Bachelor of Philosophy

The full form of MPhil is Master of Philosophy. It is a postgraduate academic research degree that is typically pursued after completing a bachelor's degree.

It depends on the context. Generally, "philosophy" is not capitalized when referring to the subject in general, but it is capitalized when specifically referring to the academic degree or program, such as a Bachelor of Philosophy.

I have never been made aware of an associates in philosophy. Typically, students who plan on pursuing a bachelor's in philosophy start with an associates of arts in liberal arts at the associates level. It fits the intended degree nicely.