average
American Heritage Dictionary:
Top
av·er·age
(ăv'ər-ĭj, ăv'rĭj) 
n.
v., -aged, -ag·ing, -ag·es. v.tr.
To be or amount to an average: Some sparrows are six inches long, but they average smaller. Our expenses averaged out to 45 dollars per day.
phrasal verbs:
averageness av'er·age·ness n.
n.
- Mathematics.
- A number that typifies a set of numbers of which it is a function.
- See arithmetic mean.
- An intermediate level or degree: near the average in size.
- The usual or ordinary kind or quality: Although the wines vary, the average is quite good.
- Sports. The ratio of a team's or player's successful performances such as wins, hits, or goals, divided by total opportunities for successful performance, such as games, times at bat, or shots: finished the season with a .500 average; a batting average of .274.
- Law.
- The loss of a ship or cargo, caused by damage at sea.
- The incurrence of damage or loss of a ship or cargo at sea.
- The equitable distribution of such a loss among concerned parties.
- A charge incurred through such a loss.
- Nautical. Small expenses or charges that are usually paid by the master of a ship.
- Mathematics. Of, relating to, or constituting an average.
- Being intermediate between extremes, as on a scale: a player of average ability.
- Usual or ordinary in kind or character: a poll of average people; average eyesight.
- Assessed in accordance with the law of averages.
v., -aged, -ag·ing, -ag·es. v.tr.
- Mathematics. To calculate the average of: average a set of numbers.
- To do or have an average of: averaged three hours of work a day.
- To distribute proportionately: average one's income over four years so as to minimize the tax rate.
To be or amount to an average: Some sparrows are six inches long, but they average smaller. Our expenses averaged out to 45 dollars per day.
phrasal verbs:
average down
- To purchase shares of the same security at successively lower prices in order to reduce the average price of one's position.
- To purchase shares of the same security at successively higher prices in order to achieve a larger position at an average price that is lower than the current market value.
[From Middle English averay, charge above the cost of freight, from Old French avarie, from Old Italian avaria, duty, from Arabic 'awārīya, damaged goods, from 'awār, blemish, from 'awira, to be damaged.]
averagely av'er·age·ly adv.averageness av'er·age·ness n.
SYNONYMS average, medium, mediocre, fair, middling, indifferent, tolerable. These adjectives indicate a middle position on a scale of evaluation. Average and medium apply to what is midway between extremes and imply both sufficiency and lack of distinction: a novel of average merit; an orange of medium size. Mediocre stresses the undistinguished aspect of what is average: "The caliber of the students . . . has gone from mediocre to above average" (Judy Pasternak). What is fair is passable but substantially below excellent: in fair health. Middling refers to a ranking between average and mediocre: gave a middling performance. Indifferent suggests neutrality: "His home, alas, was but an indifferent attic" (Edward Everett Hale). Something tolerable is merely acceptable: prepared a tolerable meal.
Top
statistics For a set of numbers, a synonym for the arithmetic mean, i.e. the sum of those numbers divided by their count. The term referred originally to the damage, partial loss, else taxation of ships' cargo, the sharing of such costs between the shareholders in the cargo presumably prompting its general use in statistics. Other central values sometimes seen as averages, though not properly called such, include the median (the value such that there are just as many numbers greater than it as there are less than it, by convention the mean of the nearest values for a set with an even count) and the midrange (the mean of the two extreme-valued numbers in the set).
Clearly all three of these definitions can result in values that are not in the set, indeed values that could not be in the set. The average family with 2.2 children is the best-known unreal result.
No average can give more than a cursory picture of the set; it ignores the dispersion of the member numbers, due to erratic distribution and overall spread. The derived parameter standard deviation provides a measure of the dispersion.
Top
appropriately weighted and adjusted Arithmetic Mean of selected securities designed to represent market behavior generally or important segments of the market. Among the most familiar averages are the Dow Jones industrial and transportation averages.
Because the evaluation of individual securities involves measuring price trends of securities in general or within an industry group, the various averages are important analytical tools.
See also stock indexes and averages.
Because the evaluation of individual securities involves measuring price trends of securities in general or within an industry group, the various averages are important analytical tools.
