The capital of Switzerland, in the west-central part of the country on the Aare River. Founded as a military post in 1191, it became part of the Swiss Confederation in 1353 and its capital in 1848. Population: 122,000.
Berne
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Bern or Berne (bûrn, bĕrn)  |
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| Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Bern |
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| German Literature Companion: Bern |
Bern, archaic German form for Verona, chiefly occurring in connection with Dietrich von Bern (see Dietrichsage), i.e. Theodoric the Great.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Bern |
Bern or Berne (bĕrn), canton (1990 pop. 937,365), 2,658 sq mi (6,883 sq km), W central Switzerland. The second most populous and second largest canton of the country, Bern comprises three sections-the Bernese Alps, or Oberland [Ger.,=highlands], with many resorts and peaks, notably the Finsteraarhorn and Jungfrau, and with meadows and pastures in the valleys; the Mittelland [midlands], in the fertile northern foothills of the Alps, and including the Emmental; and the lake region around Biel. The Jura canton to the north was until 1979 a part of Bern canton. Tourism, cattle raising, dairying, and hydroelectric power generation are the chief means of livelihood in the Oberland. The Mittelland is the most industrialized region of the canton and a fertile agricultural region. The lake region has a thriving vine culture. The population of the canton is predominantly Protestant and German-speaking.
Bern or
Berne
(1990 pop. 136,338), the capital, is also the capital of Switzerland. Situated within a loop of the Aare River, the city is a university, administrative, transportation, and industrial center. Its manufactures include precision instruments, textiles, machinery, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and chocolate. It is also the seat of numerous international agencies, notably the Universal Postal Union (since 1875), the International Telecommunication Union (since 1869), and the International Copyright Union (since 1886).
Bern was founded, according to tradition, in 1191 by Berchtold V of Zähringen as a military post. It was made (1218) a free imperial city by Emperor Frederick II when Berchtold died without an heir. Bern grew in power and population and in 1353 joined the Swiss Confederation, of which it became the leading member. Its conquests included Aargau (1415) and Vaud (1536), besides numerous smaller territories. The area was governed until 1798 by an autocratic urban aristocracy. Bern accepted the Reformation in 1528. When Switzerland was invaded (1798) by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars, Bern was occupied, its treasury pillaged, and its territories dismembered. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), Bern failed to recover Vaud and Aargau, but received the Bernese Jura (the former Bishopric of Basel). A liberal constitution was adopted in 1831, and in 1848 Bern became the capital of the Swiss Confederation.
The city is largely medieval in its architecture. It has a splendid 15th-century town hall, a noted minster (begun 15th cent.), and numerous other historic structures. There are many picturesque patrician houses and old guild halls. An elaborate medieval clock tower and a pit in which bears (Bern's heraldic animal for seven centuries) are kept are well known to tourists. More modern buildings include the 19th-century federal parliament building, many fine museums (including one devoted to Paul Klee), and the university (1834).
| Weather: Berne, Switzerland |
| Dialing Code: The telephone dialing code for: Berne, Switzerland |
The country code is: 41
The city code is: 31
| Local Time: Bern, Switzerland |
| Wikipedia: Bern |
For other uses, see Bern (disambiguation).
| Bern Berne Bärn |
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| Population | 122,658 (2007-12-31[update]) | |||||||||
| - Density | 2,377 /km2 (6,157 /sq mi) | |||||||||
| Area | 51.6 km2 (19.9 sq mi) | |||||||||
| Elevation | 542 m (1,778 ft) | |||||||||
| - Highest | 674 m - Könizberg | |||||||||
| - Lowest | 480 m - Aare | |||||||||
| Postal code | 3000 | |||||||||
| SFOS number | 0351 | |||||||||
| Mayor (list) | Alexander Tschäppät SPS/PSS | |||||||||
| Demonym | Berner | |||||||||
| Surrounded by (view map) |
Bremgarten bei Bern, Frauenkappelen, Ittigen, Kirchlindach, Köniz, Mühleberg, Muri bei Bern, Neuenegg, Ostermundigen, Wohlen bei Bern, Zollikofen | |||||||||
| Website | www.bern.ch SFSO statistics |
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![BernBerneBärn [zoom] is located in Switzerland](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switzerland_location_map.svg)
The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [ˈbɛrn] (
listen); French: Berne [bɛʀn]; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnə]; Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]) is the Bundesstadt (federal city, de facto capital) of Switzerland, and, with 122,658 people,[1] the fourth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 43 municipalities,[2] has a population of 343,600.[3] Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.
The official language of Bern is German. The spoken language is the Swiss German dialect Bernese German.
The historic center of Bern has been featured in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1983, and Bern is among the world’s top ten cities for the best quality of life.[4]
Contents |
History
Main article: History of Bern
Duke Berchtold V of Zähringen founded the city on the River Aare in 1191 and allegedly named it after a bear (Bär in German) he had killed. It was made an Imperial Free City by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1218 after Berthold died without an heir. In 1353 Bern joined the young Swiss Confederation, becoming a leading member of the confederation. It invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories, thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps. It was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, when it was stripped of parts of its territories. In 1831 the city became the capital of the Canton of Bern and in 1848 it additionally became the Swiss capital.
