Section:1

Capital-money or property that is used to earn more money.

Joint-stock companies-businesses formed by a group of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses.

Monopoly-an exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Caravel-a small,fast spanish or Portuguese ship of the 15th or 17th centuries.

Black death-The great epidemic of bubonic plague that killed a large part of the population of Europe in the mid 14th century. It originated in central Asia and China and spread rapidly through Europe, carried by the fleas of black rats, reaching England in 1348 and killing between one third and one half of the population in a matter of months.

Commercial revolution-a period of european economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century. It was succeeded in the mid-18th century by the industrial revolution Beginning with the crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe. This development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second half of the middle ages. European nations, through voyages of discovery were looking for new trade routes in the 15th and 16th centuries, which allowed the European powers to build vast, new international trade networks. Nations also sought new sources of wealth. To deal with this new-found wealth, new economic theories and practices were created. Because of competing national interest, nations had the desire for increased world power through their colonial empires. The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce, and in the growth of non-manufacturing pursuits, such as banking, insurance, and investing.

Renaisance-the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th-16th centuries.

the culture and style of art and architecture developed during this era.

early 16th century and was influential for the next hundred years.

section 1 review-a Conquistadore a conqueror one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.

Hernan cortes-Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca 1485 - December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue a livelihood in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda and, for a short time, became alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous peoples against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an interpreter; she would later bear Cortés a son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. Cortés returned to Spain in 1541 where he died peacefully but embittered six years later.

Because of the controversial undertakings of Cortés and the scarcity of reliable sources of information about him, it has become difficult to assert anything definitive about his personality and motivations. Early lionizing of the conquistadors did not encourage deep examination of Cortés. Later reconsideration of the conquistadors' character in the context of modern anti-colonial sentiment also did little to expand understanding of Cortés as an individual. As a result of these historical trends, descriptions of Cortés tend to be simplistic, and either damning or idealizing.

Moctezuma II-Moctezuma II

Moctezuma (c. 1466 - June 1520), also known by a number of variant spellings including Montezuma, Moteuczoma, Motecuhzoma and referred to in full by early Nahuatl texts as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between Indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.

During his reign the Aztec Empire reached its maximal size. Through warfare, Moctezuma II expanded the territory as far south as Xoconosco in Chiapas and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and incorporated the Zapotec and Yopi people into the empire.He changed the previous meritocratic system of social hierarchy and widened the divide between pipiltin (nobles) and macehualtin (commoners) by prohibiting commoners from working in the royal palaces.

The portrayal of Moctezuma in history has mostly been colored by his role as ruler of a defeated nation, and many sources describe him as weak-willed and indecisive. The biases of some historical sources make it difficult to understand his actions during the Spanish invasion.

His many children included Isabel Moctezuma - and son Chimalpopoca and Tlaltecatzin (not to be confused with the previous huey tlatoani).

Malintzin-1505 - c. 1529, some sources give 1550-1551), known also as Malintzin, Malinalli or Doña Marina, was a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, advisor, lover and intermediary for Hernán Cortés. She was one of twenty slaves given to Cortés by the natives of Tabasco in 1519.Later she became a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, Martín, who is considered one of the first Mestizos (people of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry).

The historical figure of Marina has been intermixed with Aztec legends (such as La Llorona, a woman who weeps for lost children). Her reputation has been altered over the years according to changing social and political perspectives, especially after the Mexican Revolution, when she was portrayed in dramas, novels, and paintings as an evil or scheming temptress. In Mexico today, La Malinche remains iconically potent. She is understood in various and often conflicting aspects, as the embodiment of treachery, the quintessential victim, or simply as symbolic mother of the new Mexican people. Her sexual relationship to Cortés gave birth to Martin - arguably a mestizo and criollo, those who eventually resented Spain for not allowing them any ruling position just because they were born in America.The term malinchista refers to a disloyal Mexican.

Francisco Pizarro-( c. 1478-1541), Spanish conquistador. He defeated the Inca empire and in 1533 set up a puppet monarchy at Cuzco. He built his own capital at Lima 1535, where he was assassinated.

Atahualpa-Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa, or Atawallpa (March 20, 1497 - July 26, 1533), was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, prior to the Spanish conquest of Peru. Atahualpa became emperor upon defeating his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease which may have been smallpox.

During the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa and used him to control the Inca empire. Eventually, the Spanish executed Atahualpa, ending the Inca Empire (although several successors claimed the title of Sapa Inca ("unique Inca") and led a resistance against the invading spaniards).After Atahualpa died, the Incan empire began to fall apart.

