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Barbizon school
| Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Barbizon school |
| Art Encyclopedia: Barbizon School |
Group of French painters associated with the Forest of Fontainebleau near Paris and especially with the village of Barbizon. The main members of this informal group were Narcisse Diaz, Jules Dupr?, Th?odore Rousseau, Constant Troyon and Jean-Fran?ois Millet; they formed a recognizable school from the early 1830s to the 1870s. Mainly concerned with landscape, they had little interest in the classical conventions of Claude and Poussin and were more influenced by Dutch landscape painting of the 17th century and by the works of John Constable, whose Hay Wain (1821; London, N.G.) had been exhibited at the Salon of 1824. Because their work did not change radically over the decades, the Barbizon painters have often been treated mainly as a transitional generation, helping to bridge the gap between classical landscape painting of the late 18th century and the early 19th and Impressionism. However, as the first generation of French landscape painters to focus truly on nature, they have an importance and originality of their own. Romantic in their desire to break with conventions, their anti-urban sentiment and, above all, their lyrical appreciation of nature, they were Realist in their avoidance of the heroic, their preference for humble themes and sometimes in their technique.
See the Abbreviations for further details.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Barbizon school |
Barbizon school (bär'bĭzōN', bär'bĭzŏn'), an informal school of French landscape painting that flourished c.1830-1870. Its name derives from the village of Barbizon, a favorite residence of the painters associated with the school. Théodore Rousseau was the principal figure of the group, which included the artists Jules Dupré, Narciso Diaz de la Peña, Constant Troyon, and Charles Daubigny. These men reacted against the conventions of classical landscape and advocated a direct study of nature. Their work was strongly influenced by 17th-century Dutch landscape masters including Ruisdael, Cuyp, and Hobbema. Corot and Millet are often associated with the Barbizon group, but in fact Corot's poetic approach and Millet's humanitarian outlook place them outside the development of the school. The Barbizon painters helped prepare for the subsequent development of the impressionist schools. Paintings of the Barbizon school were very popular with American collectors of the late 19th and early 20th cent. and influenced American painters of this period. The school is well represented in American collections, notably the Corcoran Gallery, the Isaac Delgado Museum of Art, New Orleans, the Metropolitan Museum, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Bibliography
See American Art Assn., Master Prints of the Barbizon School (1970); studies by J. Bouret (tr. 1973) and C. R. Sprague (1982).
| Wikipedia: Barbizon school |
The Barbizon school (circa 1830–1870) of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest, France, where the artists gathered.
The Barbizon painters were part of a movement towards realism in art which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time.
In 1824 the Salon de Paris exhibited works of John Constable. His rural scenes influenced some of the younger artists of the time, moving them to abandon formalism and to draw inspiration directly from nature. Natural scenes became the subjects of their paintings rather than mere backdrops to dramatic events.
During the Revolutions of 1848 artists gathered at Barbizon to follow Constable's ideas, making nature the subject of their paintings.
One of them, Jean-François Millet, extended the idea from landscape to figures — peasant figures, scenes of peasant life, and work in the fields. In The Gleaners (1857), Millet portrays three peasant women working at the harvest. There is no drama and no story told, merely three peasant women in a field. Gleaners are poor women gathering what's left after the rich owners of the field finished harvesting. The owners and their laborers are seen in the back of the painting. Millet here shifted the focus, the subject matter, from the rich and prominent to those at the bottom of the social ladders. Millet also didn't paint their faces to emphasize their anonymity and marginalized position. Their bowed bodies are representative of their every day hard work.
The leaders of the Barbizon school were Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet and Charles-François Daubigny; other members included Jules Dupré, Constant Troyon, Charles Jacque, Narcisse Virgilio Diaz, Charles Olivier de Penne, Henri Harpignies, Gabriel Hippolyte LeBas (1812-1880), Albert Charpin, Félix Ziem, Anton Mauve, François-Louis Français and Alexandre DeFaux.
Both Rousseau (1867) and Millet (1875) died at Barbizon.
See also
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Barbizon School |
- Gustave Courbet
- Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
- Karl Bodmer
- H. I. Marlatt
- American Barbizon school
- Art colony
- Naturalism (art)
- landscape art
- Macchiaioli
References
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) |
Joconde-Catalogues des Collections des Musees de France. Ministère de la culture
External links
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Barbizon. |
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Mentioned in
- Hunt, William Morris (American painter)
- Rousseau, Théodore (French landscape painter)
- Millet, Jean François (French painter)
- Constant Troyon (French painter)
- Jules Dupré (French painter)
- plein-air (in painting, art)
- Johann Barthold Jongkind (Dutch painter & artist)
- Hendrik Willem Mesdag (Dutch painter)
- I Macchiaioli (organization, Italy – in art, history)
- Worpswede Colony (art)
- (Pierre-Etienne-)Th?odore Rousseau (art)
- Barbizon (travel guide)
- Narciso Virgilio Diaz de la Peña (French painter)
- Homer Dodge Martin (American painter)
