(b Meschede, Westphalia, 3 Jan 1887; d nr Perthes-les-Hurlus, Champagne, 26 Sept 1914). German painter. He began his artistic training in autumn 1904 at the Kunstakademie in D?sseldorf, but he was far more interested by the instruction at the Kunstgewerbeschule, run by Peter Behrens, where he attended evening courses given by the German printmaker Fritz Helmuth Ehmcke (1878-1965). Friendship with the playwrights of the D?sseldorfer Theater, Wilhelm Schmidtbonn and Herbert Eulenberg, awakened Macke's interest in the stage. With the German sculptor Claus Cito, he developed designs for stage sets, including those for a production of Macbeth, which led to an offer by the theatre to employ him, but Macke turned it down. In April 1905 Macke travelled with Walter Gerhardt, his future wife Elizabeth Gerhardt's brother, to northern Italy and Florence. His drawings of this period reveal freshness and a receptive sensibility. In July 1906 he travelled to the Netherlands and Belgium with Schmidtbonn, Eulenberg and Cito, continuing on with Schmidtbonn to London, where he visited the city's museums. In November 1906 he broke off his studies at the academy. After encountering French Impressionism on a trip to Paris in summer 1907, Macke began to paint in this manner; in autumn of that year he went to Berlin to join the studio of the German painter Lovis Corinth. However, work in the studio, and Corinth's way of suggesting corrections, did not suit Macke's temperament, nor did the city's oppressive atmosphere. He returned to Bonn in early 1908. His future wife's family provided him with the means for further travel, first to Italy and then together with his wife and her uncle Bernhard Koehler, who later became his patron, to Paris. Through Koehler he gained an insight into the art market in Paris and became acquainted with Ambroise Vollard. In 1908-9 Macke discharged himself from his one-year military service. Once again in Paris on his honeymoon in 1909, he met Louis Moilliet and, through him, Karl Hofer.

See the Abbreviations for further details.

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August Macke (1887-1914) was a German painter whose harmonious and simple scenes of everyday life made a unique contribution to Expressionism.

Born on January 3, 1887, in Meschede, Germany, August Macke attended the Arts and Crafts School as well as the Academy of Fine Arts in Düsseldorf from 1906 to 1908. His career as an artist spanned only eight short years. He was killed on September 26, 1914, as a soldier in the first weeks of World War I. As a student he contributed costume and stage designs for the Düsseldorf theater (famous for its director and outstanding actress, Louise Dumont). Trips to Italy, Holland, and Belgium culminated in the first visit to Paris, financed by Bernhard Koehler, a famous collector and the uncle of Macke's future wife.

In 1908 Koehler went with Macke to Paris, visiting exhibits and artists, thus providing Macke with an introduction to Cubism and Fauvism, the works of Paul Cezanne and Robert Delaunay. Koehler - through Macke - was also instrumental in providing funds for one of the most important contributions to modern art, the publication of the Blue Rider Almanac in 1911, to which Macke also contributed an article. Koehler also financed in part the largest European avant-garde art exhibit ever held in Germany at that time, the Erster Deutscher Herbst Salon (First German Fall Salon) at the Sturm Gallery of Herwarth Walden in Berlin in 1913.

Macke's half year of study with the famous painter Lovis Corinth was of less importance to his artistic development than his friendship with Franz Marc (after 1910) and his subsequent participation with Wassily Kandinsky in the Blue Rider Group. Macke was not very interested in the theoretical concepts of either Kandinsky or Marc; his vitality, his love for life, led him to experiment with various forms on his own, developing a variance of Cubism based on his special relations to colors. From early on, Macke chose as his main themes simple, everyday scenes from the life he loved so much. Neither the speed of modern life nor the tranquility of rural sites held any fascination for him. He painted modern, often elegantly dressed, human figures in quiet, harmonious, man-made surroundings: in parks, in the zoo, on the banks of rivers, or in front of shop windows, as well as scenes from the circus. There is no haste in the movements of his figures: quiet conversations, people reading or watching animals or the river flow by, scenes rarely found elsewhere in German Expressionism.

Macke was fascinated by the power of color to construct space and distance, permitting him to make figures and surroundings equally important. He ordered his abbreviated forms in carefully balanced color variations, avoiding the frequently apocalyptic and fantastic forms of his friends of the Blue Rider Group. The influence of Delaunay's "orphic" colors is easily recognized in Macke's work, but his vigorous and strong temperament translated the various influences into paintings which are independent and unique and - in strong contrast to most expressionistic works of the period - closely allied to the French developments in the arts.

Macke also produced small sculptures, designed stained-glass windows, and made designs for embroideries. He actively participated in two important modern exhibitions: the exhibition of Rhenish Expressionists in Bonn as well as the First German Fall Salon in Berlin in 1913. His greatest artistic achievements, promising even more succinct accomplishments, were made in 1914. Again with the help of Bernhard Koehler, he travelled with Paul Klee and an old Swiss friend, the painter Louis Moilliet, to North Africa, Tunis, and Kairouan. Paul Klee remarked later that it was this trip which provided him with the true understanding of color, probably in part under Macke's influence. Macke's many watercolors and sketches show strong response to the Mediterranean light, the different forms of North Africa, and the appreciation of the extraordinary local colors.

Macke's simple and direct approach to everyday life, his carefully balanced compositions, and his lively colors all enhanced his images of the column-like figures. The serene and balanced visions show a world of visual poetry which separates him from the more forceful works of his expressionist friends and establish for him a special position in this early development of modern art.

Further Reading

Macke's oeuvre catalogue has been published by Gustav Vriesen (2nd edition, Stuttgart, 1967). His letters exchanged with Franz Marc were published, edited by Wolfgang Macke (Cologne, 1964) and recollections were made public by his widow, Elisabeth Erdmann-Macke (Stuttgart, 1962). Valuable contributions were made in the books by Günter Busch (Cologne, 1956), M. T. Engels (2nd edition, Recklinghause, 1958), and Walter Holzhausen (Munich, 1956). As in all cases of the German Expressionists, the various exhibition catalogues are of importance. An important exhibit was held in 1979 at the Citymuseum of Bonn, "Die Rheinischen Expressionisten" (The Rhenish Expressionists), edited by Dierk Stemmler, which places Macke in the midst of his contemporaries. A small monograph on Macke's painting, "Das Russische Ballett" (The Russian Ballet) (Stuttgart, 1966), by Günter Busch is a useful interpretation. Günter Busch also published an evaluation of Macke's drawings (Hamburg, 1966). The Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Münster, holds 78 sketchbooks of Macke. A large collection of Macke's works is in the Städtische Kunstmuseum, Bonn.

Macke, August (Meschede, 1887-1914, killed in action, Champagne), a painter who trained at Düsseldorf and Paris, influenced F. Marc in the direction of Expressionism. He was, with Marc and Kandinsky, a member of the group Der blaue Reiter. Macke's own Expressionist style remained less abstract than that of his two colleagues. He wrote Im Kampf um die Kunst (1911), Der blaue Reiter (1912), Kunst und Künstler, 12 (1914).

(ou'gʊst mä'kə) , 1887–1914, German painter. Trained in Germany, he made several trips to Paris, where he came in contact with impressionism and the fauvist and cubist painters. A brilliant colorist, he joined the artists Franz Marc and Kandinsky and exhibited with the Blaue Reiter group. In 1914 he traveled with Paul Klee to Tunisia. There he created watercolors of a fine transparency with subtle prismatic patterns. Macke had barely finished Farewell (Cologne) when he was conscripted. He was killed in World War I.

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