barrel organ

A barrel organ player in Vienna, Austria.

A barrel organ player in Warnemünde, Germany.

A barrel organ player, with pet monkey, in Liverpool, England

A barrel organ player in Mexico City just off the Zócalo or main plaza

A barrel organ (or roller organ) is a mechanical musical instrument consisting of bellows and one or more ranks of pipes housed in a case, usually of wood, and often highly decorated. The basic principle is the same as a traditional pipe organ, but rather than being played by an organist, the barrel organ is activated either by a person turning a crank, or by clockwork driven by weights or springs. The pieces of music are encoded onto wooden barrels (or cylinders), which are analogous to the keyboard of the traditional pipe organ.

Barrel

The pieces of music (or tunes) are encoded onto the barrel using metal pins and staples. Pins are used for short notes, and staples of varying lengths for longer notes. Each barrel usually carried several different tunes. Pinning such barrels was something of an art form, and the quality of the music produced by a barrel organ is largely a function of the quality of its pinning. This complex encoding of music was an early form of programming.

The organ barrels had to be extremely sturdy in order to keep their precise alignment over the years, since they played the same programming role as music rolls and had to deal with more mechanical stress given the greater number of rods and levers involved. Damage to the barrel, such as warpage, would have a direct (and usually detrimental) effect on the music produced.

The size of the barrel will depend on the number of notes in the organ and the length of the tune to be played. The more notes, the longer the barrel. The longer the tune, the greater the diameter.

Since the music is hard-coded onto the barrel, the only way for a barrel organ to play a different set of tunes is to replace its barrel with a different one.

Operation

A set of levers called keys is positioned just above the surface of the barrel. Each key corresponds to one note. A rod is connected to the rear of each key. The other end of the rod is a metal pin which operates a valve within the wind chest. When the instrument is played (by turning the crank), two (usually) offsets on the crank shaft cause bellows to open and close to produce pressurized air. A reservoir/regulator provides constant pressure. A worm gear on the crank shaft causes the barrel to rotate slowly and its pins and staples lift the fronts of the keys. This causes the other end of the key to press down on the end of the rod which, in turn, activates the valve and allows air from the bellows to pass into the corresponding pipe.

To allow different tunes to be played from one barrel, the barrel can be moved laterally to bring a different set of pins and staples under the keys. Street barrel organs usually play 7 to 9 tunes, although small organs (usually the older ones) can play up to 15 tunes. Less commonly (and usually for large orchestrions) the pinning will form one continuous spiral and the barrel will be gradually moved as it rotates so that the pins remain lined up with the keys. In this case, each barrel plays one long tune.

Usage

The barrel organ was the traditional instrument of organ grinders. With a few exceptions, organ grinders used one of the smaller, more portable versions of the barrel organ, containing perhaps one (or just a few) rank(s) of pipes and only 7 to 9 tunes. Use of these organs were limited by their weight. Most weighed 25 to 50 pounds but some were as heavy as 100 pounds.

There were many larger versions located in churches, fairgrounds, music halls, and other large establishments such as sports arenas and theaters. The large barrel organs were often powered by very heavy weights and springs, like a more powerful version of a longcase clock. They could also be hydraulically powered, with a turbine or waterwheel arrangement giving the mechanical force to turn the barrel and pump the bellows. The last barrel organs were electrically powered, or converted to electrical power.

Combined barrel and manually played instruments

Especially in churches, some large barrel organs were built as "barrel and finger" organs. Such instruments are furnished with a normal organ keyboard, in addition to the automatic mechanism, making it possible to play them by hand when a human organist is available. The barrels were often out of sight.

At the beginning of the 20th century, large barrel organs intended for use as fairground organs or street organs were often converted, or newly built, to play music rolls or book music rather than barrels. This allows a much greater variety of melodies to be played.

Terminology

The term hurdy gurdy is sometimes mistakenly applied to a small, portable barrel organ that was frequently played by organ grinders and buskers (street musicians), but in modern usage the two terms should not be confused. Although the hurdy gurdy is also powered by a crank and often used by street performers, it produces sound with a rosin-covered wheel rotated against tuned strings. Another key difference is that the hurdy gurdy player is free to play any tune he or she desires, while the barrel organist is generally confined to pre-programmed tunes.

Some also confuse the barrel organ with the steam organ or calliope. In the United Kingdom barrel pianos, particularly those played in the streets, are frequently called barrel organs.

Australia Fair Grand Concert Street Organ; pipes, drums, brass, etc.

7.5 second OGG format sound, Australia Fair Grand Concert Street Organ

See also

• Fairground organ
• Street organ
• Dance organ
• Pipe organ
• Calliope (music)
• Serinette
• Organ grinder

References

• Diagram Group. Musical Instruments of the World. New York: Facts on File, 1976.
• Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J G. Barrel Organ: The Story of the Mechanical Organ and Its Repair. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1978.
• Reblitz, Arthur A., Q. David Bowers. Treasures of Mechanical Music. New York: The Vestal Press, 1981.
• Smithsonian Institution. History of Music Machines. New York: Drake Publishers, 1975.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Barrel organs

• Argentinian Barrel Organ Museum - Official website
• Museum of Musical Instruments in Netherlands: "From musical clock to street organ"
• A 1790 John Langshaw Chamber Barrel Organ

Recordings of historical Barrel organs

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Barrel-organ.

• The Magic of the Barrel Organ ASIN B000005EB5
• SAYDISC with categories about "Mechanical" Music and "Musical Boxes"
• Mechanical Music from Phonogrammarchiv of the Austrian Academy of Sciences