Baykal-Amur Mainline

Baikal-Amur Mainline in green; Trans-Siberian line in red

Baikal Amur Mainline

Legend km Station                                  0 Tayshet Eastern Siberian railway Irkutsk Oblast (Moscow time + 5h)   10 Akulshet 30 Kostomarovo 48 Toporok 57 Nevelskaya 97 Parchum 117 Novochunka 124 Chuna 129 Sosnovye Rodniki (Oktyabrsky) 142 Chuna (Chunsky) 154 Izykan 167 Targiz 177 Chuksha 191 Keshevo 210 Toreya 226 Ognevka 246 Turma 259 Balaga 269 Vikhorevka 284 Morgudon Bratsk city centre (Novobratsk, 20 km) 293 Anzyobi (Bratsk) Bratsk city centre (Novobratsk, 17 km)   304 Galachinsky 310 Bratskoye More 326 Padunskoye Porogi 328 Energetik 329 Angara (Dam wall of Bratsk Reservoir, ca. 4400 m) 339 Gidrostroytel 369 Zyaba 378 Pashenny 403 Kezhemskaya 416 Mamyr 436 Rechushka 461 Vidim 480 Sokhaty 502 Chornaya 523 Seleznyovo 533 Ilim (Ust-Ilimsk Reservoir) 535 Sredneilimskaya 541 Zhelezny 550 Korshunovsky-Tunnel ,ca. 1100 м. 552 Korshunikha-Angarskaya (Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky) 562 Sibirishnaya 573 Khrebtovaya to Ust-Ilimsk (215 km) 589 Karstovaya 611 Semigorsk 620 Merelotnaya 646 Kaymonovo 652 Kuta 661 Rychey 672 Yantal 685 Kuta 713 Ust-Kut 720 Lena (Ust-Kut)   730 Yakurim 734 Lena-Vostochnaya 737 Lena 739 Predlensky 759 Chudnichny 769 Kalpshny 784 Svyozdnaya (Svyozdny) 805 Irdykan 823 Niya 853 Nebel 867 Marikta 874 Ukhanga 889 Kirenga (Magistralny) 908 Okunaysky 915 Kirenga 930 Ulkan 948 Umbella 960 Kalakachan 982 Kunerma 997 Delbichinda 1007 Baikal (Daban) tunnel (6686 m) 1010 Irkutsk Oblast-Buryatia 1014   1014 Daban 1028 Goudzhekit 1043 Tyya 1063 Severobaikalsk   1067 4 tunnels, together ca. 4500m 1090 Nizhneangarsk 1105 Kholodnaya 1127 Kichera 1164 Kiron 1182 Angoya 1193 Ogdynda 1210 Ogney 1228 Anamakit 1235 Upper Angara River 1242 Novy Uoyan 1249 Bakany 1277 Yanchuy 1296 Churo 1315 Kyukhelbekerskaya (Yanchikan) 1330 Kovokta 1344 Angarakan Severomuysky Tunnel Diversion 1354 Severomuysky Tunnel (15.343 m) Severomuysky Tunnel Diversion   1370 Okusikan 1374 Kasankan (Severomuysk) 1385 Severomuysk 1397 Arkum 1414 Ulgi 1460 Muyakan 1469 Taksimo 1492 Lodya 1508 Aku 1533 Shivery 1535 Vitim; Buryatia-Zabaykalsky Krai (Moscow time + 6h)   1543 Koyra 1561 Kuanda 1584 Taku 1602 Balbukhta 1617 Syulban 1637 Naledny 1645 Kodar tunnel (1981 m) 1650 Kodar 1668 Leprindo 1679 Sallikit 1713 Chara Chineyskoye mines (66 km; 26 km in operation) 1719 Novaya Chara 1740 Kemen 1757 Ikabya 1770 Olongo 1835 Sakha Republic (Yakutia) 1864 Khani Far-east Railway 1866 Amur Oblast Olyokma Tas-Yuryakh 1918 Olyokma 1922 Sakha Republic (Yakutia) 1927 Amur Oblast 2013 Yuktali 2033 Taluma 2058 Dyugabul 2121 Chilchi 2171 Lopcha 2186 Elgakan 2216 Larba 2241 Lumbir 2268 Khorogochi 2309 Kuvykta from Bamovskaya (Trans-Siberian Railway, 179 km) 2348 Tynda   2369 Shakhtaum 2365 Gilyuy 2375 Bestuzhevo Amur Yakutsk Mainline   2409 Gilyuy (2 Bridges) 2436 Marevaya 2494 Unakha 2511 Dipkun 2560 Tutaul to Elginskoye (ca. 300 km, under construction) 2687 Zeya (Zeya reservoir) 2690 Verkhnezeysk 2706 Apetenok 2734 Izhak 2757 Ulyanovsky Stroitel 2779 Ogoron 2803 Moldavsky 2833 Miroshnichenko 2846 Tungala 2865 Kamnega 2894 Dugda 2919 Nora 2940 Meun 2957 Drogoshevsk 2983 Skalisty 3000 Chervinka 3012 Selemdzha 3017 Fevralsk 3035 Zvonkoye 3060 Demchenko 3082 Isakan 3101 Isa 3129 Mustakh 3149 Ulma 3155 Khabarovsky Krai (Moscow time + 7h)   3162 Etyrken 3195 Shugara 3247 Alonka 3292 Bureya from Isvestkovy (Transsiberian railway, 326 km)   3298 Novy Urgal 3312 Urgal-I to Chegdomyn (16 km) 3324 Chemchuko 3339 Mugule 3365 Soloni 3384 Dusse-Alin 3382 Dusse-Alin Tunnel (ca. 1800 m) 3402 Suluk 3422 Mogdy 3434 Orokot 3456 Gerbi 3481 Ukraltu 3494 Badzhal Amgun (3 Bridges) 3513 Dzhamku 3525 Sektali 3542 Eanga 3262 Amgun 3579 Sonakh 3595 Ebgun 3615 Postyshevo (Beryosovy) 3621 Amgun 3638 Bolen 3659 Moni 3679 Evoron 3702 Kharpichan 3715 Gorin 3740 Mavrinsky Khurmuli 3775 Lian 3789 Khalgaso 3799 Silinka to Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Dzemgi 3819 0 Komsomolsk-Sortirovochny to Khabarovsk (351 km) Amur river   0 Pivan 28 Gayter 41 Kartel 52 Selikhino to Sakhalin island (under construction) 63 Eldigan 82 Poni 95 Kun 112 Gurskoye 139 Uktur 160 Kenay 182 Oune 195 Otkosnaya 203 Kuznetsovsky tunnel (1800 m) 220 Vysokogornaya 240 Datta 261 Kenada 274 Dzhigdasi 303 Tuluchi 318 Akur 340 Tumnin 366 Khutu 376 Imbo 380 Ust-Orochi 399 Mongokhto 403 Landyshi 424 Toki 434 Vanino Train ferry to Kholmsk (Sakhalin)   442 Sovestskaya Gavan-Sortirovochny 458 Desna 468 Sovetskaya Gavan