See also stock indexes and averages.
| Availability Float, Automatic Withdrawal | |
| Average Cost, Average Daily Balance |
Roget's Thesaurus:
Top
average
noun
- Something, as a type, number, quantity, or degree, that represents a midpoint between extremes on a scale of valuation: mean, median, medium, norm, par. See usual/unusual.
adjective
- Of moderately good quality but less than excellent: acceptable, adequate, all right, common, decent, fair, fairish, goodish, moderate, passable, respectable, satisfactory, sufficient, tolerable. Informal OK, tidy. See good/bad.
- Commonly encountered: common, commonplace, general, normal, ordinary, typical, usual. See surprise/expect.
- Being of no special quality or type: common, commonplace, cut-and-dried, formulaic, garden, garden-variety, indifferent, mediocre, ordinary, plain, routine, run-of-the-mill, standard, stock, undistinguished, unexceptional, unremarkable. See good/bad, usual/unusual.
Antonyms by Answers.com:
Top
average
adj
Definition: normal, typical
Antonyms: abnormal, atypical, exceptional, extraordinary, extreme, outstanding, unusual
n
Definition: mean
Antonyms: maximum, minimum
n
Definition: normal, typical amount
Antonyms: abnormality, exception, extreme, unusual
Oxford Dictionary of Geography:
Top
average
A measure of central tendency; the most representative value for a group of numbers. The term is usually synonymous with the arithmetic mean.
Top
A vague term that refers to the normal or typical amount. It sometimes refers specifically to the arithmetic mean. See also measures of central tendency.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
Top
average
Word Tutor:
Top
average
IN BRIEF: The usual amount or kind.
We are all more average than we think.
— Gorham B. Munson
LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!
Sign Language Videos:
Top
average
sign description: One hand comes down in the middle of the other hand.
Quotes About:
Top
Averages
Quotes:
"The average, healthy, well-adjusted adult gets up at seven-thirty in the morning feeling just plain terrible."
- Jean Kerr
"I consider myself an average man, except in the fact that I consider myself an average man."
- Michel Eyquem De Montaigne
"Ain't no man can avoid being born average, but there ain't no man got to be common."
- Leroy ''Satchel'' Paige
"I am only an average man but, by George, I work harder at it than the average man."
- Theodore Roosevelt
"If you do it right 51 percent of the time you will end up a hero."
- Alfred P. Sloan
"If your batting average is high enough, the Big League will find you."
- Source Unknown
See more famous quotes about Averages
Top
Wiley Dictionary of Flavors:
Top
Average
The total number divided by the number of individuals. See Standard Deviation, Mean, Mode, Sensory Analysis, Sensory Evaluation.
Top
an alternative term for (arithmetic) mean.
| avenic acid, avenacin A-1, auxotrophy | |
| average molar mass, average molecular weight, average radius of gyration |
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:
Top
average
The sum of the values divided by the number of values. Called also arithmetic mean.
- a. daily gain — average daily increase in liveweight of an animal or group of animals. Measured by weighing on two dates and dividing the difference by the number of days between.
- moving a. — a series of averages over time, based on a constant number of values, by including the next installment of data, and excluding the oldest data. Used to reduce the variability of a series by calculating a new series based on the average of a constant number of values of the original series. Called also rolling average.
Random House Word Menu:
Top
categories related to 'average'
- Quantities, Relationships, and Operations - average: result that occurs when sum of two or more quantities is divided by the number of quantities; arithmetic mean
- General Sports Terminology
- Baseball - average: batting average
- Ordinary, Dull, Plain, or Banal
See crossword solutions for the clue Wikipedia on Answers.com:
Top
Average
In mathematics, an average is a measure of the "middle" or "typical" value of a data set.[citation needed] It is thus a measure of central tendency.
In the most common case, the data set is a list of numbers. The average of a list of numbers is a single number intended to typify the numbers in the list. If all the numbers in the list are the same, then this number should be used. If the numbers are not the same, the average is calculated by combining the numbers from the list in a specific way and computing a single number as being the average of the list.
Many different descriptive statistics can be chosen as a measure of the central tendency of the data items. These include the arithmetic mean, the median, and the mode. Other statistics, such as the standard deviation and the range, are called measures of spread and describe how spread out the data is.
