azide

The azide anion

The azide functional group

Azide is the anion with the formula N₃⁻. It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid. N₃⁻ is a linear anion that is isoelectronic with CO₂ and N₂O. Per valence bond theory, azide can be described by several resonance structures, an important one being N⁻=N⁺=N⁻. Azide is also a functional group in organic chemistry, RN₃.^[1] The dominant application of azides is as a propellant in air bags.

Applications

About 250 tons of azide-containing compounds are produced annually, the main product being sodium azide.^[2]

Detonators and propellants

Sodium azide is the propellant in automobile air bags. It decomposes on heating to give nitrogen gas, which is used to quickly expand the air bag:^[2]

2 NaN₃ → 2 Na + 3 N₂

Heavy metal salts, such as lead azide, Pb(N₃)₂, are shock-sensitive detonators which decompose to lead and nitrogen:^[3]

Pb(N₃)₂ → Pb + 3 N₂

Silver and barium salts are used similarly. Some organic azides are potential rocket propellants an example being 2-dimethylaminoethylazide.

Other

Because of the hazards associated with their use, few azides are used commercially although they exhibit interesting reactivity for researchers. Low molecular weight azides especially are considered hazardous and are avoided. In the research laboratory, azides are precursors to amines. They are also popular for their participation in the "click reaction" and in Staudinger ligation. These two reactions are generally quite reliable, lending themselves to combinatorial chemistry.

The antiviral drug zidovudine (AZT) contains an azido group. Some azides are valuable as bioorthogonal chemical reporters.

Preparation

The principal source of the azide moiety is sodium azide. Sodium azide is made industrially by the reaction of nitrous oxide, N₂O with sodium amide, NaNH₂, in liquid ammonia as solvent. The overall stoichiometry is given by ^[4]

N₂O + 2NaNH₂ → NaN₃ + NaOH + NH₃

Most inorganic and organic azides are prepared directly or indirectly from sodium azide. For example, lead azide, used in detonators, may be prepared from the metathesis reaction between lead nitrate and sodium azide. As a pseudohalogen compound, sodium azide generally displaces an appropriate leaving group (e.g. Br, I, OTs) to give the azido compound.

Aryl azides may be prepared by displacement of the appropriate diazonium salt with sodium azide, or trimethylsilyl azide; nucleophilic aromatic substitution is also possible, even with chlorides. Anilines and aromatic hydrazines undergo diazotization, as do alkyl amines and hydrazines.^[1]

Appropriately functionalized aliphatic compounds undergo nucleophilic substitution with sodium azide. Aliphatic alcohols give azides via a variant of the Mitsunobu reaction, with the use of hydrazoic acid.^[1] Hydrazines may also form azides by reaction with sodium nitrite:^[5]

PhNHNH₂ → PhN₃

Alkyl or aryl acyl chlorides react with sodium azide in aqueous solution to give acyl azides,^[6][7] which give isocyanates in the Curtius rearrangement.

The azo-transfer compounds, trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide and imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide, are prepared from sodium azide as well. They react with amines to give the corresponding azides:

RNH₂ → RN₃

Dutt-Wormall reaction

A classic method for the synthesis of azides is the Dutt-Wormall reaction^[8] in which a diazonium salt reacts with a sulfonamide first to a diazoaminosulfinate and then on hydrolysis the azide and a sulfinic acid.^[9]

Reactions

Inorganic azides

Most azide salts decompose violently to give nitrogen gas as discussed above under applications. Azide salts also liberate toxic hydrazoic acid in the presence of strong acids:

H⁺ + N₃⁻ → HN₃

Azide salts may react with heavy metals or heavy metal compounds to give the corresponding azides, which are more shock sensitive than sodium azide alone. They decompose with sodium nitrite when acidified. This is a method of destroying residual azides, prior to disposal.^[10]

2 NaN₃ + 2 HNO₂ → 3 N₂ + 2 NO + 2 NaOH

Many inorganic covalent azides, e.g. chlorine, bromine, and iodine azides, have been described.^[11]

The azide anion behaves as a nucleophile; it undergoes nucleophilic substitution for both aliphatic and aromatic systems. It reacts with epoxides, causing a ring-opening; it undergoes Michael-like conjugate addition to 1,4-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.^[1]

Organic azides

Organic azides engage in useful organic reactions. The terminal nitrogen is mildly nucleophilic. Azides easily extrude diatomic nitrogen, a tendency that is exploited in many reactions such as the Staudinger ligation or the Curtius rearrangement or for example in the synthesis of γ-imino-β-enamino esters.^[12][13]

Azides may be reduced to amines by hydrogenolysis^[14] or with a phosphine, e.g. triphenylphosphine, in the Staudinger reaction. This reaction allows azides to serve as protected -NH₂ synthons:

RN₃ → RNH₂

In the azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, organic azides react as 1,3-dipoles, reacting with alkynes to give substituted 1,2,3-triazoles. This reaction is very popular in click chemistry.

Another azide regular is tosyl azide here in reaction with norbornadiene in a nitrogen insertion reaction:^[15]

Azides in coordination chemistry

Azides can be used as sources of the nitrido function in the coordination chemistry of late transition metals, loss of N₂ from terminal azide complexes can thus facilitate the formation of unusual oxidation states (see high-valent iron).

Safety

• Azides are explosophores and toxins.
• Sodium azide is toxic (LD₅₀ oral (rat) = 27 mg/kg) and can be absorbed through the skin. It decomposes explosively upon heating to above 275 °C and reacts vigorously with CS₂, bromine, nitric acid, dimethyl sulfate, and a series of heavy metals, including copper and lead. In reaction with water or Brønsted acids the highly toxic and explosive hydrogen azide is released.
• Heavy metal azides, such as lead azide are primary high explosives detonable when heated or shaken. Heavy-metal azides are formed when solutions of sodium azide or HN₃ vapors come into contact with heavy metals or their salts. Heavy-metal azides can accumulate under certain circumstances, for example, in metal pipelines and on the metal components of diverse equipment (rotary evaporators, freezedrying equipment, cooling traps, water baths, waste pipes), and thus lead to violent explosions.
• Some organic and other covalent azides are classified as highly explosive and toxic (inorganic azides as neurotoxins; azide ions as cytochrome c oxidase inhibitors).
• It has been reported that sodium azide and polymer-bound azide reagents react with dichloromethane and chloroform to form di- and triazidomethane resp., which are both unstable in high concentrations in solution. Various devastating explosions were reported while reaction mixtures were being concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The hazards of diazidomethane (and triazidomethane) have been well documented.^[16][17]
• Solid iodoazide is explosive and should not be prepared in the absence of solvent.^[18]

See also

Pentazenium

References

External links

• Synthesis of organic azides, recent methods
• Synthesizing, Purifying, and Handling Organic Azides