Belz (Ukrainian: Белз, Polish: Bełz, Yiddish/Hebrew: בעלז), a small town in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, near the border with Poland, is located between the Solokiya river (affluent of the Bug river, called Western Bug) and the Rzeczyca stream.
The current estimated population is 2408 (as of 2004).
Origin of name
There are three versions of the origin of the name:
- the Celtic language − 'belz' (water) or 'pelz' (stream),
- the so called "Old Slavic language" and the Boyko language − «белз» or «бевз» (muddy place),
- the so called "Old Russian language" − «бълизь» (white place, a glade in the midst of dark woods).
The name occurs in two other places:
- 'Belz' (department Morbihan), Brittany, France
- 'Bălţi' (Бельцы/Beljcy, also known in Yiddish as 'Belz'), Moldova (Bessarabia)
History
Belz is situated in a fertile plain which tribes of Indo-European origin settled in ancient times: Celtic Lugii,[1][2] next (2nd-5th century) German Goths,[3][4] slavized Sarmatians (White Croats),[5] and at last Slavic Lendians.[6]
The town has existed since at least the 10th century, as one of the Burgs of Czerwień (Ruthenian) strongholds under Bohemian and Polish rule. From 981 Belz (gaining some autonomy in 1170 as the Duchy of Belz) was a part of Rus'-Ukraine (Principality of Kievan Rus', Principality of Halych and Volodymir), except 1018–1030 when it belonged to Poland. In 1366 it became a permanent part of the Kingdom of Poland, until the First Partition of Poland in 1772. It then passed to the Austrian Empire, later the Austro-Hungarian Empire, where it was a part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
The synagogue in Belz, dedicated in 1843, and demolished in 1950s.
The Jewish (Ashkenazi) Kahal (hebr. קהלה kehilla) in Belz was established in the Late Middle Ages (ca. 14th c.). In 1665 Jews in Belz got equal rights and duties. [7] The town became home to a Hasidic dynasty of Belz in the early 19th century. [8],[9] Shalom Rokeach of Belz (1779 - 1855), also known as the Sar Shalom, joined the Hassidic movement by studying with the Magid of Lutzk[10], and was sent by him to Belz to establish the community and become the first Belzer Rebbe from 1817 to 1855. At the beginning of World War I, Belz counted 6100 inhabitants, including 3600 Jews, 1600 Ukrainians, and 900 Poles. [11] During the war, Belz Hasidic Court with many Jews fled the shtetl. [12]
With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following World War I in November 1918, Belz was included in the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, but came under Polish control in 1919, which was confirmed in the Poland–Ukrainian People's Republic agreement in April 1920. From 1919 to 1939 Belz belonged to the Lwów Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic. The Hasidic Court returned in 1925 and Jews gradually returned to Belz thereafter. [13]
Then from 1939 to 1944 Belz was occupied by Germany as a part of the General Government. Belz is situated on left, north waterside of the Solokiya river (affluent of the Bug river), which was German-Soviet border in 1939-1941. Most of the Jews of Belz fled before the German invasion. However, by May 1942, there were over 1,540 Jewish refugees in Belz. On June 2, 1942, 1,000 Jews were deported to Hrubieszów and from there to the Sobibór extermination camp. Another 504 were brought to Hrubieszów in September of that year, after they were no longer needed to work on the farms in the area. [14]
After the war Belz reverted to Poland (the Lublin Voivodeship) until 1951 when, after a border readjustment (see: 1951 Polish-Soviet territorial exchange), it passed to the Soviet Union (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic). Since 1991 it has been part of independent Ukraine.
Cultural trivia
The Yiddish song “Beltz, Mayn Shtetele” is a moving evocation of a happy childhood spent in a shtetl. Originally this song was composed for a town which bears a similarly sounding name in Yiddish (belts), called Bălţi in Moldovan/Romanian, and is located in Bessarabia (presently the Moldova Republic). Later interpretations may have had Belz in mind, though.
