baking soda

n.
A white crystalline compound, NaHCO₃, with a slightly alkaline taste, used in making effervescent salts and beverages, artificial mineral water, pharmaceuticals, and fire extinguishers. Also called bicarbonate of soda, sodium bicarbonate.

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A fine white powder formed from a mixture of alkaline salts that works as a raising agent. "Baking soda" (or "bicarbonate of soda" in British English) is the cooking name for sodium bicarbonate.

Baking soda only contains sodium: 1,370 mg per 1 teaspoon/5 ml. It breaks down into sodium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide when it is dissolved in water and heated, which makes the mixture rise, but these sodium carbonate residues are not very desirable, as they leave a bitter aftertaste. The use of an acid ingredient allows the sodium carbonate residue to be eliminated.

Molasses, honey, malt, fruits, cocoa, lemon juice, yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk and vinegar are the most commonly used acidic ingredients. It can happen, however, that despite everything, the sodium carbonate leaves an aftertaste in the food.

Depending on the type of recipe, 2 teaspoons (10 ml) of baking 
powder can be replaced by 1⁄2 teaspoon (2 ml) of baking soda and 1 cup (250 ml) of molasses, or by 1 rounded teaspoon (6 ml) of cream of tartar and 1⁄2 teaspoon (2 ml) of baking soda. The proportion of baking soda to the acid ingredient used is very important. Thus, if one uses 1⁄2 teaspoon (2 ml) of baking soda, it must be paired with 1 cup (250 ml) of buttermilk, sour milk or yogurt, or 1 tablespoon (15 ml) of an acidic substance (lemon juice or vinegar).

Serving Ideas

Baking soda is often used when fruits are incorporated into a mixture, as it neutralizes their acidity. It is usually sifted and mixed in with the other dry ingredients.

When using an acid ingredient, the baking soda should be incorporated with the dry ingredients, then the acidic ingredient should be added just before baking the mixture.

Storing

At room temperature: keep baking soda away from humidity.

Cooking

Added to the cooking water for vegetables and legumes, baking soda protects the color of vegetables and reduces the cooking time of legumes. This practice, however, leads to a loss in nutritional value and easily results in waterlogged and overcooked vegetables.

Browse other binders and leavenings: Introduction | Arrowroot | Baking powder | Cream of tartar | Baking soda | Yeast

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For more information on bicarbonate of soda, visit Britannica.com.

Background

Baking soda is a white crystalline powder (NaHCO₃) better known to chemists as sodium bicarbonate, bicarbonate of soda, sodium hydrogen carbonate, or sodium acid carbonate. It is classified as an acid salt, formed by combining an acid (carbonic) and a base (sodium hydroxide), and it reacts with other chemicals as a mild alkali. At temperatures above 300 degrees Fahrenheit (149 degrees Celsius), baking soda decomposes into sodium carbonate (a more stable substance), water, and carbon dioxide.

The native chemical and physical properties of baking soda account for its wide range of applications, including cleaning, deodorizing, buffering, and fire extinguishing. Baking soda neutralizes odors chemically, rather than masking or absorbing them. Consequently, it is used in bath salts and deodorant body powders. Baking soda tends to maintain a pH of 8.1 (7 is neutral) even when acids, which lower pH, or bases, which raise pH, are added to the solution. Its ability to tabletize makes it a good effervescent ingredient in antacids and denture cleaning products. Sodium bicarbonate is also found in some anti-plaque mouth-wash products and toothpaste. When baking soda is used as a cleaner in paste form or dry on a damp sponge, its crystalline structure provides a gentle abrasion that helps to remove dirt without scratching sensitive surfaces. Its mild alkalinity works to turn up fatty acids contained in dirt and grease into a form of soap that can be dissolved in water and rinsed easily. Baking soda is also used as a leavening agent in making baked goods such as bread or pancakes. When combined with an acidic agent (such as lemon juice), carbon dioxide gas is released and is absorbed by the product's cells. As the gas expands during baking, the cell walls expand as well, creating a leavened product.

In addition to its many home uses, baking soda also has many industrial applications. For instance, baking soda releases carbon dioxide when heated. Since carbon dioxide is heavier than air, it can smother flames by keeping oxygen out, making sodium bicarbonate a useful agent in fire extinguishers. Other applications include air pollution control (because it absorbs sulfur dioxide and other acid gas emissions), abrasive blastings for removal of surface coatings, chemical manufacturing, leather tanning, oil well drilling fluids (because it precipitates calcium and acts as a lubricant), rubber and plastic manufacturing, paper manufacturing, textile processing, and water treatment (because it reduces the level of lead and other heavy metals).