The 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+⁵⁄₆ in) broad gauge Baikal-Amur Mainline (Russian Байкало-Амурская Магистраль, Baikalo-Amurskaya Magistral’, BAM) is a railway line in Russia. Traversing Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East, the 4,324 km (2,687 mile) long BAM runs about 610 to 770 km (380 to 480 miles) north of and parallel to the Trans-Siberian railway.

The BAM was built as a strategic alternative route to the Trans-Siberian Railway, especially along the vulnerable sections close to the border with China. The BAM's costs were estimated at $14 billion, and it was built with special, durable tracks since much of it was built over permafrost.

Route

The BAM departs from the Trans-Siberian railway at Tayshet, then crosses the Angara River at Bratsk and the Lena River at Ust-Kut, proceeds past Severobaikalsk at the northern tip of Lake Baikal, past Tynda and Khani, crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk-na-Amure and finally reaches the Pacific Ocean at Sovetskaya Gavan. There are 21 tunnels along the line, with a total length of 47 km (29 miles). There are also more than 4,200 bridges, with a total length of over 400 km (about 260 miles).^[1]

Of the whole route, only the western Tayshet-Taksimo sector of 1,469 km (913 miles) is electrified. The route is largely single-track, although the reservation is wide enough for double-tracking for its full length, in the case of eventual duplification.

At Tynda the route is crossed by the Amur Yakutsk Mainline, which runs north to Neryungri and Tommot, with an extension to Yakutsk under construction. The original section of the AYaM connecting the Trans-Siberian at Bamovskaya with the BAM at Tynda is also also referred to as the "Little BAM".

History

Early plans and start of construction

The route of the present-day BAM was first considered in the 1880s as an option for the eastern section of the Trans-Siberian railway.