Belz is also a very important place for Ukrainian Catholics and Polish Catholics as a place where the Black Madonna of Częstochowa (this icon was believed to have painted by St. Luke the Evangelist) had resided for several centuries until 1382, when Władysław Opolczyk, duke of Opole, took the icon home to his principality after ending his service as the Royal emissary for Halychyna for Louis I of Hungary.[15]
Notable residents
Lev Danylovich (Leo I of Galicia)
Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach of Belz
- Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia, prince (kniaz) of Belz (1170-1196)
- Vasilko Romanovich, prince of Belz (1207-1211)
- Lev I of Galicia, prince of Belz (1245-1264)
- Yuri I of Galicia, prince of Belz (1264-1301)
- Jurij Narimuntovich, Lithuanian, prince of Belz (ca.1326-ca.1377)
- Jaśko Mazowita, prefect of Belz (14th-15th centuries)
- Casimir II of Belz, prince of Belz (1434-1442)
- Jan Kamieniecki (1463-1513), starost of Belz
- Mikołaj Sieniawski (ca.1489-1569), voivode of Belz
- Jan Firlej (ca.1521-1574), voivode of Belz
- Jan Zamoyski (1542-1605), starost of Belz
- Yoel Sirkis (1561-1640), great Rabbi, one of Achronim
- Rafał Leszczyński (1579-1636), voivode of Belz
- Jakub Sobieski (1580-1646), voivode of Belz
- Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki (1631-1682), voivode of Belz
- Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski (1666-1726), voivode of Belz
- Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski (1642-1728), voivode of Belz
- Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki (1753-1805), starost of Belz
- Shalom Rokeach (1779-1855), first Rebbe of Belz
- Yehoshua Rokeach (1825-1894), second Rebbe of Belz
- Yissachar Dov Rokeach (I) (1854-1926), third Rebbe of Belz
- Aharon Rokeach (1877-1957), fourth Rebbe of Belz
- Mordechai Rokeach (1902-1949), son of Yissachar Dov Rokeach (I), the third Belzer Rebbe, and father of Yissachar Dov Rokeach (II), the fifth Belzer Rebbe
- Nissan Spivak (1824-1906), cantor [16]
See also
References
- ^ Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, De Origine et situ Germanorum
- ^ http://www.arts.ulster.ac.uk/lanlit/celto-slavica/abstracts.html Alexander Falileyev, Celto-Slavica. University of Ulster, 2004
- ^ http://www.pan-ol.lublin.pl/biul_5/art_505.htm Hrubieszowskie w dobie panowania Gotów
- ^ Andrzej Kokowski, Archeologia Gotów. Goci w Kotlinie Hrubieszowskiej, Lublin 1999
- ^ Kazimierz Godłowski, Z badań nad rozprzestrzenieniem się Słowian w V-VII w. n.e., Kraków 1979
- ^ Magdalena Mączyńska, Wędrówki Ludów. Kraków 1996
- ^ Dr Fryderyk Papée, Zabytki przeszłości miasta Bełza. Lwów 1884
- ^ http://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/infofiles/biblio4.htm Rabbi Tsvi Rabinowicz, Chassidic Rebbes: From the Baal Shem Tov to Modern Times. Southfield, MI: Targum Press; Spring Valley, NY: Feldheim, 1989
- ^ http://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/infofiles/biblio8.htm Yitskhak Shlomo Yodlov, Sefer Yikhus Belz (The Lineage Book of the Grand Rabbis of Belz). Jerusalem 1984
- ^ Preface to the Divras Shlomo signed by the Belzer Rebbe 1997
- ^ Dr Mieczysław Orłowicz. Ilustrowany Przewodnik po Galicyi. Lwów 1919
- ^ Spector, Shmuel and Wigoder, Geoffrey, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, p. 104.
- ^ Spector, Shmuel and Wigoder, Geoffrey, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, p. 104. NY:NYU Press 2001.
- ^ Spector, Shmuel and Wigoder, Geoffrey, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, p. 105. NY:NYU Press 2001.
- ^ The Black Madonna
- ^ Personality of the Week - Spivak
External links
Coordinates: 50°22′N 24°00′E / 50.367°N 24°E / 50.367; 24
