There are hundreds of different kinds of cloth. I'm just going to name the most widely used/distributed types of cloth and their distinguishing features (their texture; what they're made of)

aerophane: thin, crinkled, semi-transparent fabric.

alpaca: fine wool made from alpaca hair.

angora: silk-like fabric made from wool of angora goats.

ardass: fine silk.

arrasene: embroidery fabric of wool or silk.

atlas: rich satin fabric.

baft: cheap, coarse cotton fabric.

baize: coarse napped cotton or wool fabric.

balbriggan: knitted cotton fabric.

baldachin: rich embroidered silk and gold fabric.

balzarine: light cotton dress material.

barege: gauzy fabric of silk, cotton, wool, or worsted.

barracan: fine silk cloth.

barras: coarse linen fabric.

barrateen: some kind of fabric.

borato: thin fabric.

boucle': fabric of uneven looped yarn.

brilliantine: light lustrous cotton and worsted fabric.

broadcloth: dense twilled wool or worsted fabric.

bump: coarse cotton fabric.

bunting: light, loosely-woven fabric used for flags.

burlap: coarse, plain-woven jute or hemp fabric.

calico: plain white cotton.

camlet: strong, waterproof silk or wool fabric.

canque: Chinese cotton fabric.

cashmere: soft, twilled fabric made of fine goat's wool.

cashmerette: soft imitation of cashmere.

cambric: fine, thin, white cotton or linen fabric.

challis: soft, lightweight silk, wool or cotton fabric.

chambray: lightweight fabric with colored warp and white filling.

chamois: cotton fabric made in imitation of chamois leather.

charmeuse: soft and satiny silk fabric.

chiffon: sheer silk fabric.

cire: fabric with a glazed finish.

cordovan: soft goatskin leather.

corduroy: durable cotton-piled fabric with vertical ribs.

crash: coarse drapery and towelling fabric.

crin: horsehair fabric.

cypress: sillk or cotton gauze fabric, usually black.

denim: firm and durable twilled cotton.

duffel: fabric of thick, low-quality woolen cloth.

dungaree: heavy, coarse, durable twilled cotton, usually colored.

flannel: light woolen fabric.

gambroon: twilled and worsted cloth.

georgette: thin silk.

gingham: striped cotton cloth.

grenadine: thin silk.

harn: coarse linen.

holland: coarse, plain-woven cotton or linen.

hopsack: rough-surfaced loose fabric.

houndstooth: fabric with an irregular checked pattern.

jean: durable, twilled cotton material.

jersey: plain, weft-knitted fabric of wool, cotton, nylon or silk.

kalamkari: fabric colored by repeated dying.

kelt: coarse fabric of black and white wool.

khaddar: homespun cotton cloth.

kincob: embroidered silk with gold and silver threads.

lame': fabric in which metallic threads are interwoven.

lasting: sturdy cotton or worsted cloth.

lockram: coarse linen.

lustring: glossy silk.

lutestring: plain glossy silk.

mackintosh: lightweight, rubberized, waterproof cotton.

madras: fine, plain-woven cotton or silk.

messaline: soft, lightweight silk with a cotton weave.

mockado: inferior quality woollen fabric.

mogadore: ribbed silk used for making neckties.

mohair: fabric made from silky hair of angora goats.

moire: watered silk.

moleskin: heavy, durable cotton.

muslin: plain-woven fine cotton.

musterdevillers: archaic mixed grey woollen cloth.

needlecord: thinly ribbed cotton.

organdie: fine, translucent cotton.

organza: transparent, thin silk or nylon.

ottoman: heavy clothing fabric with crosswise ribs.

oxford: soft, durable plain-woven cotton.

paisley: soft wool fabric with ornamental pattern.

russet: coarse homespun cloth.

satin: closely woven silk with lustrous face.

satinet: thin silk satin or imitation thereof.

scarlet: fine cloth.

terry: piled fabric consisting of uncut loops.

ticking: strong linen or cotton fabric used for matress and pillow cases.

tiffany: transparent, silk-like, gauzy fabric.

tricot: plain knitted silk or woollen fabric.

tricotine: double-twilled worsted fabric.

tweed: rough twilled wool.

twill: any diagonally woven fabric.

velvet: soft piled fabric of silk, cotton or synthetic material.

velvetine: cotton with silk pile.

whipcord: fabric with bold twill used for making dresses.

worcester: fine wool.

worsted: fine, closely-woven wool.

zanella: mixed twilled umbrella fabric.

zephyr: lightweight wool or worsted fabric; the west wind.

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