Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908[1] – November 27, 1934), known under the pseudonym George Nelson, was a bank robber and murderer in the 1930s. Gillis was known as Baby Face Nelson, a moniker given to him due to his youthful appearance and small stature. Gillis partnered with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison in the famed "wooden pistol" escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as Public enemy number one.
Gillis is responsible for the murder of at least 3 people. He has been the subject of several films. Gillis was shot by FBI agents and died after a shootout often termed "The Battle of Barrington".
Early years
Lester J. Gillis was born in Chicago's Near West Side in 1908. His mother, Marie Douget, was born to a middle-class family of Belgian farmers and emigrated to the United States in 1889.[1] Douget had known Nelson's father, Joseph Gillis, a tanner, in Belgium, although he had emigrated to the United States several years earlier.[1] Joseph Gillis committed suicide on Christmas Eve, 1924, when his son Lester was sixteen, and already in reform school.[2]
Arrested for theft and joyriding at age 13, he was sent to penal school several times.[3] A petty thief into his late teens, Nelson's rumored career with the notorious gang leader Al Capone is said to have ended almost as quickly as it began due to Nelson's violent disposition and defensive temperament.[4][clarification needed] (This long-rumored relationship with the Capone organization was dismissed as unlikely by Nelson's recent biographers Steven Nickel and William J. Helmer, primarily due to a lack of evidence, though many of Nelson's childhood acquaintances were unquestionably involved with the various organized Chicago mobs and gangs of the era, most notably Jack McGurn).[5]
Nelson's theft spree came to an end when he was arrested in 1931. Nelson was given a sentence of one year to life in the state prison. In early 1932, Baby Face overpowered his guard while being transported and escaped. Assisted by master yegg (safe-cracker[6]) Eddie Bentz, Nelson robbed his first bank in Grand Haven, Michigan on August 18, 1933. The robbery was a near-disaster even though most of those involved made a clean getaway.
Partnership with Dillinger
On March 3, 1934, John Dillinger made his famous "wooden pistol" escape from the jail in Crown Point, Indiana. Although the details remain in some dispute, the escape is suspected to have been arranged and financed by members of a newly-formed gang consisting of Nelson, Homer Van Meter, Tommy Carroll, Eddie Green and John "Red" Hamilton, with the understanding that Dillinger would repay some part of the bribe money out of his share of the first robbery. That robbery occurred just three days after Dillinger's escape when the new gang (with Hamilton's participation as the sixth man uncertain) struck the Security National Bank at Sioux Falls, South Dakota. In the robbery, which netted around $49,000 (figures differ slightly), Nelson severely wounded motorcycle policeman Hale Keith with a burst of machine gun fire as the officer was arriving at the scene.[7][8]
The six men would soon be identified as "the second Dillinger gang", due to Dillinger's extreme notoriety, but the gang had no leader.[9] On March 13, the gang struck again at the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa. Dillinger and Hamilton were slightly wounded as they escaped with $52,000.[10] On April 3, federal agents ambushed and killed Eddie Green, though he was unarmed and they were uncertain of his identity.[11]
Little Bohemia
On the afternoon of Friday, April 20, Nelson, Dillinger, Van Meter, Carroll, Hamilton, and gang associate (errand-runner) Pat Reilly, accompanied by Nelson's wife Helen and three girlfriends of the other men, arrived at the secluded Little Bohemia Lodge near Rhinelander, Wisconsin for a weekend of rest. The gang's connection to the resort apparently came from the past dealings between Dillinger's attorney, Louis Piquett, and lodge owner Emil Wanatka. Though gang members greeted him by name, Wanatka maintained that he was unaware of their identities until some time on Friday night. Throughout the weekend, the gang relaxed and mingled with Wanatka's family and other guests, playing cards and softball and target-shooting, and paying and tipping well for all amenities.
On Saturday, while she was away from the lodge with her young son at a children's birthday party, Wanatka's wife informed a family member that the Dillinger gang was at the lodge, and the F.B.I. were subsequently given the tip early on Sunday, April 22. Melvin Purvis and a number of agents arrived by plane from Chicago, and with the gang's departure imminent, attacked the lodge quickly and with little preparation, and without notifying or obtaining help from local authorities.
