Baden

Baden
← 1112–1945 →   →
Flag of Baden (1891–1952) Coat of arms
Anthem Badnerlied
Grand Duchy of Baden, shown within the German Empire (1871–1918)
Capital	Baden-Baden (12th c.) Karlsruhe (1715–1945)
Language(s)	(Alemannic) (Badisch) German
Religion	Protestant Roman Catholic
Government	Not specified
Margrave
- 1074–1130	Herman II (first)
- 1771–1806	Charles Frederick (lasta)
Grand Duke
- 1806–1811	Charles Frederick (firsta)
- 1907–1918	Friedrich II (last)
Presidentb
- 1918–1920	Anton Geiß (first)
- 1933–1945	Walter Köhler (last)
History
- Margraviate est.	1112
- Territory fragmentedc	1190–1771
- Elevated to Electorate	1803
- Grand Duchy of Baden	1806
- Republic of Baden	14 November 1918
- Split among Allies	19 September 1945
- Baden-Württemberg	25 April 1952
Area
- 1803	3,400 km2 (1,313 sq mi)
- 1905	15,082 km2 (5,823 sq mi)
Population
- 1803 est.	210,000
Density	61.8 /km2  (160 /sq mi)
- 1905 est.	2,009,320
Density	133.2 /km2  (345.1 /sq mi)
a: Charles Frederick was margrave of Baden-Durlach from 1746–71, when he inherited Baden-Baden, becoming margrave of unified Baden. In 1803, support for Napoleon saw him raised to Elector of Baden. He joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, when he was raised to Grand Duke of Baden. b: The position of Staatsminister was created in 1809 for the head of government in Baden. The presidents listed here are the heads of the 1918–1945 republic. c: Baden was fragmented from 1190–1503, 1515–1620 and 1622–1771, though the eras of 1415–1503, 1604–1620 and 1666–1771 saw only two active branches of the margravine house.

Baden is a historical region on the east bank of the Rhine in the southwest of Germany, now the western part of the Baden-Württemberg (state) of Germany.^[1]

It came into existence in the 12th century as the Margraviate of Baden and subsequently split into different lines, which were unified in 1771. It became the much-enlarged^[1] Grand Duchy of Baden through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1803–06 and remained a sovereign country until it joined the German Empire in 1871, remaining a Grand Duchy until 1918 when it became part of the Weimar Republic as the Republic of Baden. Baden was bounded to the north by the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hessen-Darmstadt; to the west^[1] and practically throughout its whole length by the River Rhine, which separated it from the Bavarian Rhenish Palatinate and Alsace in modern France; to the south by Switzerland, and to the east by the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and partly by Bavaria.

After World War II in 1945, the French military government created the state of Baden (originally known as "South Baden") out of the southern half of the former Baden, with Freiburg as capital. This southern half of Baden was declared in its 1947 constitution to be the true successor of the old Baden. The northern half of the old Baden was combined with northern Württemberg as part of the American military zone and formed the state of Württemberg-Baden. Both states became states of West Germany upon its formation in 1949.

In 1952 Baden merged with Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern (southern Württemberg and the former Prussian exclave of Hohenzollern) to form Baden-Württemberg. This is the only merger of states that has taken place in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany.

The anthem of Baden is called "Badnerlied" (English: Song of the people of Baden) and consists of usually four or five traditional verses. However, over the years, many more verses have been added — there are collections with up to 591 verses of the anthem.

Population

At the beginning of the 19th century, Baden was only a margraviate, with an area of barely 1300 sq mi (3,400 km²) and a population of 210,000. Since then, the grand duchy acquired more territory so that, by 1905, it had 5823 sq mi (15,082 km²)^[2] and a population of 2,010,728,^[2] of whom 61% are Roman Catholics, 37% Protestants, 1.5% Jews, and the remainder of other religions. Of the population about half may have been said, at that time, to be rural, living in communities of less than 2,000, while the density of the rest is about 330 /sq mi (130 /km²).

The country was divided into the following districts:

• Mannheim district had the towns Mannheim, and Heidelberg
• Karlsruhe district included Karlsruhe and Pforzheim
• Freiburg im Breisgau district included Freiburg
• Konstanz district had Konstanz

The capital of the duchy was Karlsruhe, and among important towns other than the above, there are Rastatt, Baden-Baden, Bruchsal, Lahr and Offenburg. The population is most thickly clustered in the north and near the Swiss city of Basel. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origins, those to the south of Murg being descended from the Alemanni and those to the north from the Franks, while the Swabian Plateau derives its name from the adjacent German tribe (Schwaben) living in Württemberg.