The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the river Aare. Initially, the Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, when the Käfigturm took over this role until 1345, which, in turn, was then succeeded by the Christoffelturm (located close to today's train station) until 1622. During the time of the Thirty Years' War two new fortifications, the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchment), were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula.
A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral. (See Berne International.)
Geography
Bern lies in the Swiss plateau within the Canton of Bern, somewhat west of the center of Switzerland and 20 km (12 mi) north of the Bernese Alps. The landscape around Bern was formed by glaciers in the last Ice Age. The two mountains closest to Bern are the Gurten with a height of 858 meters (2,815 ft) and the Bantiger with a height of 947 meters (3,107 ft). The site of the old observatory in Bern is the point of origin of the CH1903 coordinate system at 46°57′08.66″N 7°26′22.50″E / 46.9524056°N 7.439583°E.
The city was originally built on a hilly peninsully surrounded by the river Aare but outgrew these natural boundaries in the 19th century. A number of bridges were built to allow the city to grow beyond the Aare.
Bern is built on very uneven ground. There are several dozens of meters in height difference from the quarters on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) to the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, Länggasse).
Bern has an area of 51.6 square kilometers (19.9 sq mi). Of this area, 20.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 33.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 44.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (2.1%) is non-productive (rivers or glaciers).[5]
Climate
| Weather data for Bern | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 2.2 (36) |
4.6 (40) |
8.5 (47) |
12.6 (55) |
17.2 (63) |
20.6 (69) |
23.5 (74) |
22.7 (73) |
19.4 (67) |
13.7 (57) |
7.1 (45) |
3 (37) |
12.9 (55) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | -1.2 (30) |
0.5 (33) |
3.7 (39) |
7.3 (45) |
11.5 (53) |
14.9 (59) |
17.3 (63) |
16.4 (62) |
13.3 (56) |
8.6 (47) |
3.1 (38) |
-0.3 (31) |
7.9 (46) |
| Average low °C (°F) | -3.7 (25) |
-2.4 (28) |
-0.1 (32) |
3 (37) |
6.9 (44) |
10.1 (50) |
12.1 (54) |
11.7 (53) |
9 (48) |
5.3 (42) |
0.5 (33) |
-2.6 (27) |
4.2 (40) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 66 (2.6) |
58 (2.28) |
70 (2.76) |
84 (3.31) |
108 (4.25) |
121 (4.76) |
104 (4.09) |
113 (4.45) |
84 (3.31) |
73 (2.87) |
81 (3.19) |
67 (2.64) |
1,028 (40.47) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 10 | 9.8 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 13.7 | 11.8 | 10 | 10.9 | 8.1 | 8 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 125.5 |
| Source: MeteoSchweiz [6] 8 May 2009 | |||||||||||||
Subdivisions
The municipality is administratively subdivided into six districts (Stadtteile), each of which consists of several quarters (Quartiere).
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Demographics
Bern has a population (as of 2008[update]) of 129,265, of which 21.7 % are foreign nationals. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (81.2%), with Italian being second most common (3.9%) and French being third (3.6%).
52.7 % of the population are female, 47.3 % are male. The average age is 41 years and nine months. As of 2000 children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.1%, adults (20–64 years old) 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) 19.9%.
The Swiss population is generally well educated. In Bern about 72.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).
Bern has an unemployment rate of 3.2%. As of 2005[update], there were 773 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 104 businesses involved in this sector. 16,484 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 1,094 businesses in this sector. 131,659 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 7,638 businesses in this sector.[5]
Politics
See also: List of mayors of Bern
Bern is governed by the Gemeinderat, an executive council with five members, one of them the elected mayor (Stadtpräsident). The parliament has 80 members and is called Stadtrat. Both the legislative and the executive are elected in general elections for a term of four years. The last elections were held in November 2008 with a 43.48% participation.
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The executive council has a left-green majority with two representatives, including the mayor Alexander Tschäppät, of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (SPS) and one representative of the leftist Green party Grünes Bündnis (GB). It also has a majority of three woman against two men.
The seat of the Gemeinderat is the Erlacherhof.
The 80 members of the legislative council belong to 18 different political parties, the strongest being the Social Democratic Party with 20 representatives, followed by the conservative Free Democratic Party of Switzerland (FDP) with 10 and the moderate Green party Grüne Freien Liste (GFL) with 9 seats. Both the far right Swiss People's Party (SVP) and the leftist Green party Grünes Bündnis have 8 seats each.
The Stadtrat meets on Thursday evenings at the Rathaus (Town Hall).
The representatives of the Social Democratic Party and of the Green Parties, collectively referred to as "Red-Green-Center" (Rot-Grüne-Mitte), hold a majority in both councils and mostly determine City policy, although no formal coalition agreement exists and, under the system of direct democracy that prevails in Switzerland, most important issues are settled by general vote.
Main sights
The structure of Bern's city center is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for "Time Bell"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometers of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.
Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit (the Bärengraben). The current pit off the far end of the Nydeggbrücke no longer contains any bears, the last being put down in 2009,[7] shortly before the opening of the new bear pit later in the year.
The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.
Albert Einstein lived in an apartment at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published.
The Garden of Roses (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosary on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.
Bern's most recent sight is the set of fountains in front of the Federal Palace. It was inaugurated on August 1, 2004.
Bern features many heritage sites of national significance.[8] Apart from the entire Old Town and many sites within it, these include the Bärengraben, the Gewerbeschule Bern (1937), the Eidgenössisches Archiv für Denkmalpflege, the Kirchenfeld mansion district (after 1881), the Thunplatzbrunnen, the Federal Mint building, the Federal Archives, the Swiss National Library, the Historical Museum (1894), Alpine Museum, Museum of Communication and Natural History Museum.
Culture
Theaters
- Bern Theatre[9]
- Narrenpack Theater Bern[10]
- Schlachthaus-theater[11]
- Tojo Theater
- The Theater on the Effinger-Street[12]
- Theater am Käfigturm[13]
Movie theaters
Bern has several dozen movie theaters. As is customary in Switzerland, movies are generally shown in their original language (e.g., English) with subtitling in German and French. Only a small number of screenings are dubbed in German.
- Queersicht - gay and lesbian film festival, held annually in the second week of November.
Festivals
- BeJazz Summer and Winter Festival
- Buskers festival
- Gurtenfestival
- Internationales Jazzfestival Bern
- Queersicht - Queer Filmfestival, annually held second week of November.
- Taktlos-Festival
Fairs
- Zibelemärit - The Zibelemärit (onion market) is an annual fair held on the fourth Monday in November.
Sport
The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also is one of the venues for the European football championship.
The Stade de Suisse hosted three matches during the 2008 UEFA Euro Cup tournament.
SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern who plays at the PostFinance Arena.
The PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, including the opening game and the final of the tournament.
Bern Cardinals is the baseball and softball team of Bern, which plays at the Allmend
Bern Grizzlies is the American football club in Bern and plays at Sportanlage Schonau.
Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, Canada.
Education
Bern has a University, a University of Applied Science and several vocational schools.
The University of Bern is spread over several buildings which are mainly located in the Länggasse quarter.
The University of Applied Science (Fachhochschule) is also located in Bern.
Transport
Bern is well connected to other cities by several highways (A1, A12, A6).
Public transport works well in Bern, with tram, S-Bahn and bus lines which connect the different parts of the City. Bern Rail Station connects the City to the national and international train network. A funicular leads from the Marzili quarter to the Bundeshaus. This funicular is, with a length of 106 m, the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb Funicular. Several Aare bridges connect the old parts of the city with the newer quarters outside of the peninsula.
Bern is served by Bern Airport, located outside the city near the village of Belp. The regional airport, colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos, is connected to several Swiss and European cities.
Miscellaneous
 |
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (October 2009) |
- The Universal Postal Union is situated in Bern.
- Bern was featured as one of the scenarios in the original SimCity video game
- The city of New Bern, North Carolina in the USA is named after Bern, having been founded in 1710 by Christoph von Graffenried, a minor Swiss noble from Bern who attempted to set up Swiss settlement in the New World.
- The German-born physicist Albert Einstein worked out his theory of relativity while employed as a clerk at the Bern patent office.
Notable people
- Mikhail Bakunin died in Bern on July 1, 1876
- Albert Einstein worked out his theory of relativity while living in Bern, employed as a clerk at the patent office
- Albrecht von Haller
- Ferdinand Hodler
- Paul Klee
- Mani Matter, songwriter
- Hans Urwyler, Christian minister
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bern |
- City of Bern
- Bern (Gemeinde) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- GIS City of Bern
- Bern Public Transportation Website (BernMobil)
- Bern travel guide from Wikitravel
- CityHunter Bern
- Gurtenfestival
References
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office : City of Bern : Key Data
- ^ Stadt Bern : Medienmitteilung : 19 May 2003 : Eidgenössische Volkszählung 2000: Neue Definition der Agglomeration Bern (in German)
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office : Population Size and Population Composition : Agglomerations : Permanent Resident Population in Urban and Rural Areas
- ^ Quality of Living global city rankings – Mercer survey
- ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 29-May-2009
- ^ "Average Values-Table, 1961-1990" (in German, French, Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss. http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
- ^ [1] "Old age overtakes an ages old tradition"], April 30, 2009
- ^ Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance (1995), p. 103–105.
- ^ "Stadttheater Bern". http://www.stadttheaterbern.ch/. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ^ "Narrenpack Theatre Bern". http://www.narrenpack.ch/. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ^ "Schlachthaus Theatre Bern". http://www.schlachthaus.ch/. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ^ "Das Theatre an der Effingerstrasse". http://www.dastheater-effingerstr.ch/. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ^ "Theater am Käfigturm". http://www.theater-am-kaefigturm.ch/. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
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Mentioned in
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- Manuel Niklaus Deutsch I (art)
- II Joseph Werner (art)
- Wilhelm Stettler (art)
- Andarta
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