The most common statistic is the arithmetic mean, but depending on the nature of the data other types of central tendency may be more appropriate. For example, the median is used most often when the distribution of the values is skewed with a small number of very high or low values, as seen with house prices or incomes. It is also used when extreme values are likely to be anomalous or less reliable than the other values (e.g. as a result of measurement error), because the median takes less account of extreme values than the mean does. [1]
|
Contents
|
Calculation
The three most common averages are the Pythagorean means -- the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean, and the harmonic mean.
Arithmetic mean
Main article: Arithmetic mean
If n numbers are given, each number denoted by ai, where i = 1, ..., n, the arithmetic mean is the [sum] of the ai's divided by n or
The arithmetic mean, often simply called the mean, of two numbers, such as 2 and 8, is obtained by finding a value A such that 2 + 8 = A + A. One may find that A = (2 + 8)/2 = 5. Switching the order of 2 and 8 to read 8 and 2 does not change the resulting value obtained for A. The mean 5 is not less than the minimum 2 nor greater than the maximum 8. If we increase the number of terms in the list for which we want an average, we get, for example, that the arithmetic mean of 2, 8, and 11 is found by solving for the value of A in the equation 2 + 8 + 11 = A + A + A. One finds that A = (2 + 8 + 11)/3 = 7.
Geometric mean
Main article: Geometric mean
The geometric mean of n non-negative numbers is obtained by multiplying them all together and then taking the nth root. In algebraic terms, the geometric mean of a1, a2, ..., an is defined as
![\text{GM=} \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^n a_i}=\sqrt[n]{a_1 a_2 \cdots a_n}.](http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/en/math/f/5/5/f551ecf71309d459cbea258c5276d7ad.png)
Geometric mean can be thought of as the antilog of the arithmetic mean of the logs of the numbers.
Example: Geometric mean of 2 and 8 is 
Average Percentage Return and CAGR
Main article: Compound annual growth rate
The average percentage return is a type of average used in finance. It is an example of a geometric mean. When the returns are annual, it is called the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). For example, if we are considering a period of two years, and the investment return in the first year is −10% and the return in the second year is +60%, then the average percentage return or CAGR, R, can be obtained by solving the equation: (1 − 10%) × (1 + 60%) = (1 − 0.1) × (1 + 0.6) = (1 + R) × (1 + R). The value of R that makes this equation true is 0.2, or 20%. This means that the total return over the 2-year period is the same as if there had been 20% growth each year. Note that the order of the years makes no difference - the average percentage returns of +60% and −10% is the same result as that for −10% and +60%.
This method can be generalized to examples in which the periods are not equal. For example, consider a period of a half of a year for which the return is −23% and a period of two and a half years for which the return is +13%. The average percentage return for the combined period is the single year return, R, that is the solution of the following equation: (1 − 0.23)0.5 × (1 + 0.13)2.5 = (1 + R)0.5+2.5, giving an average percentage return R of 0.0600 or 6.00%.
Harmonic mean
Main article: Harmonic mean
Harmonic mean for a non-empty collection of numbers a1, a2, ..., an, all different from 0, is defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the ai's:
One example where it is useful is calculating the average speed for a number of fixed-distance trips. For example, if the speed for going from point A to B was 60 km/h, and the speed for returning from B to A was 40 km/h, then the average speed is given by
Inequality concerning AM, GM, and HM
A well known inequality concerning arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means for any set of positive numbers is
It is easy to remember noting that the alphabetical order of the letters A, G, and H is preserved in the inequality. See Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.
Mode
Main article: Mode (statistics)
The most frequently occurring number in a list is called the mode. The mode of the list (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4) is 3. The mode is not necessarily well defined, the list (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5) has the two modes 2 and 3. The mode can be subsumed under the general method of defining averages by understanding it as taking the list and setting each member of the list equal to the most common value in the list if there is a most common value. This list is then equated to the resulting list with all values replaced by the same value. Since they are already all the same, this does not require any change. The mode is more meaningful and potentially useful if there are many numbers in the list, and the frequency of the numbers progresses smoothly (e.g., if out of a group of 1000 people, 30 people weigh 61 kg, 32 weigh 62 kg, 29 weigh 63 kg, and all the other possible weights occur less frequently, then 62 kg is the mode).