Wanatka offered a one-dollar dinner special on Sunday nights, and the last of a crowd estimated at seventy-five were leaving as the agents arrived in the front driveway. A 1933 Chevrolet coupé was leaving at that moment with three departing lodge customers who apparently did not hear an order to halt because the car radio was playing. The agents quickly opened fire on them, instantly killing one and wounding the others, and alerting the gang members inside.
Adding to the chaos, at this moment Pat Reilly returned to the lodge from an out-of-town errand for Van Meter, accompanied by one of the women. Accosted by the agents, Reilly backed out and escaped under fire with one tire having been shot.
Dillinger, Van Meter, and Hamilton immediately escaped through the back of the lodge, which was unguarded, and made their way north on foot through woods and past a lake to commandeer a car and a driver at a resort a mile away. Carroll was not far behind them and easily escaped in a car he stole from yet another lodge two miles away.
Nelson, who had been outside the lodge in an adjacent cabin, characteristically attacked the raiding party head on, exchanging fire with Purvis, before retreating into the lodge under a return volley from other agents. From there he slipped out the back and fled in the opposite direction from the others. Emerging from the woods ninety minutes later, a mile away from Little Bohemia, Nelson kidnapped a couple named Lang from their home and ordered them to drive him away. Apparently dissatisfied with the car's speed, he quickly ordered them to pull up at a brightly lit house where resident Alvin Koerner, aware of the ongoing events, quickly phoned authorities at one of the involved lodges to report a suspicious vehicle in front of his home. Shortly after Nelson had entered the home, taking the Koerners hostage, Emil Wanatka arrived with his brother-in-law and a lodge employee (while a fourth man remained in the car) and were also taken prisoner. Nelson ordered Koerner and Wanatka back into their vehicle, where the fourth man remained unnoticed in the back seat.
As they were preparing to leave, with Wanatka driving at gunpoint, another car arrived with two federal agents- W. Carter Baum and J.C. Newman, and a local constable, Carl Christensen. Nelson quickly took them by surprise at gunpoint and ordered them out of their car. As the driver, Newman, was getting out, Nelson- apparently detecting some false movement- opened fire with a custom-converted machine gun pistol, severely wounding Christensen and Newman and killing Baum. Nelson was later quoted as having said that Baum had him "cold" and couldn't understand why he hadn't fired. Baum's machine gun was found with the safety on.
Nelson fled the scene in the agents' car. Less than fifteen miles away, the car had a flat tire and finally became mired in mud as Nelson attempted unsuccessfully to change it. Back on foot, he wandered into the woods and took up residence with a Chippewa family in their secluded cabin for several days before making his final escape in another commandeered vehicle.[12][13]
Three of the women who had accompanied the gang, including Nelson's wife Helen Gillis, were captured inside the lodge. After grueling interrogation by the F.B.I., the three were ultimately convicted on harboring charges and released on parole.[14]
With an agent and an innocent bystander dead, and four more severely wounded, including two more innocent bystanders, and the complete escape of the Dillinger gang, the F.B.I came under severe criticism, with calls for J.Edgar Hoover's resignation and a widely circulated petition demanding the suspension of Purvis.[15]
Public Enemy
At the time of the Little Bohemia shootout, Nelson's identity as a member of the Dillinger gang had been known to the F.B.I. for only two weeks. Following the killing of Baum, Nelson became nationally notorious and was made a high-priority target of the Bureau. The focus on him and the murdered agent also served to deflect some of the intense criticism directed at Hoover and Purvis following the debacle.[16]
A day after the Little Bohemia raid, Dillinger, Hamilton, and Van Meter ran through a police road block near Hastings, Minnesota, drawing fire from officers there. A ricocheting bullet struck Hamilton in the back, fatally wounding him.[17][18] Hamilton reportedly died in hiding on April 30 or May 1, 1934, and was secretly buried by Dillinger and others including Nelson, who had rejoined the gang in Aurora, Illinois.[19]
On June 7, gang member Tommy Carroll was killed in a battle with police in Waterloo, Iowa. Carroll and his girlfriend Jean Crompton (who had been captured and tried with Helen Gillis after Little Bohemia) had grown close to the Nelsons, and his death was a personal blow to them. The couple went into hiding during the ensuing weeks, and although they were in the Chicago area, their precise movements in this period remain obscure. The Nelsons reportedly lived in various tourist camps, while continuing to secretly meet with family members whenever possible. [20]
On June 27, former gang errand-runner and Little Bohemia fugitive Pat Reilly was surrounded as he slept and was captured alive in St. Paul, Minnesota.[21]