Due to the traditional rivalry between the populations of Baden and Württemberg, there was a strong opposition in Baden (predominantly in the South) against the unification of the two initially independent Länder. In recent years patriotism in Baden has increased again, mainly due to discontent with the politics of the government in Stuttgart (situated in Württemberg).

Geography

Baden as it stood from 1806 to 1945:

---

   Grand Duchy of Baden

   County Palatine of the Rhine (part of Kingdom of Bavaria)

   Grand Duchy of Hesse

   Hohenzollern (part of Kingdom of Prussia from 1850)

   Kingdom of Württemberg

---

   French Empire (Kingdom from 1814–48, etc)

   Swiss Confederation

The Grand Duchy had an area of 15,081 km² (5,823 sq mi)^[2] and consisted of a considerable portion of the eastern half of the fertile valley of the Rhine and of the mountains which form its boundary.

The mountainous part was by far the most extensive, forming, indeed, nearly 80% of the whole area. From Lake Constance in the south to the river Neckar in the north is a portion of the Black Forest (German: Schwarzwald), which is divided by the valley of the Kinzig into two districts of different elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is 945 m (3,100 ft)), and the loftiest summit, the Feldberg, reaches about 1,493 m (4,898 ft), while to the north the mean height is only 640 metres (2,100 ft), and the Belchen, the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 1,365 meters (4,478 ft). To the north of the Neckar is the Odenwald Range, with a mean of 439 meters (1,440 ft), and in the Katzenbuckel, an extreme of 603 metres (1,978 ft). Lying between the Rhine and the Dreisam is the Kaiserstuhl, an independent volcanic group, nearly 16 km in length and 8 in breadth, the highest point of which is 536 metres (1,759 ft).

The greater part of Baden belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the Main and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the Danube, which there takes its rise in a number of mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belonged to the duchy are the Mummelsee, Wildersee, Eichenersee and Schluchsee, but none of them is of any size. Lake Constance (Bodensee) belongs partly to the German federal states (Länder) of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, furthermore to Austria and Switzerland.

Owing to its physical configuration Baden presents great extremes of heat and cold. The Rhine valley is the warmest district in Germany, but the higher elevations of the Black Forest record the greatest degrees of cold experienced in the South. The mean temperature of the Rhine valley is approximately 10°C and that, of the high table-land, 6°C. July is the hottest and January the coldest month.

The mineral wealth of Baden was not great, but iron, coal, lead and zinc of excellent quality were produced, and silver, copper, gold, cobalt, vitriol and sulfur were obtained in small quantities. Peat was found in abundance, as well as gypsum, china clay, potter's earth and salt. The mineral springs of Baden are still very numerous and have acquired great celebrity, those of Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Antogast, Griesbach, Friersbach and Peterthal being the most frequented.

In the valleys the soil is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of wheat, maize, barley, spelt, rye, beans, potatoes, flax, hemp, hops, beetroot, and tobacco; and even in the more mountainous part, rye, wheat and oats are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of pasture-land, and the rearing of cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats is extensively practised. Of game, deer, boar, snipe and wild partridges are fairly abundant, while the mountain streams yield trout of excellent quality. Viticulture is increasing, and the wines continue to sell well. The Baden wine region is Germany's third largest in terms of vineyard surface. The gardens and the orchards supply an abundance of fruit, especially sweet cherrys, plums, apples and walnuts, and bee-keeping is practised throughout the country. A greater proportion of Baden than any other south German state is occupied by forests. In these the predominant trees are European Beech and Silver Fir, but many others, such as Sweet Chestnut, Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and the exotic Coast Douglas-fir, are well-represented. A third, at least, of the annual timber production is exported.

Industries

Around 1910, 56.8% of the region's land mass was cultivated and 38% was forested, but the agricultural sector, which before 1870 yielded the bulk of the region's wealth, had been superseded by industrial production. The chief manufactures were machinery, woollen and cotton goods, silk ribbons, paper, tobacco, china, leather, glass, clocks, jewelry, and chemicals. Beet sugar was also manufactured on a large scale, as were wooden ornaments and toys, music boxes and organs.

The exports of Baden consisted mostly of the above goods, and were considerable, but the bulk of its trade consisted of transit. The country had many railways and roads, as well as the Rhine for transporting good vis ship. Railways were run by the state. A rail-line ran mostly parallel with the Rhine, with oblique branches from East to West.