Imported from England, baking soda was first used in America during colonial times, but it was not produced in the United States until 1839. In 1846, Austin Church, a Connecticut physician, and John Dwight, a farmer from Massachusetts, established a factory in New York to manufacture baking soda. Dr. Church's son, John, owned a mill called the Vulcan Spice Mills. Vulcan, the Roman god of forge and fire, was represented by an arm and hammer, and the new baking soda company adopted the arm and hammer logo as its own. Today, the Arm & Hammer brand of baking soda is among the most widely recognized brand names.

Named after Nicolas Leblanc, the French chemist who invented it, the Leblanc process was the earliest means of manufacturing soda ash (Na₂CO₃), from which sodium bicarbonate is made. Sodium chloride (table salt) was heated with sulfuric acid, producing sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. The sodium sulfate was then heated with coal and limestone to form sodium carbonate, or soda ash.

In the late 1800s, another method of producing soda ash was devised by Ernest Solvay, a Belgian chemical engineer. The Solvay method was soon adapted in the United States, where it replaced the Leblanc process. In the Solvay process, carbon dioxide and ammonia are passed into a concentrated solution of sodium chloride. Crude sodium bicarbonate precipitates out and is heated to form soda ash, which is then further treated and refined to form sodium bicarbonate of United States Pharnacopoeia (U.S.P.) purity.

Although this method of producing baking soda ash is widely used, it is also problematic because the chemicals used in the process are pollutants and cause disposal problems. An alternative is to refine soda ash from trona ore, a natural deposit.

Raw Materials

Baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate, comes from soda ash obtained either through the Solvay process or from trona ore, a hard, crystalline material. Trona dates back 50 million years, to when the land surrounding Green River, Wyoming, was covered by a 600-square-mile (1,554-square-kilometer) lake. As it evaporated over time, this lake left a 200-billion-ton deposit of pure trona between layers of sandstone and shale. The deposit at the Green River Basin is large enough to meet the entire world's needs for soda ash and sodium bicarbonate for thousands of years.

Because the synthetic process used in the Solvay method presented some pollution problems, Church & Dwight Co. Inc. is basing more and more of its manufacturing on trona mining. Another large producer of soda ash, the FMC Corporation, also relies on trona to manufacture soda ash and sodium bicarbonate. Trona is mined at 1,500 feet (457.2 meters) below the surface. FMC's mine shafts contain nearly 2,500 (4,022.5 kilometers) miles of tunnels and cover 24 square miles (62 square kilometers). Fifteen feet (4.57 meters) wide and nine feet (2.74 meters) tall, these tunnels allow the necessary equipment and vehicles to travel through them.

The Manufacturing
Process

Making soda ash

• Soda ash can be manufactured chemically using the Solvay process, or it can be made from trona ore. If trona ore is used, it must first be mined. After it has been brought to the surface, the trona ore is transported to a variety of processing plants. There, the ore is refined into a slurry of sodium sesquicarbonate, an intermediate soda ash product that actually contains both soda ash (sodium carbonate) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).

Making baking soda

• Next, the intermediate soda ash solution is put into a centrifuge, which separates the liquid from the crystals. The crystals are then dissolved in a bicarbonate solution (a soda ash solution made by the manufacturer) in a rotary dissolver, thereby becoming a saturated solution. This solution is filtered to remove any non-soluble materials and is then pumped through a feed tank to the top of a carbonating tower.
• Purified carbon dioxide is introduced into the bottom of the tower and held under pressure. As the saturated sodium solution moves through the tower, it cools and reacts with the carbon dioxide to form sodium bicarbonate crystals. These crystals are collected at the bottom of the tower and transferred to another centrifuge, where excess solution (filtrate) is filtered out. The crystals are then washed in a bicarbonate solution, forming a cake-like substance ready for drying. The filtrate that is removed from the centrifuge is recycled to the rotary dissolver, where it is used to saturate more intermediate soda ash crystals.
• The washed filter cake is then dried on either a continuous belt conveyor or in a vertical tube drier called a flash dryer. The theoretical yield from the process, according to the Church & Dwight Company, is between 90 and 95 percent, and the baking soda manufactured is more than 99 percent pure.

