Bacteroidetes
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Bacteroidetes
| Bacteroidetes | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidetes |
| Classes | |
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The phylum Bacteroidetes is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, in sediments, sea water and in the guts and on the skin of animals.
By far, the ones in the Bacteroidia class are the most well-studied, including the genus Bacteroides (an abundant organism in the feces of warm-blooded animals including humans), and Porphyromonas, a group of organisms inhabiting the human oral cavity. The class Bacteroidia was formally called Bacteroidetes as it was until recently the only class in the phylum, the name was changed in the fourth volume of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.[1]
Members of the genus Bacteroides are opportunistic pathogens. Rarely are members of the other two classes pathogenic to humans.
Researcher Jeffrey Gordon and his colleagues found that obese humans and mice had intestinal flora (gut flora) with a lower percentage of Bacteroidetes and relatively more bacteria from the Firmicutes family. However, they are unsure if Bacteroidetes prevent obesity or if these intestinal flora are merely preferentially selected by intestinal conditions in those who are not obese.[2][3][4]
This phylum is sometimes grouped with Chlorobi, Fibrobacteres, Gemmatimonadates, Caldithrix and Marine group A to form the FCB group or superphylum. In the alternative classification system proposed by Cavalier-Smith, this taxa is instead a class in the Sphingobacteria phylum.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [5] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[6] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project [7]
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Notes
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the LPSN
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
References
- ^ George M. Garrity, ed. (November 24, 2010) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)] (in English). The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 908. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6. British Library no. GBA561951. http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-95042-6.
- ^ Ley R, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone C, Knight R, Gordon J (2005). "Obesity alters gut microbial ecology". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (31): 11070–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102. PMC 1176910. PMID 16033867. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1176910.
- ^ Ley R, Turnbaugh P, Klein S, Gordon J (2006). "Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity". Nature 444 (7122): 1022–3. doi:10.1038/4441022a. PMID 17183309.
- ^ Turnbaugh P, Ley R, Mahowald M, Magrini V, Mardis E, Gordon J (2006). "An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest". Nature 444 (7122): 1027–31. doi:10.1038/nature05414. PMID 17183312.
- ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Bacteroidetes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html#Bacteroidetes. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Sayers et al.. "Bacteroidetes". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=976&lvl=4&lin. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_106/LTPs106_SSU_tree.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
External links
- Phylogenomics and Evolutionary Studies on Bacteriodetes, Chlorobi and Fibrobacteres Species Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Phylogeny Webpage
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