Mannheim was the great emporium for export down the Rhine and has much river traffic. It was also the chief manufacturing town for the duchy, and an important administrative centre for the northern part of the country.

Education and religion

The educational institutions of Baden are numerous and flourishing, and public education is entirely in the hands of the government. There are five universities, one traditionally Protestant in Heidelberg, one traditionally Roman Catholic in Freiburg im Breisgau, one each in Konstanz and Mannheim, and a well-known technical university in Karlsruhe. The grand-duke was a Protestant; under him, the Evangelical Church was governed by a nominated council and a synod consisting of a "prelate", 48 elected and 7 nominated lay and clerical members. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Freiburg is Metropolitan of the Upper Rhine.

History

The Lords of Baden benefited from the break-up of Swabia and, raised to the dignity of margrave in 1112, were able to take their place as one of the four most important dynasts in southern Germany (along with Habsburg, Wittelsbach and Württemberg). Baden was fragmented from 1190–1503, 1515–1620 and 1622–1771, though the eras of 1415–1503, 1604–20 and 1666–1771 saw only two active branches each.

After 1771 the only surviving branch retained full authority and in return for compliance with Napoleon, was raised to electoral dignity in 1803, and then grand ducal status in 1806.^[2] Baden as a unified state was recognized as a sovereign member of the newly-formed German Confederation by the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15.^[1]

Frederick I (1852–1907), mostly an ally of Prussia helped to found the German Empire.^[1] The last grand duke of Baden, Frederick II, abdicated in 1918. In 1919 Baden ceased to be a Grand Duchy and became a Republic within the Weimar Republic.^[1]

Notable people

See also

• Baden-Württemberg, for the modern German federal state
• History of Baden
• Former countries in Europe after 1815
• Origin of the coats of arms of German federal states
• Grand Duchy of Baden, for the state that existed from 1808–1918
• Republic of Baden, for the state that existed from 1918–1945
• Rulers of Baden, for a list of sovereigns and president
• Article version in German with additional information on Baden cultural identity specifics

References

Attribution

 Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Baden, Grand Duchy of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Further reading

• Das Grossherzogtum Baden in geographischer ... Hinsicht dargestellt (Karlsruhe, 1885);
• Wielandt, Des Staatsrecht des Grossherzogtums Baden (Freiburg, 1895);
• F. von Weech Badische Geschichte (Karlsruhe, 1890);
• op. cit. Die Zahringer in Baden (Karlsruhe, 1881);
• Baden unter den Grossherzogen Karl Friedrich. Karl Ludwig (Freiburg, 1863);
• op. cit. Geschichte der badischen Verfassung (Karlsruhe, I868);
• op. cit, Baden in den Jahren 1852 bis 1877 (Karlsruhe, 1877);
• Karl Friedrich Nebenius and Friedrich von Weech, Karl Friedrich von Baden (Karlsruhe, 1868);
• L. H. Häusser, Denkwuerdigkeiten zur Geschichte der badischen Revolution (Heidelberg, 1851);
• L. Muller, Badische Landgeschichte (Berlin, 1899–1902);
• E. von Chrismar, Genealogie des Gesamthauses Baden 16. Jahrhundert bis heute (Gotha, 1892);
• E. H. Meyer, Badische Volksleben im 19. Jahrhundert (Strasbourg, 1900);
• F. J. Mone, Quellensammlng zur badischen Landesgeschichte (Karlsruhe, 1848–1867);
• Badische Biographien, Ed. F. von Weech, (Karlsruhe, 1875–1891)

Publications in English

• Linda Herrick & Wendy Uncapher, Baden: Atlantic Bridge to Germany, Origins, Janesville, WI, 2004.