Sorting and storing the
different grades

• Next, the dried crystals of sodium bicarbonate are separated into various grades by particle size. Standard grades of sodium bicarbonate and special grades are manufactured to meet customers' specific requirements, and particle size is the major determinant of grades. Powdered #1 and fine granular #2 have a wide range of uses in foods, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Granular grades #4 and #5 are found in foods and doughnuts, cleaning compounds, pharmaceuticals, and many other products. Industrial grade sodium bicarbonate is used in diverse applications, including oil well drilling fluids, fire extinguishing materials, and water treatment.
• Each grade goes to a holding bin wherein atmosphere, carbon dioxide, and moisture content are controlled to "cure" the product. Once cured, the grades are ready to be packaged and shipped.

Quality Control

The quality of sodium bicarbonate is controlled at every stage of the manufacturing process. Materials, equipment, and the process itself are selected to yield sodium bicarbonate of the highest possible quality. According to FMC sources, when the company constructed plants, it chose materials and equipment that would be compatible with the stringent quality requirements for making pharmaceutical grade sodium bicarbonate. FMC also uses Statistical Process Control (SPC) to maintain unvarying daily quality, and key operating parameters are charted to maintain process control. Product quality parameters are recorded by lot number, and samples are kept for two to three years.

All U.S.P. grades meet the United States Pharmacopoeia and Food Chemicals Codex specifications for use in pharmaceutical and food applications. In addition, food grade sodium bicarbonate meets the requirements specified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a substance that is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).

The Future

At the turn of the twentieth century, 53,000 tons (48,071 metric tons) of baking soda were sold annually. While the population increased dramatically, sales by 1990 were down to about 32,000 tons (29,024 metric tons) per year. Self-rising flour and cake and biscuit mixes have decreased the demand for baking soda as an important baking ingredient. Nevertheless, demand for the product is still significant. Commercial bakers (particularly cookie manufacturers) are one of the major users of this product. One of the most important attributes of sodium bicarbonate is that, when exposed to heat, it releases carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) which makes the baking goods rise. Sodium bicarbonate is also used in the pharmaceutical and health industries, and it has other industrial applications as well. It therefore continues to be an important product for today and for the future.

Where To Learn More

Books

Coyle, L. Patrick, Jr. The World Encyclopedia of Food. Facts on File, 1982.

Root, Waverley and Richard de Rochemont. Eating in America: A History. William Morrow & Co., Inc., 1976.

Periodicals and Pamphlets

Grosswirth, Marvin. "The Wonders of NaHCO₃," Science Digest. March, 1976.

History of the Arm & Hammer Trademark. Church & Dwight Co., Inc.

Sodium Bicarbonate. FMC Corporation.

Sodium Bicarbonate—Chemical Properties, Manufacturing. Church & Dwight Co., Inc.

[Article by: Eva Sideman]

Or bicarbonate of soda, chemically sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), the source of carbon dioxide in baking powder.

Also known as bicarbonate of soda, baking soda is an alkali used as a leavener in baked goods. When combined with an acid ingredient such as buttermilk, yogurt or molasses, baking soda produces carbon dioxide gas bubbles, thereby causing a dough or batter to rise. It also neutralizes acidity and produces tender baked goods. Because it reacts immediately when moistened, it should always be mixed with the other dry ingredients before adding any liquid; the resulting batter should be placed in the oven immediately. At one time, baking soda was used in the cooking water of green vegetables to preserve their color. That practice was discontinued, however, when it was discovered that baking soda destroys the vitamin C content of vegetables.

Brand names: Alka-Seltzer® Heartburn ReliefBaros®Citrocarbonate®Neut®

Chemical formula:

Drug Forms:
• Sodium bicarbonate injection (below)
• Sodium Bicarbonate Oral solution [Radiographic Use]
• Sodium Bicarbonate Oral tablet

Espa�ol:
• Inyección de bicarbonato de sodio
• Bicarbonato de sodio, Solución oral [Uso radiográfico]
• Bicarbonato de sodio, Tableta oral

Sodium bicarbonate injection

What is sodium bicarbonate injection?

SODIUM BICARBONATE can neutralize or reduce acids in the blood, or urine. It is also used in emergency medical situations (heart attacks, serious kidney or lung problems) to correct the normal acid-base balance in the blood or as an aid in treating overdoses with certain types of medications. Generic sodium bicarbonate injections are available.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
• Cushing's syndrome (secretion of too much cortisol)
• dehydration
• heart problems
• high level of bicarbonate in plasma
• hyperventilation
• kidney disease
• low blood levels of calcium or potassium
• ulcers in the esophagus (tube leading from the throat to the stomach)
• an unusual or allergic reaction to sodium bicarbonate, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding

How should I use this medicine?