The section from Tayshet to Bratsk was built in the 1930s using the labor of labor camp inmates, in particular the Bamlag camp of the Gulag system. Most of the Far Eastern section was built during the years of 1944-1946, again, mainly by gulag prisoners, including German and Japanese prisoners of war, of whom possibly as many as 150,000 died.^{[citation needed]} In 1953, following Stalin's death, virtually all construction work on the BAM stopped and the line was abandoned to the elements for more than twenty years. However, interest in the project never waned in part because of strained relations with China—a Chinese attack on the border-tracing Trans-Siberian railway would have cut off transportation to the Russian far east.

Construction project of the century

In March 1974, Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev stated that a new BAM project would become a huge Komsomol undertaking. Brezhnev famously stated that "BAM will be constructed with clean hands only!" and firmly rejected the suggestion to use prison labor again. The Soviet Union described BAM as "the construction project of the century."^[2]

In September 1984, a "golden spike", akin to one used in Utah in 1869, was hammered into place, connecting the eastern and western sections of the BAM. The Western media was not invited to attend this historic event as Soviet officials did not want any comments about the line's operational status. In reality, only one third of the BAM's track was fully operational for civilians, due to military reasons.^[3]

The BAM was again declared complete in 1991. By then, the total cost to build the line was US$14 billion.

Crisis

Beginning in the mid-1980s, the BAM-project attracted increasing criticism for bad planning. Infrastructure and basic services like running water were often not in place when workers arrived. At least 60 boomtowns developed around the route, but nowadays a lot of these places are deserted and unemployment in the area is high. The building of the BAM has also been criticised for its complete lack of environmental protection.^[4]

The collapse of the Soviet Union saw the cancellation of numerous mining and industrial projects in the region, meaning the BAM was greatly underutilized until the late 1990s, running at a large operational deficit.

In 1996, the BAM as a single operational body was dissolved, with the western section from Tayshet to around Khani becoming the East Siberian Railway, the rest transferred to the management of the Far-East Railway.

Current situation and future prospects

A recent major improvement was the opening of the 15,343 meters (9.534 mile) Severomuysky Tunnel on December 5, 2003. It is up to 1.5 km (nearly 1 mile) deep. Construction took twenty-seven years to complete. Prior to this, the corresponding route segment was 54 km (34 miles) long, with heavy slopes necessitating the use of auxiliary locomotives.

With the resources boom of recent years and improving economic conditions in Russia, use of the line is increasing. Plans for development of mining areas such as Udokanskoje and Chineyskoje near Novaya Chara, as well as one of Eurasia's largest coal deposits at Elginskoye (Elga) in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). In connection with this, a number of branch lines have been built or are under construction.

The construction of the 320 Kilometer long branch line to Elginskoye, branching from the BAM station Ulak, west of the Zeya River crossing in northwestern Amur Oblast, was cancelled in 2002 after only 60 Kilometer of track had laid. However, in 2007 Russian mining company Mekhel bought the coal mine and unfinished rail line for 2,3 billion US Dollars. Japanese group Sumitomo are also investing in the project.^[5] On February 15, 2008 the construction of the track recommenced, with a planned end date of 2010. The section of track will cross the Stanovoy Range, requiring 194 bridges along its route.^[6]

It is also intended that the BAM should become an alternative route for container transport between Europe and the Pacific, although the single-track nature of most of the route and the lack of suitable connections at the eastern end currently stand in the way. Currently under discussion is the construction of a tunnel under the Strait of Tartary to Sakhalin Island, with the possibility of the further construction of a bridge from Sakhalin to Japan. A tunnel from the mainland to Sakhalin was previously begun under Stalin, but was abandoned after his death. A second attempt in 2003 was also postponed during construction. Current economic conditions make the short-term completion of the tunnel doubtful, although Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced in November 2008 his support for a revival of this project.^[7]

The BAM now also attracts the interest Western railway enthusiasts, with some tourist activity on the line.