External links

• Media related to Baden at Wikimedia Commons
• Official portal of Baden-Württemberg
• 80 verses of the Badnerlied (German)
• Badnerland (German)

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v d e Swabian Circle (1500–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire Ecclesiastical Augsburg Constance Ellwangen Kempten Lindau Secular Baden Baden Durlach Hochberg Buchau Heiligenberg Hohenzollern-Hechingen Klettgau Liechtenstein Tengen Waldburg Scheer Trauchburg Waldsee Wolfegg Wurzach Zeil Württemberg Prelates Baindt Buchau Elchingen Gengenbach Gutenzell Heggbach Irsee Kaisheim Mainau Marchtal Neresheim Ochsenhausen Petershausen Roggenburg Rot Rottenmünster Salmanweiler St. George's in Isny Schussenried Söflingen Ursberg Weingarten Weißenau Wettenhausen Zwiefalten Counts Lords Altshausen Baar Bondorf Eberstein Eglingen Eglofs Fugger Jakob Johann Markus Gundelfingen Gutenstein Hausen Heiligenberg Hohenems Hohengeroldseck Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Justingen Kinzigerthal Königsegg and Aulendorf Lustenau Meßkirch Mindelheim / Schwabegg Oberdischingen Öttingen Baldern Öttingen Wallerstein Rechberg Rothenfels and Stauffen Stühlingen and Hohenhöwen Tettnang / Langenargen Thannhausen Wiesensteig Cities Aalen Augsburg Biberach Bopfingen Buchau Buchhorn Dinkelsbühl Eßlingen Gengenbach Giengen Heilbronn Isny Kaufbeuren Kempten Leutkirch Lindau Memmingen Nördlingen Offenburg Pfullendorf Ravensburg Reutlingen Rottweil Schwäbisch Gmünd Schwäbisch Hall Überlingen Ulm Wangen Weil Wimpfen Zell

v d e States of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–13) Rank elevated by Napoleon Kingdoms Bavaria Saxony Württemberg Grand Duchies Baden Hesse States created Kingdoms Westphalia Grand Duchies Berg Frankfurt1 Würzburg Principalities Aschaffenburg2 Leyen Regensburg2 Pre-existing states Duchies Anhalt (Bernburg Dessau Köthen) Arenberg Mecklenburg Schwerin Strelitz Nassau Oldenburg Saxony Coburg-Saalfeld Gotha-Altenburg Hildburghausen Meiningen Weimar3 Eisenach3 Weimar-Eisenach4 Principalities Hohenzollern Hechingen Sigmaringen Isenburg-Birstein Liechtenstein Lippe-Detmold Reuss Ebersdorf Greiz Lobenstein Schleiz Salm5 Schaumburg-Lippe Schwarzburg Rudolstadt Sondershausen Waldeck 1 from 1810 2 until 1810 3 until 1809 4 from 1809 5 until 1811

v d e States of the German Confederation (1815–66) Empires Austria1 Kingdoms Prussia1 Bavaria Saxony Hanover Württemberg Electorates Hesse Grand Duchies Baden Hesse Luxembourg Mecklenburg Schwerin Strelitz Oldenburg Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchies Anhalt Bernburg2 Dessau2 Köthen3 Brunswick Holstein Limburg4 Nassau Saxe-Lauenburg Saxony Altenburg5 Coburg-Saalfeld6 Coburg-Gotha5 Gotha-Altenburg6 Hildburghausen6 Meiningen Principalities Hesse-Homburg Hohenzollern Hechingen7 Sigmaringen7 Liechtenstein Lippe Reuss Elder Junior Schaumburg-Lippe Schwarzburg Rudolstadt Sondershausen Waldeck and Pyrmont City-states Bremen Frankfurt Hamburg Lübeck Other territories outside of the confederacy Colonial possessions Personal unions of Habsburg Bukovina Croatia Galicia and Lodomeria Hungary Lombardy–Venetia Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar8 Slavonia9 Transylvania Personal union of Hanover Great Britain and Ireland10 Personal unions of Hohenzollern East Prussia11 Neuchâtel12 Grand Duchy of Posen13 Province of Posen14 Province of Prussia15 West Prussia11 Occupied: Schleswig16 1 w/o areas listed under other territories 2 Merged with Anhalt from 1863 3 until 1847 4 from 1839 5 from 1826 6 until 1826 7 until 1850 8 1849–60 9 as of 1849 10 until 1837 11 until 1829 12 until 1848/57 13 until 1848 14 as of 1848 15 as of 1829 16 as of 1864

v d e States of the German Empire (1871–1918) Kingdoms Prussia Bavaria Saxony Württemberg Grand Duchies Baden Hesse Mecklenburg-Schwerin Mecklenburg-Strelitz Oldenburg Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Duchies Anhalt Brunswick Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Saxe-Lauenburg (until 1876) Saxe-Meiningen Principalities Schaumburg-Lippe Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Lippe Reuss Elder Line Reuss Junior Line Waldeck-Pyrmont City-states Bremen Hamburg Lübeck Other territories Elsaß-Lothringen Colonial possessions