Sodium bicarbonate is for injection into a vein. It is given by a health-care professional in a hospital or clinic setting.

What drug(s) may interact with sodium bicarbonate?

• aspirin and aspirin-like medicines
• calcium supplements
• chlorpropamide
• ciprofloxacin
• dextroamphetamine
• ephedrine
• hormones such as prednisone or cortisone
• ketoconazole
• lithium
• pseudoephedrine
• quinidine
• tetracycline antibiotics

Tell your prescriber or health care professional about all other medicines you are taking, including non-prescription medicines, nutritional supplements, or herbal products. Also tell your prescriber or health care professional if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol, if you smoke, or if you use illegal drugs. These may affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines.

What should I watch for while taking sodium bicarbonate?

Your condition will be closely monitored while you receive sodium bicarbonate.

What side effects may I notice from receiving sodium bicarbonate?

Side effects that you should report to your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible:
• confusion
• dizziness
• dry mouth
• increased thirst
• irregular heartbeat
• mood or mental changes
• muscle pain
• pain, irritation, swelling at the injection site
• seizures (convulsions)
• slow breathing
• swelling of the feet and legs
• trembling
• unusual weakness

Where can I keep my medicine?

Keep out of the reach of children.

Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F); do not freeze. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.

Last updated: 7/1/2002

Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.

An antacid used as an ingredient in many preparations for the relief of indigestion, heartburn, and the symptoms of ulcers; sodium carbonate has the same antacid action. Sodium bicarbonate is also used to treat metabolic acidosis (in which the acidity of the body fluids is abnormally high), such as occurs in kidney failure. For this it is given orally (as tablets or capsules) or, in severe cases, by intravenous injection or infusion. Solutions used to replace lost fluids or electrolytes sometimes contain sodium bicarbonate. It is also taken orally to reduce the acidity of the urine in the treatment of mild infections of the urinary tract, such as cystitis. Sodium bicarbonate is also added to some preparations to make them effervescent, since it produces bubbles of carbon dioxide when dissolved in water. Oral preparations of sodium bicarbonate can be obtained without a prescription; infusions are available on prescription only.

Side effects:
antacid preparations cause belching. High doses of sodium bicarbonate may cause systemic alkalosis (in which the alkalinity of the body fluids is abnormally high).

Precautions:
sodium bicarbonate should not be taken by people with kidney disease or by those who are on a low-sodium diet.

Interactions with other drugs:
see antacids.

Proprietary preparations:
Boots Gripe Mixture 1 Month Plus; Minijet Sodium Bicarbonate (injection); Peppermint Indigestion Tablets; Bisodol Antacid Powder (combined with magnesium carbonate); Bisodol Extra Tablets (combined with calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and simeticone); Carbalax (combined with sodium acid phosphate); Cymalon (combined with sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and citric acid); Electrolade (combined with sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and glucose); Eno, Eno Lemon (combined with sodium carbonate and citric acid); Gastrocote (combined with alginic acid, aluminium hydroxide, and magnesium trisilicate); Gaviscon Double Action (combined with calcium carbonate and sodium alginate); Gaviscon Liquid (combined with sodium alginate and calcium chloride); Gaviscon Tablets (combined with alginic acid, aluminium hydroxide, and magnesium trisilicate); Health Salt (combined with magnesium sulphate); Jaap's Health Salts (combined with sodium potassium tartrate and tartaric acid); Klean-Prep (combined with polyethylene glycol, sodium sulphate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride); Laxido Orange (combined with macrogol '3350', potassium chloride, and sodium chloride); Molaxole (combined with macrogol '3350', sodium hydrogen carbonate, and potassium chloride); Original Andrews Salts (combined with magnesium sulphate and citric acid); Peptac (combined with alginic acid and calcium carbonate); Phosphate-Sandoz (combined with sodium acid phosphate and potassium bicarbonate); Resolve (combined with paracetamol, citric acid, potassium bicarbonate, and vitamin C); Uriflex G (combined with citric acid, magnesium oxide, and disodium edetate); Woodward's Gripe Water (combined with dill seed oil).

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For a list of words related to baking soda, see:

• PHARMACOLOGY - baking soda: sodium bicarbonate
• Additives and Thickening and Leavening Agents

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