Juan Ponce de Leon-Juan ( c. 1460-1521), Spanish explorer. He accompanied Columbus on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, became governor of Puerto Rico 1510-12, and landed on the coast of Florida near what became St. Augustine in 1513, claiming the area for Spain.

Alvar Nunez-Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (Jerez de la Frontera, ca. 1488/1490 - Valladolid, ca. 1557/1558) was a Spanish explorer of the New World, one of four survivors of the Narváez expedition. He is remembered as a proto-anthropologist for his detailed accounts of the many tribes of Native Americans, first published in 1542 as La Relación (The Report), and later known as Naufragios (Shipwrecks).

Hernando De Soto-Hernando (c.1496-1542), Spanish soldier and explorer. After serving as military commander of Nicaragua and of Peru, he landed in Florida in 1539 and explored much of what is now the southeastern U.S., as far west as Oklahoma. He died of a fever on the banks of the Mississippi River.

Francisco Vasquez De Coronado-(1510 - 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Coronado had hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold.

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo-Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo ca. 1499 - January 3, 1543) was a Portuguese explorer noted for his exploration of the west coast of North America on behalf of Spain. Cabrillo was the first European explorer to navigate the coast of present day California in the United States. He accompanied Francisco de Orozco to subdue the rebellious Mixtec people at what would eventually become the city of Oaxaca, in Mexico. Little is known of what he did there. And no portraits of him exist so no one knows what he looked like.

Conquistadore

Place explored or people conquered

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztec empire

Moctezuma II

was conquered by hernan cortes

Malintzin

explored mexico

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Inca empire

Atahualpa

explored peru

Juan ponce de leon

explored the new world with christopher columbus.

Alvar nunez cabeza de vaca

explored the new world

Hernando de soto

explored southeastern u.s

Francisco vasquez de coronado

explored new mexico and what is now southwestern u.s

Juan Rodriguez cabrillo

explored the west coast of north america and was the first European explorer to navigate the coast of present day California in the United States.

4.a.They both conquered the empire's they explored on their conquest.

b.They were in search of the 7 cities of gold.instead they found new land.

Viceroy-a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign.

Converts-cause to change in form.

Christopher columbus-Spanish explorer; born in Italy; Italian name Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish name Cristóbal Colón. Columbus persuaded the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to sponsor an expedition to sail across the Atlantic in search of Asia and to prove that the world was round. In 1492, he set sail with three small ships (the Niña, the Pinta, the Santa Maria) and discovered the New World (in fact, various Caribbean islands). He made three further voyages between 1493 and 1504, landing on the South American mainland in 1498.

King Ferdinand-King Ferdinand 2nd of aragon also Ferdinand V of Castile and Leon (1452-1516), Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon, Sicily, and Navarre, first king of united Spain.

Queen isabella-Isabella of Hainaut (1170-1190), queen consort of Philip II of France

Isabella I of Jerusalem (1170-1205), queen regnant
Isabella of Angoulême (1188-1246), queen consort of John of England
Isabella II of Jerusalem (1212-1228), queen regnant, also known as Yolande; also Holy Roman Empress to Frederick II and his queen consort of Germany and of Sicily
Isabella of England (1214-1241), Holy Roman Empress to Frederick II and his queen consort of Germany and of Sicily
Isabella, Queen of Armenia (died c. 1252), queen regnant
Isabella of Aragon (1247-1271), queen consort of Philip III of France
Isabella of Ibelin (1241-1324), queen consort of Hugh III of Cyprus
Isabella of Ibelin (1252-1282), queen consort of Hugh II of Cyprus
Elizabeth of Aragon (1271-1336), queen consort of Denis of Portugal
Isabella of France (c. 1295-1358), queen consort of Edward II of England
Isabella of Majorca (1337-1406), titular queen consort
Isabeau of Bavaria (1369-1435), queen consort of Charles VI of France
Isabella of Valois (1389-1409), queen consort of Richard II of England
Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile (1428-1496), queen consort of John II of Castile
Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504), queen regnant; also queen consort of Ferdinand II of Aragon

Isabella, Princess of Asturias (1470-1498), queen consort of Manuel I of Portugal

Isabella of Austria (1501-1526), queen consort of Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Isabella of Portugal (1503-1539), Holy Roman Empress to Charles V and his queen consort of Aragon and Castile
Isabella Jagiellon (1519-1559), queen consort of János Szapolyai of Hungary
Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (1566-1633), co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands

Isabella II of Spain (1830-1904), queen

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