On the morning of Saturday, June 30, Nelson, Dillinger, Van Meter, and one or more additional accomplices robbed the Merchants National Bank in South Bend, Indiana. One man involved in the robbery is believed to have possibly been Pretty Boy Floyd, based on several eye-witness identifications as well as the later account of Joseph "Fatso" Negri, an old Nelson associate from California who was serving as a gofer to the gang at this time.[22] Another rumored participant was Nelson's childhood friend Jack Perkins, also an associate of the gang at that time. (Perkins would later be tried for the robbery and acquitted).[23]
When the robbery began, a policeman named Howard Wagner had been directing traffic outside; responding quickly to the scene and attempting to draw his gun, he was shot to death by Van Meter, who was stationed outside the bank. Also outside the bank, Nelson exchanged fire with a local jeweler who had shot him in the chest—ineffectively—because of Nelson's bullet-proof vest. As the merchant retreated into his store under a return volley from Nelson, a man in a parked car was wounded. Nelson also grappled briefly with a teenager who tackled him until Nelson (or possibly Van Meter) stunned the boy with a blow from his gun. When Dillinger and the man identified as Floyd emerged from the bank with sacks containing $28,000, they brought three hostages with them (including the bank president) to deter gunfire from three patrolmen on the scene. The policemen fired nonetheless, wounding two of the hostages before grazing Van Meter in the head. The gang escaped, and Van Meter recovered. In the constant and chaotic exchange of gunfire, several other bystanders were wounded by shots, ricochets, or flying broken glass. It proved to be the last robbery for all of the known and suspected participants, including Floyd. [24][25]
During the month of July, as the F.B.I. manhunt for him continued, Nelson and his wife fled to California with associate John Paul Chase, who would remain with Nelson for most of the rest of his life. Upon their return to Chicago on July 15, the gang held a reunion meeting at a favorite rendezvous site. When the meeting was interrupted by two Illinois state troopers, Fred McAllister and Gilbert Cross, Nelson fired on their vehicle with his converted "machine gun pistol", wounding both men as the gangsters retreated. Cross was injured severely, but both men survived. Nelson's responsibility was uncertain until verification came later in the form of a confession from Chase.[26]
On July 22, 1934, Dillinger was ambushed and killed by F.B.I. agents outside the Biograph Theater in Lincoln Park, Chicago. The next day J. Edgar Hoover announced that "Baby Face" Nelson was now Public Enemy No. 1.[27]
On August 23, Homer Van Meter was ambushed and killed by police in St. Paul, Minnesota, leaving Nelson as the sole survivor of the so-called "Second Dillinger Gang".
In the ensuing months, Nelson and his wife, usually accompanied by Chase, drifted west to cities including Sacramento and San Francisco, California and Reno and Las Vegas, Nevada and back again, often living in auto camps before returning to Chicago some time around November 1.[28] Nelson's movements in the area during his final month are largely unknown.
By the end of the month, F.B.I interest had settled on a former hideout of Nelson's, the Lake Como Inn in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, where it was believed that Nelson might return for the winter. When the Nelsons and Chase did return to the inn on November 27, they briefly came face to face with surprised and unprepared F.B.I. agents who had staked it out. The fugitives sped away before any shots were fired. Armed with a description of the car (a black Ford V8) and its license plate number (639-578), agents swarmed into the area.[29]
The Battle of Barrington
The running gun battle[30] between FBI agents and Nelson took place on November 27, 1934 outside Chicago, in the town of Barrington resulting in the deaths of Special Agents Herman Hollis[31] and Samuel P. Cowley.[32][33]
The battle began when Nelson, Helen Gillis, and John Paul Chase were driving down a road and spotted a car being driven in the opposite direction by FBI agents Thomas McDade and William Ryan. Nelson hated police and federal agents and used a list of license plates he had compiled to actively hunt them at every opportunity. The agents and the outlaw recognized each other simultaneously, and after several U-turns by both vehicles it was Nelson who wound up in pursuit. Nelson and Chase fired at the agents, who fought to retain control of their car with both windshields shattered. After dangerously swerving to avoid an oncoming milk truck, they wound up in a field anxiously awaiting Nelson and Chase, who had stopped pursuing. They did not know that a shot fired by Ryan had punctured the radiator of Nelson's Ford, or that the Ford was now being pursued by a Hudson driven by two more agents: Herman Hollis (who was alleged to have delivered the fatal shot to a wounded Pretty Boy Floyd a month earlier[34] ) and Sam Cowley.