The mode has the advantage that it can be used with non-numerical data (e.g., red cars are most frequent), while other averages cannot.
Median
Main article: Median
The median is the middle number of the group when they are ranked in order. (If there are an even number of numbers, the mean of the middle two is taken.)
Thus to find the median, order the list according to its elements' magnitude and then repeatedly remove the pair consisting of the highest and lowest values until either one or two values are left. If exactly one value is left, it is the median; if two values, the median is the arithmetic mean of these two. This method takes the list 1, 7, 3, 13 and orders it to read 1, 3, 7, 13. Then the 1 and 13 are removed to obtain the list 3, 7. Since there are two elements in this remaining list, the median is their arithmetic mean, (3 + 7)/2 = 5.
Types
The table of mathematical symbols explains the symbols used below.
| Name | Equation or description |
|---|---|
| Arithmetic mean |  |
| Median | The middle value that separates the higher half from the lower half of the data set |
| Geometric median | A rotation invariant extension of the median for points in Rn |
| Mode | The most frequent value in the data set |
| Geometric mean | ![\bigg(\prod_{i=1}^n x_i \bigg)^{\frac{1}{n}} = \sqrt[n]{x_1 \cdot x_2 \dotsb x_n}](http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/en/math/a/e/4/ae475477c5ea1046008771e7b4b7342b.png) |
| Harmonic mean |  |
| Quadratic mean (or RMS) |
 |
| Generalized mean | ![\sqrt[p]{\frac{1}{n} \cdot \sum_{i=1}^n x_{i}^p}](http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/en/math/f/d/d/fdd1519e14d60cd83ffcf2749181ccde.png) |
| Weighted mean |  |
| Truncated mean | The arithmetic mean of data values after a certain number or proportion of the highest and lowest data values have been discarded |
| Interquartile mean | A special case of the truncated mean, using the interquartile range |
| Midrange |  |
| Winsorized mean | Similar to the truncated mean, but, rather than deleting the extreme values, they are set equal to the largest and smallest values that remain |
| Annualization | ![{\left[ \prod (1+R_i )^{t_i} \right] }^{1/\sum t_i} -1](http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/en/math/d/2/5/d25560e504eb7969eaeebc69fe72efc5.png) |
Solutions to variational problems
Several measures of central tendency can be characterized as solving a variational problem, in the sense of the calculus of variations, namely minimizing variation from the center. That is, given a measure of statistical dispersion, one asks for a measure of central tendency that minimizes variation: such that variation from the center is minimal among all choices of center. In a quip, "dispersion precedes location". In the sense of Lp spaces, the correspondence is:
| Lp | dispersion | central tendency |
|---|---|---|
| L1 | average absolute deviation | median |
| L2 | standard deviation | mean |
| L∞ | maximum deviation | midrange |
Thus standard deviation about the mean is lower than standard deviation about any other point, and the maximum deviation about the midrange is lower than the maximum deviation about any other point. The uniqueness of this characterization of mean follows from convex optimization. Indeed, for a given (fixed) data set x, the function
represents the dispersion about a constant value c relative to the L2 norm. Because the function ƒ2 is a strictly convex coercive function, the minimizer exists and is unique.
Note that the median in this sense is not in general unique, and in fact any point between the two central points of a discrete distribution minimizes average absolute deviation. The dispersion in the L1 norm, given by
is not strictly convex, whereas strict convexity is needed to ensure uniqueness of the minimizer. In spite of this, the minimizer is unique for the L∞ norm.
Miscellaneous types
Other more sophisticated averages are: trimean, trimedian, and normalized mean, with their generalizations.[2]
One can create one's own average metric using the generalized f-mean:
where f is any invertible function. The harmonic mean is an example of this using f(x) = 1/x, and the geometric mean is another, using f(x) = log x.
