Batch production
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Design:
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Batch Production
This approach to design production—producing individual designs in limited quantities—was common amongst many smaller companies or craft workshops for much of the 20th century, allowing them to respond quickly to different commissions and market opportunities without the necessity of being tied down to the relatively inflexible and expensive technologies associated with the modes of mass-production Fordism. With the rise of Computer-Aided Manufacturing systems larger manufacturers have also been able to be more flexible and swiftly responsive to the increasingly diverse consumer demands of the global market place. This ability to produce smaller production runs had the added economic advantage of dispensing with the need for large storage areas to hold stock and was an integral part of the Just in Time manufacturing and distribution systems that were introduced increasingly from the 1980s.
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Batch production
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Batch production is a technique used in manufacturing, in which the object in question is created stage by stage over a series of workstations. Batch production is common in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingredients, purifying water (APIs), inks, paints and adhesives. In the manufacture of inks and paints, a technique called a colour-run is used. A colour-run is where one manufactures the lightest colour first, such as light yellow followed by the next increasingly darker colour such as orange, then red and so on until reaching black and then starts over again. This minimizes the cleanup and reconfiguring of the machinery between each batch. White (by which is meant opaque paint, not transparent ink) is the only colour that cannot be used in a colour-run because a small amount of white pigment can adversely affect the medium colours. The chemical, tire, and process industry (CPT) segment uses a combination of batch and process manufacturing depending the product and plant.
Advantages and Disadvantages
There are several advantages of batch production; it can reduce initial capital outlay because a single production line can be used to produce several products. As shown in the example, batch production can be useful for small businesses who cannot afford to run continuous production lines. If a retailer buys a batch of a product that does not sell, then the producer can cease production without having to sustain huge losses. Batch production is also useful for a factory that makes seasonal items, products for which it is difficult to forecast demand, a trial run for production, or products that have a high profit margin.
Batch production also has disadvantages. There are inefficiencies associated with batch production as equipment must be stopped, re-configured, and its output tested before the next batch can be produced. Idle time between batches is known as downtime. The time between consecutive batches is known as cycle time. Cycle time variation is a Lean Manufacturing metric.
Continuous production is used for products that are made in a similar manner. For example, a certain car model has the same body shape and therefore, many of the same model cars can be made at the same time without stop, decreasing manufacturing cost.
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Oxford Dictionary of Modern Design
A Dictionary of Modern Design. Copyright © 2004, 2005 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
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