| Bacillus coagulans | ||||||||||||||
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 Gram stain of Bacillus coagulans colonies.
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| Bacillus coagulans Hammer, 1915 |
Bacillus coagulans is a lactic acid forming bacterial species within the genus Bacillus. The organism was first isolated and described in 1932 and was elaborated in the fifth edition of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. It was initially considered to be a spore-forming Lactobacillus. Since Bacillus coagulans exhibits characteristics typical of both genera Lactobacillus and Bacillus, its taxonomic position between the families Lactobacillaceae and Bacillaceae was often debated. However, in the seventh edition of Bergey’s, it was finally transferred to the genus Bacillus. DNA-based technology was used in distinguishing between the two genera of bacteria which are morphologically similar and possess similar physiological and biochemical characteristics.[1][2]
B. coagulans is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, motile rod (0.9μm by 3.0μm to 5.0μm in size), aerobic to microaerophilic and as all other species in genus Bacillus, forms endospores, which are resistant to chemical and physical agents. It may appear Gram-negative when entering the stationary phase of growth. The temperature optimum for growth is 50 °C. IMViC Tests VP and MR (methyl-red) tests are positive. Nitrate reductase tests are negative.
Bacillus coagulans has been added by the EFSA to their Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) list[3] and has been approved for veterinary purposes as GRAS by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine, as well as by the EU and is listed by AAFCO for use as a direct fed microbial in livestock production. Its main use is thus is veterinary applications, especially as a probiotic in pigs and shrimp. There are also references to use of this bacterium in humans, especially in improving the vaginal flora,[4][5][6]improving abdominal pain and bloating in IBS patients [7] and increasing immune response to viral challenges.[8] The bacterium has also been assessed for safety as a food ingredient.[9] Spores can be activated in the acidic environment of the stomach and start germinating and to proliferate in the intestine.
Bacillus coagulans is often marketed as Lactobacillus sporogenes or a 'sporeforming lactic acid bacterium' probiotic , but this is an outdated name due to taxonomic changes in 1939. Although Bacillus coagulans does produce L+ lactic acid, the bacterium used in these products is not a lactic acid bacterium, as Bacillus species do not belong to the lactic acid bacteria. By definition, lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) do not form spores. Therefore, using the name Lactobacillus sporogenes is scientifically incorrect.[1]
References
- ^ a b Lactobacillus sporogenes a probiotioc species ?
- ^ http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/allnamesac.html Official list of bacterial names
- ^ http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902221481.htm The maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards
- ^ http://members.ift.org/NR/rdonlyres/A23617C8-7A64-46AA-9F3C-85CB7FC104FE/0/crfsfsv2n3p101110ms20020667.pdf Sporeformers as Human Probiotics: Bacillus, Sporolactobacillus, and Brevibacillus
- ^ Hong et al., 2005; SCAN
- ^ http://www.newcenturyhealthpublishers.com/probiotics_and_prebiotics/about/pdf/3-10.pdf
- ^ http://www.postgradmed.com/index.php?free=pgm_03_2009?article=1984 Bacillus coagulans Significantly Improved Abdominal Pain and Bloating in Patients with IBS
- ^ http://www.postgradmed.com/index.php?free=pgm_03_2009?article=1971 A Patented Strain of Bacillus coagulans Increased Immune Response to Viral Challenge
- ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6P-4VPD6T4-2&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F25%2F2009&_alid=891161493&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5036&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=3&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ed1c2a6509f73bd279dc5be97e644aae Safety assessment of a proprietary preparation of a novel Probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, as a food ingredient
External links
- Lactobacillus sporogenes or Bacillus coagulans: misidentification or mislabelling? (DOC file)
- Hong, H. A., Duc, L. H., Cutting, S. M., 2005. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29, 813-835.
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