However, this method for generating means is not general enough to capture all averages. A more general method[3] for defining an average takes any function g(x1, x2, ..., xn) of a list of arguments that is continuous, strictly increasing in each argument, and symmetric (invariant under permutation of the arguments). The average y is then the value which, when replacing each member of the list, results in the same function value: g(y, y, ..., y) = g(x1, x2, ..., xn). This most general definition still captures the important property of all averages that the average of a list of identical elements is that element itself. The function g(x1, x2, ..., xn) = x1+x2+ ··· + xn provides the arithmetic mean. The function g(x1, x2, ..., xn) = x1x2···xn (where the list elements are positive numbers) provides the geometric mean. The function g(x1, x2, ..., xn) = −(x1−1+x2−1+ ··· + xn−1) (where the list elements are positive numbers) provides the harmonic mean.[3]
In data streams
The concept of an average can be applied to a stream of data as well as a bounded set, the goal being to find a value about which recent data is in some way clustered. The stream may be distributed in time, as in samples taken by some data acquisition system from which we want to remove noise, or in space, as in pixels in an image from which we want to extract some property. An easy-to-understand and widely used application of average to a stream is the simple moving average in which we compute the arithmetic mean of the most recent N data items in the stream. To advance one position in the stream, we add 1/N times the new data item and subtract 1/N times the data item N places back in the stream.
- Update rule for a window of size
upon seeing new element 
:
Averages of functions
The concept of average can be extended to functions.[4] In calculus, the average value of an integrable function ƒ on an interval [a,b] is defined by
Etymology
An early meaning (c. 1500) of the word average is "damage sustained at sea". The root is found in Arabic as awar, in Italian as avaria, in French as avarie and in Dutch as averij. Hence an average adjuster is a person who assesses an insurable loss.
Marine damage is either particular average, which is borne only by the owner of the damaged property, or general average, where the owner can claim a proportional contribution from all the parties to the marine venture. The type of calculations used in adjusting general average gave rise to the use of "average" to mean "arithmetic mean".
However, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest usage in English (1489 or earlier) appears to be an old legal term for a tenant's day labour obligation to a sheriff, probably anglicised from "avera" found in the English Domesday Book (1085). This pre-existing term thus lay to hand when an equivalent for avarie was wanted.
See also
Notes
- ^ An axiomatic approach to averages is provided by John Bibby (1974) "Axiomatisations of the average and a further generalization of monotonic sequences", Glasgow Mathematical Journal, vol. 15, pp. 63–65.
- ^ Merigo, Jose M.; Cananovas, Montserrat (2009). "The Generalized Hybrid Averaging Operator and its Application in Decision Making". Journal of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration 9: 69–84. ISSN 1886-516X. http://www.upo.es/RevMetCuant/art.php?id=38.
- ^ a b John Bibby (1974). “Axiomatisations of the average and a further generalisation of monotonic sequences”. Glasgow Mathematical Journal, vol. 15, pp. 63–65.
- ^ G. H. Hardy, J. E. Littlewood, and G. Pólya. Inequalities (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-35880-4, 1988.
References
- Hardy, G.H.; Littlewood, J.E.; Pólya, G. (1988). Inequalities (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35880-4
External links
 |
Look up average in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
Top
Average
Dansk (Danish)
n. - gennemsnit, normal, norm
adj. - gennemsnitlig, normal, middel-
v. tr. - have som gennemsnit, udgøre gennemsnit
v. intr. - være gennemsnit, udgøre gennemsnit
idioms:
- average out udlignes, jævnes
- on average gennemsnitligt, i gennemsnit
Nederlands (Dutch)
gemiddeld(e), doorsnee, middelmatig, gewoon, averij (zeeschade), als gemiddelde hebben, gemiddeld per dag etc. werken/doen, het gemiddelde inschatten, kwaliteit inschatten
Français (French)
n. - moyenne, (Assur) avarie
adj. - moyenne, moyen
v. tr. - établir/faire la moyenne de, atteindre la moyenne de, (Aut) faire une moyenne de
v. intr. - s'égaliser, faire en moyenne
idioms:
- average out s'égaliser, faire en moyenne
- on average en moyenne
Deutsch (German)
n. - Durchschnitt, Mittelwert
adj. - durchschnittlich, Durchschnitts-, Mittel-, mittelmäßig
v. - durchschnittlich betragen, den Mittelwert nehmen
idioms:
- average out sich ausgleichen
- on average im Durchschnitt
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (μαθημ.) μέσος όρος, (ναυτ., οικον.) αβαρία, βλάβη
v. - έχω/κάνω/πιάνω/βγάζω κατά μέσον όρο, υπολογίζω/εξάγω τον μέσο όρο
adj. - μέσος, του μέσου όρου, μέτριος, αντιπροσωπευτικός, συνήθης
idioms:
- average out υπολογίζω τον μέσο όρο
- on average κατά μέσον όρο
Italiano (Italian)
media, medio, mediocre
idioms:
- average out in media
- bowling average media personale (cricket)
- law of averages statistica
- on average in media
Português (Portuguese)
n. - média (f), proporção (f), avaria (f)
v. - dividir proporcionalmente, calcular a média, comprar ou vender por atacado
adj. - médio, proporcional, mediano, padrão, medíocre
idioms:
- average out perfazer a média
- bowling average média de arremessos (Esp.)
