Bern

 

or Berne (bĕrn) , canton (1990 pop. 937,365), 2,658 sq mi (6,883 sq km), W central Switzerland. The second most populous and second largest canton of the country, Bern comprises three sections—the Bernese Alps, or Oberland [Ger.,=highlands], with many resorts and peaks, notably the Finsteraarhorn and Jungfrau, and with meadows and pastures in the valleys; the Mittelland [midlands], in the fertile northern foothills of the Alps, and including the Emmental; and the lake region around Biel. The Jura canton to the north was until 1979 a part of Bern canton. Tourism, cattle raising, dairying, and hydroelectric power generation are the chief means of livelihood in the Oberland. The Mittelland is the most industrialized region of the canton and a fertile agricultural region. The lake region has a thriving vine culture. The population of the canton is predominantly Protestant and German-speaking.

Bern or
Berne
(1990 pop. 136,338), the capital, is also the capital of Switzerland. Situated within a loop of the Aare River, the city is a university, administrative, transportation, and industrial center. Its manufactures include precision instruments, textiles, machinery, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and chocolate. It is also the seat of numerous international agencies, notably the Universal Postal Union (since 1875), the International Telecommunication Union (since 1869), and the International Copyright Union (since 1886).

Bern was founded, according to tradition, in 1191 by Berchtold V of Zähringen as a military post. It was made (1218) a free imperial city by Emperor Frederick II when Berchtold died without an heir. Bern grew in power and population and in 1353 joined the Swiss Confederation, of which it became the leading member. Its conquests included Aargau (1415) and Vaud (1536), besides numerous smaller territories. The area was governed until 1798 by an autocratic urban aristocracy. Bern accepted the Reformation in 1528. When Switzerland was invaded (1798) by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars, Bern was occupied, its treasury pillaged, and its territories dismembered. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), Bern failed to recover Vaud and Aargau, but received the Bernese Jura (the former Bishopric of Basel). A liberal constitution was adopted in 1831, and in 1848 Bern became the capital of the Swiss Confederation.

The city is largely medieval in its architecture. It has a splendid 15th-century town hall, a noted minster (begun 15th cent.), and numerous other historic structures. There are many picturesque patrician houses and old guild halls. An elaborate medieval clock tower and a pit in which bears (Bern's heraldic animal for seven centuries) are kept are well known to tourists. More modern buildings include the 19th-century federal parliament building, many fine museums (including one devoted to Paul Klee), and the university (1834).

Coordinates: 46°57′N, 7°27′E

Berne
Canton	Berne
District	Berne
Coordinates	46°57′N, 7°27′E
Population	128,041   (2007)
Area	km² ( sq mi)
Elevation	m ( ft)
Postal code	3000
SFOS number	0351
Mayor (list)	Alexander Tschäppät (as of 2005) SPS
Demonym	Berner
Surrounded by (view map)	Bremgarten bei Bern, Frauenkappelen, Ittigen, Kirchlindach, Köniz, Mühleberg, Muri bei Bern, Neuenegg, Ostermundigen, Wohlen bei Bern, Zollikofen
Twin towns	Salzburg (Austria)
Website	www.bern.ch
Berne [zoom]

The city of Berne [bɜːn](UK), [bɝːn](US) (German: Bern (help·info) [b̥ɛrn], French: Berne [bɛʀn], Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna], Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnə], Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]), is the Bundesstadt (federal city, de facto capital) of Switzerland and, with 140,000 people, is the fourth most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich, Geneva and Basel).

Most of Berne's residents speak German, or more specifically, Bernese German, which is a high-Alemannic dialect. The Canton of Berne has a French-speaking part. Very few people still speak the Mattenenglisch, a language game used in the former workers' quarter of Matte, but several words have found their way into Bernese German.

Berne also functions as the capital of the Canton of Berne, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.

Illustrious Bernese include the reformer Albrecht von Haller, the poet Albert Bitzius and the painters Hans Fries, Ferdinand Hodler and Paul Klee. The German-born physicist Albert Einstein worked out his theory of relativity while employed as a clerk at the Berne patent office. A culturally important person was Mani Matter, a songwriter performing in Bernese German.

History

Main article: History of Berne

Duke Berthold V of Zähringen founded the city on the River Aare in 1191 and allegedly named it after a bear (Bär in German) he had killed. It was made an Imperial Free City by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1218 after Berthold died without an heir. In 1353 Berne joined the young Swiss Confederation, becoming a leading member of the new state. It invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories, thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps. It was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, when it was stripped of most of its territories. In 1831 the city became the capital of the Canton of Berne and in 1848 it additionally became the Swiss capital.