With his vehicle rapidly losing power and his pursuers attempting to pull alongside, Nelson abruptly swerved into the entrance of Barrington's North Side Park and slammed to a halt opposite three filling stations. Hollis and Cowley overshot them by over a hundred feet, stopped at an angle, and exited the car under fire through the passenger door, taking defensive positions behind the car. The ensuing gun battle was witnessed by more than thirty people.
Nelson's wife, fleeing into an open field under instructions from Nelson, turned briefly in time to see Nelson hit with the shot that would prove fatal. He grasped his side and sat down on the running board as Chase continued to fire from behind the bandits' car. Nelson, possibly aware of the severity of his injury, then walked in the open towards the agents, reportedly shouting, "I'm gonna kill you sons of bitches!"[citation needed] as he fired at them with a .351 rifle so rapidly that bystanders mistook it for a machine gun. Cowley fled first, seeking a new position in a ditch across the road. Turning to aim his machine gun at Nelson, his weapon failed to fire as his ammunition was exhausted and he fell in a hail of fire from Nelson. Hollis then fired a shotgun blast that struck Nelson in the legs and momentarily downed him. When Nelson quickly regained his feet and kept coming, Hollis, possibly already wounded, fled across the street, turned, and tried unsuccessfully to fire his weapon. He then drew a semi-automatic pistol but quickly collapsed under fire from Nelson, who stood over his body for a moment. After the fight was over, Nelson limped to the agents' riddled Hudson and fled the scene with his wife and Chase. He had been shot nine times (usually misreported as seventeen).[35] Telling his wife "I'm done for", Nelson gave directions as Chase drove them to a safe house where Nelson died in bed, with his wife at his side, several hours later.
Hollis, with massive head wounds, was declared dead soon after arriving at the hospital. At a different hospital, Cowley hung on long enough to confer briefly with Melvin Purvis and undergo unsuccessful surgery before succumbing to a stomach wound similar to Nelson's. Following an anonymous telephone tip, Nelson's body was discovered in a ditch, wrapped in a blanket.[36] The ditch was in front of St. Peter Catholic Cemetery in Skokie, which still exists today. His wife later stated that he had died of his wounds at 7:35 p.m. She had placed the blanket around his body, as she said, "He always hated being cold..."
Newspapers then reported, based on the questionable wording of an order from J. Edgar Hoover ("...find the woman and give her no quarter"), that the FBI had issued a "death order" for Nelson's young widow, who wandered the streets of Chicago as a fugitive for several days, described in print as America's first female "public enemy".[37][38] After surrendering on Thanksgiving Day, Helen Gillis, who had been paroled after capture at Little Bohemia, served a year in prison for harboring her late husband. Chase was apprehended later and served a term at Alcatraz.[39]
Burial
Gillis and Nelson are buried at Saint Joseph's Cemetery in River Grove, Illinois.[40]
Personality
In contrast to John Dillinger, Nelson was the antithesis of popular, Robin Hood-like gangsters of the Depression era. Having an unfortunate tendency to let his temper overcome him, Nelson did not hesitate to kill lawmen and innocent bystanders alike. One of the high profile outlaws of that era, he and Clyde Barrow were accused of killing more than a dozen law officers between them.[41] Nelson was also a devoted husband and father who often had his wife, Helen Gillis, and children with him while running from the law. After John Dillinger's death in July 1934, Nelson became Public Enemy Number One.[42]
Murders
- W. Carter Baum, during the Little Bohemia shoot-out.
- Herman Hollis, at Barrington
- Samuel Cowley, at Barrington
In popular culture
Nelson has been the subject of multiple films. Those include a 1957 film, Baby Face Nelson, starring Mickey Rooney, and a 1995 film of the same name starring C. Thomas Howell. He was portrayed by Richard Dreyfuss in the 1973 film Dillinger, and by British actor Stephen Graham in the 2009 film Public Enemies. In the latter, he is killed by Melvin Purvis (Christian Bale) at the Little Bohemia shoot out halfway through the movie, and thus does not become Public Enemy Number One after Dillinger's death at the end of the film.