Along the BAM

Tynda, the "capital" of BAM

^[8]Tayshet to Lake Baikal -1064 km: 0:Tayshet: about 300 km east of Krasnoyarsk, Trans-Siberian Railway, M53 highway to Irkutsk. 129:Sosnovye Rodniki: timber port. Chuna River 142:Chuna. 269:Vikhorevka: railway administration. 282:Anzebi: 20 km spur line to Bratsk town. About 330: Bratsk Dam: Railway runs across the top of the dam. 463:Vidim. 546:Shredneilimskya on the Ust-Ilimsk reservoir. 554:Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky:mining town. 575: Khrebetovaya: branch line north to Ust-Ilimsk (see branches below) Enter Lena basin. Kuta River. 715:Ust-Kut: port on the Lena River where goods are loaded onto boats for transport north. End of the line until 1974. 736:Lena Vostochnaya: east of the Lena, start of the BAM proper from 1974. Line tends east southeast. 786:Zvyozdnaya: first new town built on the BAM. 890:Kirenga: 12 km east is the larger town of Magistralnyy. Kirenga River and bridge. 931:Ul'kan: on the Ulkan branch of the Kirenga. 1005:Delbichenda: last stop before the 6.7 km Baikal Mountain Tunnel (between 1979 and 1984 there was a 15 km bypass over the mountain). 1014:Daben. 1064: Lake Baikal.

Lake Baikal to Tynda 1300 km: 1064:Severobaykalsk. 4 small tunnels along the lake. 1104:Nizhneangarsk. leave Lake Baikal, northeast up the valley of the Upper Angara River. 1257:Novy Uoyan: there is talk of building a railroad south from here to the Trans-Siberian. Enter Severomuysk Mountains. Much permafrost from here to Tynda. 1385-1400: Severomuysky Tunnel: 15.7 km long, very difficult construction. Exit mountain. Scenic section with mountains to north and south. Much fog. 1484:Taksimo:end of electrified section. Muya River. 1548:Shivery: leave Buryat Republic. Vitim River. 1577:Kuanda: official 'completion' of the BAM was celebrated here in September 1984. Valley into mountains. 1664:Kodar: Kodar mountains, 1.9 km tunnel. 1734:Novaya Chara. 1879:Khani: the only BAM town in the Sakha Republic. Northernmost point on the line. Line turns south southeast along the Olyokma River. Enter Amur basin. 2364:Tynda

Tynda to Komsomolsk 1473 km :2364:Tynda: Branch railway and highway north to Yakutsk, little BAM south to the Trans-Siberian. 2704: Bridge over Zeya Reservoir. Line heads southeast. 3205:Bureya River bridge. 3315:Novy Urgal:Branch south to Trans-Siberian. 3403:east to Dusse-Alin Tunnel. Northeast up the Amgun River. 3633:Postyshevo: east. 3697:Evoron Lake. southeast to 3837:Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Komsomolsk to Sovetskaya Gavan 486 km. This section was completed by prisoners during World War II, except for the 19 km section east of Komsomolsk which was completed in 1974. Komsomolsk. 1734m Amur River Bridge. 0:Pivan(new numbering system). 51:Selikhin: Branch. 95-340:Sikhote Alin Mountains. 403:Mongokhto 441:Vanino: port, train ferry to Sakhalin Island, practical end of passenger service. 467:Sovetskaya Gavan: naval base.

Branches

• 575:Khrebtovaya to Ust-Ilimsk, 214 km: Opened in 1970, it runs northeast to serve the dam at Ust-Ilimsk.
• 1257:Novy Uoyan: possible start of line south on east side to Lake Baikal.
• 2364:Tynda to the Trans-Siberian at Bamovskaya,180 km (the 'Little BAM'): This branch was built by prisoners in 1933-37, torn up in 1942 and its rails shipped to the front and rebuilt in 1972-75.
• 2364:Tynda to Yakutsk: see Amur Yakutsk Mainline.
• 3315:Novy Urgal to the Trans-Siberian at Izvestovskaya,328 km: In the Bureya River basin, it was built mostly by Japanese POWs. There is a 32 km branch north from Novy Urgal to the Chegdomyn coal fields.
• 3837:Komsomolsk south to Khabarovsk, 374 km; on east side (flood plain) of the Amur. 99 km south:Lake Bolon.
• 51(line km restart at Komsomolsk):Selikhin to Cherny Mys,122 km: north along the Amur. Built 1950-53, it was planned to extend this to a tunnel to Sakhalin Island. There is talk of restarting it.

Honors

Main belt asteroid 2031 BAM, discovered in 1969 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh, is named in honor of the builders of the BAM.^[9]

Gallery

Railway station at Tynda

Railway station at Vikhorevka

Railway station at Fevralsk

Old station building at Tayshet

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Baikal Amur Mainline

• Baikal-Amur Mainline travel guide from Wikitravel
• Private homepage about the BAM (section in English)
• BAM: Soviet construction project of a century