

With adolescents and adults, representations of attachment may be accessed through the Adult Attachment Interview, developed by Mary Main and colleagues in Berkeley (see Hesse in Cassidy and Shaver 1999). This is a semi-structured interview consisting of eighteen basic questions, starting with one's childhood relationships with parents. After providing five adjectives to describe each parent, the interviewee is probed for specific episodic memories to illustrate why each descriptor was chosen. The protocol goes on to explore what happened around physical and emotional upsets, including separation and loss. The final section involves asking in specific ways how this early experience may relate to current feelings and relationships. A verbatim transcript of the interview provides the basis for ratings on continuous scales as well as classifications: Secure/autonomous, Dismissing, Preoccupied, or Unresolved/disorganized. These classifications are related to parenting style and to infants' attachment classification. 'What is most striking about this association is that it suggests that the form in which an individual presents his or her life narrative (regardless of its content) predicts caregiving behavior in highly specific and systematic ways' (Hesse in Cassidy and Shaver 1999: 398).

3. Implications

The fruits of Bowlby and Ainsworth's pioneering work are gathered together in the Handbook of Attachment (Cassidy and Shaver 1999), which is suitably dedicated to them and which contains references supporting the following implications of attachment theory:Normative development and parenting. Attachment research has found patterns in the development and expression of emotions within close relationships, including how patterns may be transmitted across generations. The sense of security which must underlie any appreciation of emotions within one's self and their expression to others depends upon having attachment figures who are sensitively responsive to emotional needs. A number of studies have revealed what types of parental interactions promote security, thereby paving the way for methods of parental guidance and childcare policies in general.Psychopathology. With children who have already developed disorders, particular patterns of insecure attachment shed light on aspects of parenting that might be modified to promote security. For example, the Disorganized pattern, often seen in clinical samples, appears to be associated with fearfulness in either parent or child or both, thereby suggesting a window for intervention. Additionally, attachment theory has direct implications for disorders related to separation or loss, such as abnormal grief, depression, or anxiety.Social policy issues. When a child goes to hospital, we now take it for granted that parents may visit or even live in. However, before Bowlby's influence, hospital practice involved leaving caregiving to the 'experts' and keeping relatives away. Obstetric practice followed similar lines, and Bowlby did not hesitate to challenge this, asking how early separation could possibly promote a close mother–child relationship. His concern over separation from attachment figures remains relevant, including our present provision of care for adults, such as the elderly or mentally ill.

Regarding day care, Bowlby was keen to put right the misinterpretation of what he wrote. In stressing the importance of early caregiving, he did not mean that a parent must be with the child all the time. From the above it will be clear that attachment theory is about the quality of a relationship rather than amount of time spent together. Similarly with adoption, attachment theory does not say that caregivers must be biologically related parents, nor that early adversities cannot be overcome. Indeed the implication is that adoptive parents, if sensitively responsive to the child's needs, may do a great deal to set interactions in a cycle that will promote security.

In conclusion, the framework provided by Bowlby has proved to be robust. At the same time, attachment theory continues to grow — not as a closed system, but one that is open to input from many other disciplines, including neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and linguistics.

(Published 2004)

— Joan Stevenson-Hinde

Bibliography
• Ainsworth, M. D. A., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., and Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment.
• Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss, i: Attachment.
• — —  (1973). Attachment and Loss, ii: Separation, Anxiety and Anger.
• — —  (1980). Attachment and Loss, iii: Loss, Sadness and Depression.
• — —  (1991a). 'Ethological light on psychoanalytical problems'. In Bateson, P. (ed.), Development and Integration of Behaviour.
• — —  (1991b). 'Postscript'. In Parkes, C. M., Stevenson-Hinde, J., and Marris, P. (eds.), Attachment across the Life Cycle.
• Cassidy, J., and Shaver, P. R., (eds.) (1999). Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications.
• DeWolff, M. S., and van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). 'Sensitivity and attachment: a meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment'. Child Development, 68.
• Hinde, R. A., and Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1991). 'Perspectives on attachment'. In Parkes, C. M., Stevenson-Hinde, J., and Marris, P. (eds.), Attachment across the Life Cycle.

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See attach.

IN BRIEF: The act of fastening. A strong emotional bond.

Jim formed a great attachment with his new puppy.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

Quotes:

"Those who consciousness is unified abandon all attachment to the results of action and attain supreme peace. But those whose desires are fragmented, who are selfishly attached to the results of their work, are bound in everything they do." - Bhagavad Gita

"Softly and kindly remind yourself, I cannot own anything. It is a valuable thought to keep in mind as you struggle to improve your financial picture, worry about investments, and plan how to acquire more and more. It is a universal principle which you are part of. You must release everything when you truly awaken. Are you letting your life go by in frustration and worry over not having enough? If so, relax and remember that you only get what you have for a short period of time. When you awaken you will see the folly of being attached to anything." - Wayne Dyer

"By letting it go it all gets done. The world is won by those who let it go. But when you try and try. The world is beyond the winning." - Lao-Tzu

"Attachment to spiritual things is.. just as much an attachment as inordinate love of anything else." - Thomas Merton

"The tighter you squeeze, the less you have." - Zen Saying

"Attachment is the great fabricator of illusions; reality can be attained only by someone who is detached." - Simone Weil

See more famous quotes about Attachment

1. state of being attached.
2. a connection which achieves attachment.

• a. plaque — an electron-dense coating of cell membranes in which intermediate filaments are embedded participating in the mechanism of holding cells together.

n

1. fastener, connector, associated part. n 2. a mechanical device for retention and stabilization of a dental prosthesis.

For a list of words related to attachment, see:

• Decisions, Judgments, and Conditions - attachment: taking another’s property by legal process, esp. as payment of debt

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This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
n. - tilslutning, fastgøring, tilknytning

Nederlands (Dutch)
aanhangsel, toe-/ bijvoegsel, detachering, appendix, meegestuurd bestand (email), gehechtheid, beslaglegging, hulpstuk

Français (French)
n. - attache, lien, collier, embout de jonction, additif, affection, fixation, accessoire, (fig) attachement, (Jur) arrestation, saisie, stage

Deutsch (German)
n. - Befestigung, Zusatz, Anhänglichkeit, Verhaftung, Beschlagnahmung, Zubehör

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - δεσμός (αγάπης ή αφοσίωσης), συναισθηματικός δεσμός, σύνδεσμος, συνημμένο (έγγραφο), προσάρτημα, επισύναψη, στοργή, φιλοστοργία, αγάπη, αδυναμία, (νομ.) κατάσχεση

Italiano (Italian)
allegato, affetto, arresto, sequestro, raccordo

Português (Portuguese)
n. - fixação (f), embargo (m), anexo (m), atração (f), simpatia (f), arresto (m)

Русский (Russian)
присоединение, прикрепление, преданность, привязанность, арест, конфискация, аксессуары

Español (Spanish)
n. - apéndice, acoplamiento, fijación, apego, cariño, afecto, detención, arresto, embargo, accesorio, utensilio auxiliar

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - fastsättning, fäste, tillsats

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
连接, 附着, 安装, 附属物

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 連接, 附著, 安裝, 附屬物

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 부착 , 애정

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 取付け, 付着物, 付属物, 連結装置, 差し押え, 差押令状, 傾倒, 愛着, 取り付け, 差し押さえ

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) ربط, ارتباط, الحاق, اداه ملحقه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮סיפוח, אביזר שהוצמד למכונה, עיקול, משיכה, שעבוד, מסירות, התקשרות, חיבה, אמצעי הצמדה, עבודה זמנית‬

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