- law of averages lei das probabilidades (Mat.)
- on average na média
Русский (Russian)
среднее число, средний, посредственный
idioms:
- average out рассчитать среднее число
- bowling average показатель в крикете
- law of averages закон средних величин
- on average в среднем
Español (Spanish)
n. - promedio, media, término medio, medio
adj. - regular, mediano, mediocre
v. tr. - promediar
v. intr. - hacer un promedio
idioms:
- average out alcanzar un promedio de, ser por término medio
- on average por término medio, como promedio, como media
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - genomsnitt, medeltal
v. - beräkna medeltalet, fördela
adj. - genomsnittlig, medel-
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
平均, 平均水平, 平均数, 一般的, 通常的, 平均的, 均分, 使平衡, 平均为
idioms:
- average out 达到平均数, 最终得到平衡
- on average 平均起来
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 平均, 平均水準, 平均數
adj. - 一般的, 通常的, 平均的
v. tr. - 均分, 使平衡, 平均為
v. intr. - 平均為
idioms:
- average out 達到平均數, 最終得到平衡
- on average 平均起來
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 평균
adj. - 평균의, 보통의
v. tr. - 의 평균치를 구하다
v. intr. - 평균에 달하다
idioms:
- average out 매매해 버리고 손을 떼다, 결국 평균치가 되다
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 平均, 普通
v. - 平均して…になる, 平均して…を得る, 平均する
adj. - 平均の, 平均的な
idioms:
- average out 結局平均…に達する
- on average 平均して
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) معدل, متوسط, عادي (فعل) يوجد المعدل, يقسم على نحو متناسب (صفه) يعمل بمعدل, يبلغ معدله
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ממוצע
adj. - ממוצע, רגיל, בינוני
v. tr. - חישב את הממוצע, מיצע, העריך את הרמה הכללית או את הממוצע של
v. intr. - הציג את הממוצע של
If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.
Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:
Copyrights:
American Heritage Dictionary
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Units & Measures
A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units. Copyright © Donald Fenna 2002, 2004. All rights reserved.
Read more
Barron's Finance & Investment Dictionary
Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms. Copyright © 2010 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved.
Read more
Roget's Thesaurus
Roget's II: The New Thesaurus, Third Edition by the Editors of the American Heritage® Dictionary Copyright © 1995 byHoughton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Geography
A Dictionary of Geography. Copyright © Susan Mayhew 1992, 1997, 2004. All rights reserved.
Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine
The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Copyright © Michael Kent 1998, 2006, 2007. All rights reserved.
Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.
Read more
Word Tutor
Copyright © 2004-present by eSpindle Learning, a 501(c) nonprofit organization. All rights reserved.
eSpindle provides personalized spelling and vocabulary tutoring online; sign up free. Read more
eSpindle provides personalized spelling and vocabulary tutoring online; sign up free. Read more
Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: Science
The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and James Trefil. Copyright © 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
Read more
Wiley Dictionary of Flavors
Copyright © 2008 by Wiley-Blackwell. Wiley and the Wiley logo are registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries. Used here by license. Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry
Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved.
Read more
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.
Read more
Random House Word Menu
© 2010 Write Brothers Inc. Word Menu is a registered trademark of the Estate of Stephen Glazier.
Write Brothers Inc.
All rights reserved.
Read more
Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary
Collins Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary © Anne Bradford, 1986, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008
HarperCollins Publishers
All rights reserved.
Read more
Wikipedia on Answers.com
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Average.
Read more