The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the river Aar. Initially, the Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, when the Käfigturm took over this role until 1345, which, in turn, was then succeeded by the Christoffelturm (located close to today's train station) until 1622. During the time of the Thirty Years' War two new fortifications, the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchment), were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula. The protection by these edifices was sufficient for the prosperous growth of the city of Berne up to the 19th century.

A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Berne, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral. (See Berne International.)

Geography

Berne lies in the Swiss plateau part of the Canton of Berne, somewhat west of the center of Switzerland. The landscape around Berne was formed by glaciers in the last ice age. The two mountains closest to Berne are the Gurten with a height of 858 meters and the Bantiger with a height of 947 meters. The site of the old observatory in Berne is the origin (600 000/200 000) of the CH1903 coordinate system, its international coordinates are 46°57′08.66″N, 7°26′22.50″E.

The city was originally built on a mountain engulfed by the sea Aar but outgrew the natural boundaries of the river Aare in the 19th century. The following bridges were built to allow the city to grow outside of the boundaries imposed by the river:

• 1844 Nydeggbrücke (at the bottom, i.e. the East-End)
• 1883 Kirchenfeldbrücke (at the South-side)
• 1898 Kornhausbrücke (at the North-side)

The city is built on very uneven ground. There are several dozens of meters in height difference from the quarters down at the Aare (e.g. Matte, Marzili) to the higher ones (e.g. Kirchenfeld, Länggasse).

Politics

Berne is governed by an 80-member legislative council (Stadtrat) and a 5-member executive council (Gemeinderat).

As of 2005, the representatives of the Social Democratic Party and of the three Green parties hold a majority in both councils (3 to 2 and 43 to 37, respectively). For this reason, it is they, collectively referred to as "Red-Green-Center" (Rot-Grün-Mitte), who mostly determine City policy, although no formal coalition agreement exists and, under the system of direct democracy that prevails in Switzerland, most important issues are settled by general referendum. The other major political parties of Berne are the Free Democratic Party (FDP, free-market liberal) and the Swiss People's Party (SVP, nationalist, conservative).

The office of mayor (Stadtpräsident), as a primus inter pares (First among equals) in the executive council, is mostly representative. As of 2005, the mayor of Berne is Alexander Tschäppät of the Social Democrats.

See also: List of mayors of Berne

Main sights

Old City of Berne*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Berne city taken from the east looking towards the centre.
State Party	Switzerland
Type	Cultural
Criteria	iii
Reference	267
Region†	Europe and North America
Inscription History
Inscription	1983  (7th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Berne's city center is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge, an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometers of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.

Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit (the Bärengraben), which can be visited off the far end of the Nydeggbrücke. The Federal Building (Bundeshaus), dating from 1902, which houses Parliament and part of the federal administration, can also be visited at opening hours.

The Garden of Roses (Rosengarten), from where a scenic panorama view of the medieval city core can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosary on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.
Probably the newest attraction of Berne is the set of fountains in front of the Bundeshaus. It was inaugurated on August 1, 2004, the Swiss national day.

Culture

Berne is rich of cultural offerings for every taste.

Theaters

• City Theater [1]
• Schlachthaus-theater [2]
• Tojo Theater [3]
• The Theater on the Effinger-Street [4]
• Narrenpack Theater Bern [5]
• Theater Szene

Movie theaters

Berne has several dozens of movie theaters. As is customary in Switzerland, movies are generally shown in their original language (e.g., English) with subtitling in German and French. Only a small number of screenings are dubbed in German. Program information is available through e.g. the Cineman website.

• Queersicht - Queer Filmfestival, annually held second week of November.

Nightlife

• Reithalle [6] - the old riding school of Bern, now a meeting place for the alternative scene, with concerts, parties, flea market and much more
• Wasserwerk [7] - a night-club close to the river Aare with lots of concerts and parties
• Bierhübeli [8] - a concert and party club
• Marians Jazzroom [9] - jazz club, where also the International Jazz Festival takes place
• ISC [10] - the International Students Club, open for everybody
• dead-end [11] - a club for the late ones, opens at midnight
• Gaskessel [12]
• Mahogany Hall [13]
• Dampfzentrale [14]
• The Bernese Symphony Orchestra [15]

Museums

• Museum of Arts [16]
• Art-Hall [17]
• Museum of Communication [18]
• Psychiatry Museum [19]
• Historic Museum [20]
• Natural History Museum [21]
• Collection of Antiques [22]
• Alpine Museum [23]
• Einstein House [24]
• Marksmen Museum [25]
• Zentrum Paul Klee [26]

Festivals

• Gurtenfestival [27]
• Berner Tanztage
• Internationales Jazzfestival Bern
• Taktlos-Festival
• Queersicht - Queer Filmfestival, annually held second week of November.
• National Reach Around Festival
• Buskers festival
• Zaffaraya festival

Fairs

• Zibelemärit - The Zibelemärit (onion market) is an annual fair held on the fourth Monday in November.