In the 2000 film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, Michael Badalucco portrayed George Nelson, a manic-depressive, depression-era bank robber, who was similar in appearance and demeanor to Baby Face Nelson, but despised being called by that name.
See also
References
- ^ a b c Nickel, Steven; William J. Helmer (2002). Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House. pp. 13–14. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven; William J. Helmer (2002). Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House. p. 26. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ "Nelson Arrested as Thief When 13." New York Times. 29 November 1934. Accessed 12 June 2008.
- ^ Information provided by family member for record.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House, 2002, pp. 31–32
- ^ "Yegg - Wiktionary definition". http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yegg. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 150–167. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Burrough, Bryan. (2004) Public Enemies. The Penguin Press, pp. 234–247 ISBN 1-59420-021-1.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing. p. 169. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 170–79. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Burrough, Bryan. (2004) Public Enemies. The Penguin Press, pp. 274–278 ISBN 1-59420-021-1.
- ^ Cromie, Ronert; and Pinkston, Joseph. (1962) Dillinger: A Short And Violent Life. Chicago Historical Bookworks, pp. 207–230. ISBN 978-0924772061.
- ^ Nickel, Steven; William J. Helmer (2002). Baby Face Nelson: Portrait of a Public Enemy. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 203–255. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 236–237, 250–251, 263–264. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 239–246. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing. p. 240. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Cromie, Ronert; and Pinkston, Joseph. (1962) Dillinger: A Short And Violent Life. Chicago Historical Bookworks, pp.207-230. ISBN 978-0924772061.
- ^ Nickel, Steven; William J. Helmer (2002). Baby Face Nelson: Portrait of a Public Enemy. Cumberland House Publishing. p. 222. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing. p. 256. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 272–273. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Cromie, Ronert; and Pinkston, Joseph. (1962) Dillinger: A Short And Violent Life. Chicago Historical Bookworks, pp. 245–246. ISBN 978-0924772061.
- ^ Burrough, Bryan. (2004) Public Enemies. The Penguin Press.pp. 382-383 ISBN 1-59420-021-1.
- ^ Burrough, Bryan. (2004) Public Enemies. The Penguin Press.p. 383 ISBN 1-59420-021-1.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 289–302. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Burrough, Bryan. (2004) Public Enemies. The Penguin Press.pp. 384-387 ISBN 1-59420-021-1.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 305–306. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 308–309. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 311–338. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House Publishing, pp. 334–342. ISBN 1581822723.
- ^ Nickel, Steven; William J. Helmer (2002). Baby Face Nelson: Portrait of a Public Enemy. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 341–360. ISBN 1581822723. http://books.google.com/books?id=JKqF1U7VvpsC&q=Barrington#search_anchor.
- ^ Special Agent Herman E. Hollis. Officer Down Memorial Page. Accessed 12 June 2008.
- ^ Inspector Samuel P. Cowley. Officer Down Memorial Page. Accessed: 12 June 2008.
- ^ "CRACK AGENT TAKES CHARGE.; Washington Orders H.H. Clegg to Direct Nelson Chase." New York Times. 28 November 1934. Accessed 12 June 2008.
- ^ "Blasting a G-Man Myth". Time Magazine. 1979-09-24. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947394,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
- ^ "Out Law Nelson Found Dead From Slain Officers' Shots.". New York Times. 1934-11-29. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40F16FA395C147A93CBAB178AD95F408385F9. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
- ^ "Wife Lying in Ditch Saw Nelson Shot." New York Times. 6 December 1934. Accessed 12 June 2008.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J., Baby Face Nelson, Cumberland House, 2002, p.364
- ^ "'Kill Widow Of Baby Face!', U.S. Orders Gang Hunters". Chicago Herald-Examiner. 1934-11-30.
- ^ Nickel, Steven, and Helmer, William J. Baby Face Nelson. Cumberland House, 2002, pp. 343–363.
- ^ Baby Face Nelson at Find a Grave
- ^ Burrough, Bryan. "How the Feds Got Their Men." New York Times. May 14, 2004. Accessed June 12, 2008.
- ^ "Nelson Now Takes Place Of 'Public Enemy No. 1'." New York Times. 23 October 1934. Accessed 12 June 2008.
External links