Sport

The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Berne at the Wankdorf.

SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Berne who plays at the Bern Arena.

Education and science

Berne has a University, a University of Applied Science and several vocational schools.

University

The University is spread over several buildings which are mainly located in the Länggasse quarter. In 2005 there were around 13,000 students registered ^{[citation needed]}. It consists of the following faculties:

• Old Catholic and Protestant Theology
• Law
• Economics and Social Sciences
• Medicine
• Veterinary Medicine
• Humanities
• Science
• Human Sciences

University of Applied Science (Fachhochschule)

Currently (2005) there are around 5,000 students registered to the University of Applied Science Bern. It consists of the following faculties:

• Technique and Computer Science
• Architecture, Construction and Wood
• Economics, Administration and Social Work
• Arts
• Agriculture
• Sports

Vocational schools

Many vocational schools are present in Bern. Some of them are the following:

• Gewerblich-Industrielle Berufsschule Bern [28]
• Schule für Gestaltung Bern [29]
• Wirtschafts- und Kaderschule KV Bern [30]
• Berufsschule für Verwaltung Bern [31]
• BFF BERN, Berufs,- Fach- und Fortbildungsschule [32]
• Lehrwerkstätten der Stadt Bern [33]
• Berufsschule für Pflege Am Altenberg [34]
• Hotel Handelsschulen [35]
• Wirtschaftsmittelschule Bern [36]

Other schools

• Academy of Music [37]
• College for Music and Arts [38]

Transport

Streets

Berne is well connected to other cities by several highways (A1, A12, A6).

Public transport

The public transport works well in Bern, with tram and bus lines which connect the different parts of the City. Bern Rail Station connects the City to the national and international train network. Notable is a cable railway which leads from the Marzili quarter to the Bundeshaus. This railway is, with a length of 106 m, the shortest public cable railway in Europe. Several bridges connect the old parts of the city with the newer quarters outside of the peninsula.

Air traffic

Berne is served by Berne Airport, located outside the city near the village of Belp. The regional airport, colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos, is connected to several Swiss and European cities.

Miscellaneous

• The Universal Postal Union is situated in Bern.
• Berne (as "Bern") was featured as one of the scenarios in the original SimCity video game
• Well-known anarchist Mikhail Bakunin died in Berne in 1876.
• For a list celebrities are natives of the city or canton of Bern, see List of Natives of Bern.
• The city of New Bern, North Carolina in the USA is named after Berne, having been founded in 1710 by Christoph von Graffenried, a minor Swiss noble from Berne that attempted to setup Swiss settlement in the New World.

External links

• City of Bern
• Bern (Gemeinde) in German, French or Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
• GIS City of Berne
• Berne travel guide from Wikitravel
• Berne Public Transportation Website (BernMobil)
• Berne City Photo Blog
• CityHunter Bern

Municipalities in the district of Berne, Switzerland
Berne | Bolligen | Bremgarten | Ittigen | Kirchlindach | Köniz | Muri | Oberbalm | Ostermundigen | Stettlen | Vechigen | Wohlen | Zollikofen Canton of Berne | Districts of Canton Bern | Municipalities of the canton of Berne

World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
Old City of Berne · Convent of St. Gall · Convent of St. Johann · Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn · Lavaux Vineyard Terraces · Monte San Giorgio · Castles, Wall and Ramparts of Bellinzone

Capitals of Swiss cantons

Aarau (Aargau) - Altdorf (Uri) - Appenzell (Appenzell Innerrhoden) - Basel (Basel-City) - Bellinzona (Ticino) - Berne (Berne) - Chur (Grisons) - Delémont (Jura) - Frauenfeld (Thurgau) - Fribourg (Fribourg) - Geneva (Geneva) - Glarus (Glarus) - Herisau/Trogen (Appenzell Ausserrhoden) - Lausanne (Vaud) - Liestal (Basel-Land) - Lucerne (Lucerne) - Neuchâtel (Neuchâtel) - St. Gallen (St. Gallen) - Sarnen (Obwalden) - Schaffhausen (Schaffhausen) - Schwyz (Schwyz) - Sion (Valais) - Solothurn (Solothurn) - Stans (Nidwalden) - Zug (Zug) - Zurich (Zurich)

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